(完整word版)南工大專業(yè)英語期末復(fù)習(xí)資料

(完整word版)2013南工大專業(yè)英語期末復(fù)習(xí)資料Chapter1Bacterium（Bacteria）細(xì)菌yeast酵母fungus（fungi真菌alga（algae)藻類culturedmammaliancells哺乳動物培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞工程biocatalyst生物催化劑fermentationprocesses發(fā)酵antibiotics抗生素biomass菌體aminoacids氨基酸enzymesteroid甾體，類固醇polysaccharides多糖vaccines疫苗biochemicalengineering生物化學(xué)工程immobilization固定化geneticengineering基因工程genome基因組mutation突變gene基因Comprehension1．Whatisbiotechnology?whatareitscharacteristicspoints？Key：Biotechnologyisanareaofappliedbioscienceandtechnologywhichinvolvesthepracticalapplicationofbiologicalorganisms，ortheirsubcellularcomponentstomanufacturingandserviceindustriesandtoenvironmentalmanagement。Ahighproportionofthetechniquesusedinbiotechnologytendtobemoreeconomic,lessenergydemandingandsaferthancurrenttraditionalindustrialprocessesandformostprocessestheresiduesarebiodegradableandnon—toxic。生物工程是屬于應(yīng)用生物科學(xué)和技術(shù)的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域,它包含生物或其亞細(xì)胞組分在制造業(yè)、服務(wù)業(yè)和環(huán)境管理等方面的應(yīng)用.生物工程所采用的大部分技術(shù)相對于傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)生產(chǎn)更經(jīng)濟(jì)，耗能低且更加安全，而且，對于大部分處理過程，其生產(chǎn)廢料是經(jīng)過生物降解的而無毒害。2．Namefourdevelopmentalphasesofbiotechnology，denotingtheirchronologicaltime，mainproductsandtechniquesevolved?evelopmentalChronologicMainproductsTechniquesevolvlutionhasesaltimeotechnology6000。B。C.～Food（Bread，wine，beer，Usethevitaloductionoffoods18centurycheeses,yogurts，soyactivitiesofdbeveragessauce,tempeh,mushroom，etc)organismsforhuman’sneeds1/9(完整word版)2013南工大專業(yè)英語期末復(fù)習(xí)資料發(fā)展時(shí)期經(jīng)歷時(shí)間主要產(chǎn)品技術(shù)發(fā)展食品與飲料的生物技公元前6000食物與發(fā)酵品(括號里的我不信人類利用生物體重要的術(shù)生產(chǎn)年～18世紀(jì)除了豆豉其余的你看不懂～）生命活動來滿足自身需求有菌條件下的生物技19世紀(jì)術(shù)重要的化學(xué)工業(yè)品如廢水處理簡單而且可進(jìn)行大規(guī)模和都市固體垃圾堆肥操作生產(chǎn)乙醇、乙酸、有機(jī)酸、丁醇和丙酮將無菌消毒技術(shù)引入20世紀(jì)40年抗生素、氨基酸、有機(jī)酸、酶、過程是復(fù)雜的，成本昂生物工程代多糖和疫苗貴，僅適于高附加值產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)生物工程的新領(lǐng)域近十年來基因工程、酶工程、生物化學(xué)工開創(chuàng)了生物工程應(yīng)用的otechnological19centuryocessesinitiallyImportantindustrialRelativelysimpleandcompounds(Ethanol,aceticcanberunonalargeacid，organicacids，scalevelopedundern—sterilenditionsbutanolandacetone），wastewatertreatmentandmunicipalcompostingofsolidwasteseintroductionof1940sAminoacids，organicacids,Mostoftheseare，erilitytoenzymes，steroids,processesotechnologicalocessespolysaccharidesvaccinescomplicatedexpensiveandsuitableonlyforhighvalueproductswdimensionsandWithintheGeneticengineering，enzymeImprovegreatlythessibilitiesforlastdecadetechnology,biochemicalefficiencyandotechnologicaldustriesengineering,engineeredeconomicsoftheproducts/systemsestablishedbiotechnologicalindustries2/9(完整word版)2013南工大專業(yè)英語期末復(fù)習(xí)資料新領(lǐng)域,同時(shí)還大大提程、工程化產(chǎn)品和系統(tǒng)高了已有生物工程工業(yè)的效率和經(jīng)濟(jì)性Sentenceanalysisandtranslation3.Biotechnologyappearstobeanareaofexpansionandopportunityinvolvingmanysectorsofindustry，includingagriculture，foodandfeedstuffs，pharmaceutical，energyandwaterindustries.Itwillplayamajorroleintheproductionofnewdrugs，hormones,vaccinesandantibiotics,cheaperandmorereliablesuppliesofenergyand（inthelongerterm）chemicalfeedstuffs,improvedenvironmentalcontrolandwastemanagement.Biotechnologywillbelargelybasedonrenewableandrecyclablematerialsthusbeingbetterfittedtotheneedsofaworldwhereenergywillbecomeincreasinglymoreexpensiveandinshortsupply。中文譯文：生物工程就如一個(gè)不斷擴(kuò)張和充滿機(jī)遇的領(lǐng)域，它涉及了許多產(chǎn)業(yè)，包括農(nóng)業(yè)、食品與飼料加工業(yè)、醫(yī)藥業(yè)、能源與水處理工業(yè).生物工程在新藥、激素、疫苗和抗體生產(chǎn)方面，提供廉價(jià)可靠的能源以及（從長遠(yuǎn)來看）在化學(xué)飼料方面、環(huán)境控制體系的改進(jìn)提高與廢物管理方面都將扮演重要的角色。生物工程主要以可再生與可回收資源為基礎(chǔ),由于能源愈來愈貴并且供給不足，從而它將更好的滿足世界的需求。Chapter2biochemistryofgrowthandmetabolism生長與代謝的生物化學(xué)microorganism微生物protein蛋白質(zhì)nucleicacids核酸lipids脂質(zhì)carbohydrates碳水化合物Comprehension2．Whatdoesthetwomainpathwaysofsugarmetabolism?Describetheirrelationtoanabolicprocessesandhowtheirinteractionsarecontrolled.Key:Thetwomostimportantpathwaysofsugarmetabolismarethehexosediphosphate3/9(完整word版)2013南工大專業(yè)英語期末復(fù)習(xí)資料andhexosemonophosphatepathways;theyusuallyoccurtogether，providinglinkstoanabolicprocesses,andtheirinteractionaresubjecttokeycontrolmechanisms。hexosemonophosphatepathway最重要的兩種糖代謝途徑是糖酵解途徑與磷酸戊糖途徑途徑，它們常常同時(shí)發(fā)生，為合成代謝過程提供重要的聯(lián)系，它們之間的相互作用受關(guān)鍵控制機(jī)制的支配。Chapter3breeding育種strain(菌)株screen，screening篩選protoplastfusion原生質(zhì)體(完整word版)2013南工大專業(yè)英語期末復(fù)習(xí)資料融合genecloning基因克隆shake-flaskculture搖瓶培養(yǎng)culturemaintenance菌種保藏site—directedmutation定點(diǎn)突變signalpeptide信號肽Comprehension1.Definetheterms“selection”and“screening".Key:Selectionisanaturalprocessresultingintheevolutionoforganismsbestadaptedtotheenvironment，however，screeningcanbeuseofhighlyselectiveprocedurestoallowthedetectionandisolationofonlythosemicroorganismsormetabolitesofinterestfromalargepopulation。選擇是利用生物自身在自然環(huán)境下優(yōu)勝劣汰而產(chǎn)生最適應(yīng)環(huán)境的工程，而篩選可以定義為利用高效選擇程序從龐大的微生物與代謝物中只檢測和分離那些有益的微生物與代謝產(chǎn)物。對分離物進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn)包括對培養(yǎng)物的改造與保存.13。Whatisthemethodcommonlyusedinisolationandseparationofplasmidinbecteria?Key：PlasmidDNAcanbeisolatedbylysingthebacterialcellsandseparationplasmidDNAfromchromosomalDNAinaCesiumchloride(CsCl）gradientcontainingE.B.。質(zhì)粒DNA的分離可以通過溶解細(xì)胞并且在含有溴化乙錠的氯化銫梯度中從染色體DNA上分離質(zhì)粒DNA。14.WhycanmicroorganismrecognizeanddestroyforeignDNAbutdoesnotharmitsownDNA？Key：Becausethemicroorganismhavemodificationmethylasesandrestrictionendonuncleases，bothofwhichcandistinguish“self”and“non—self”。Especiallytherestrictionendonuncleaseswillnotcut“self”sequencesbutwilldegrade“foreign”DNA.微生物可以區(qū)分自身的DNA和其他來源的DNA.這個(gè)系統(tǒng)發(fā)展為依靠細(xì)胞中的兩種類型的酶5/9(完整word版)2013南工大專業(yè)英語期末復(fù)習(xí)資料實(shí)現(xiàn)自身和非自身的區(qū)分:修飾性甲基化酶和限制性核酸內(nèi)切酶。Writing4。酶的等電點(diǎn)較高，因此帶正電，有利于吸附在帶負(fù)電的基質(zhì)上。譯:Theenzymehasahighisoelectricpoint(pI8.8)，soitispositivelycharged,favoringadsorptionontothenegativelychargedmatrix。Chapter4generationtime傳代時(shí)間lagphase滯后期stationaryphase穩(wěn)定期deathphase死亡期Comprehension2．What,accordingtotheauthor，dotheresearchactivitiesaboutbioreactorsaimat？Key:Forconsideringbetterasepticdesignandoperation，betterprocesscontrol，andbetterunderstandingoftherate—limitingstepsofasystem,especiallyheatandmasstransfer。研究要考慮更好的無菌設(shè)計(jì)和操作、更好的過程控制包括計(jì)算機(jī)的使用及怎樣去更好的理解一個(gè)系統(tǒng)尤其是熱量和質(zhì)量轉(zhuǎn)移系統(tǒng)的速度控制步驟。4.Whatarethethreekindsofcultivationonthebasisofthemodeofoperation？Key:Theyarebatch，fed—batchandcontinuousbasis。就是分批發(fā)酵、補(bǔ)料發(fā)酵和連續(xù)發(fā)酵。11。Whyhavethecontinuousculturesystemsnotbeenwidelyusedinindustry？Key：①Continuousprocessstilloffermanytechnicaldifficulties。②Shelflifeofsomecertainproductsisshort.③Certainproductsareproducedonlyduringstationary6/9

(完整word版)2013南工大專業(yè)英語期末復(fù)習(xí)資料phaseofthegrowthcycle.④Instabilityofsomeproductionstrainsrequirestheirregularrenewal。⑤Productsmayberequiredinrelativelysmallquantitiesatanygiventime.⑥Marketrequirementscanbeintermittent。⑦Highproductconcentrationisrequiredonbrothtooptimizedownstreamprocessing。(沒有按順序）（a）在任意設(shè)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)，所需要的產(chǎn)物相對數(shù)量較小.（b）市場要求可以是間歇性的（c）某些產(chǎn)物的儲存期限短。（d）需要高的產(chǎn)物濃度以優(yōu)化下游處理過程。（e）（f）某些產(chǎn)物只在生長周期的穩(wěn)定期才產(chǎn)生.某些生產(chǎn)菌株的不穩(wěn)定性需要定期更新（g）連續(xù)過程有許多技術(shù)難題。14。Whatarethemainfactorsinchoosingamediumforfermentation?Key:Mediaaredesignedtomeetthenutritionaldemandsoftheproducerorganism，theobjectiveoftheprocessandscaleoftheoperation,formostlargescalebiotechnologicalprocesscost.Availabilityandhandlingpropertiesofthemediumcomponentsaremajorfactorsindeterminingselection。培養(yǎng)基設(shè)計(jì)要滿足生產(chǎn)有機(jī)體、生產(chǎn)目的和操作規(guī)模的營養(yǎng)要求。對于許多大規(guī)模的生物工程成本，培養(yǎng)基組分的可利用性和處理特點(diǎn)是決定選擇的主要因素。Writing4.在生物工程中應(yīng)用的微生物大多是需氧微生物，因而當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì)生物反應(yīng)器時(shí)，氧的傳遞是一個(gè)重要的應(yīng)該考慮的問題.譯：Intheapplicationofbiologicalengineering，mostofthemicroorganismareaerobe，thetransportationofoxygenisaconsiderablepointindesigningthereactor。7/9

(完整word版)2013南工大專業(yè)英語期末復(fù)習(xí)資料Chapter5Comprehension8．Forwhichreasondoesanenzymeneedtobeimmolbilized？Key：Becausethemostimportantdrawbackintheuseofisolatedenzymesarethattheyarenotsufficientlystableunderoperationalconditionsandwater—solublefreemolecules,theyaredifficulttoseparatefromsubstrateandproductsandtoreuserepeatedly。使用分離的酶的最重要的缺點(diǎn)是在操作條件下它們不足以穩(wěn)定，作為可溶于水的自由分子，它們難于從底物和產(chǎn)物中分離和反復(fù)利用。9。Whataretheadvantagesanddisadva