2023年天津高考英語專題5年真題與模擬分項匯編詳解14-閱讀理解說明文(原卷版)

專題14園讀理解說明文

序號內(nèi)容

訓(xùn)練1Passage1?9―5年真題過關(guān)

訓(xùn)練2Passage10~22—模擬能力提升（天津各區(qū)模擬試題）

訓(xùn)練15年真題過關(guān)

Passage1（2021年天津第一次）

AtrialprojectbytheMontrealChildren'sHospitalsuggestedthattheuseofmedicalhypnosis（催眠）can

reducepainandanxietyinpatients.Theprojectalsoresultedinareductionintheamountofmedicinesusedto

performmedical-imagingimaging（醫(yī)學(xué)影像）procedures.

“Duringtheexaminationchildrendon'tmove.Itworksperfectly.It'samazing,44saidJohanneL'Ecuyer,a

medical-imagingtechnologistatthehospital.

TheprojectwasinspiredbyaFrenchteamfromRouenUniversityHospitalCentrewhereexaminationsare

doneunderhypnosisinsteadofgeneralanesthesia（麻醉）.

AFrenchmedical-imagingtechnologist-alsoahypnotist——wasinvitedtotrainafewmembersinthe

medical-imagingdepartmentofthechildren'shospital.Inall,80examinationswereconductedfortheproject

betweenJanuaryandSeptember,2019,focusingontheimagingproceduresthatwouldcauseanxiety.

Hypnosisisnotastateofsleep:Itisratheramodified（改變的）stateofconsciousness.Thetechnologistwill

guidethepatienttothismodifiedstate——animaginaryworldthatwilldisassociateitselfmoreandmorefromthe

procedurethatfollows.

“Thetechnologistmustbuildupastorywiththepatient,"Ms.L'Ecuyersaid."Thepatientisleftwiththe

powertochoosewhathewantstotalkabout.Doyouplaysports?Doyoulikegoingtothebeach?Weestablisha

subjectthatwewilldiscussthroughouttheprocedure.0

Everythingthathappensnextduringtheproceduremustberelatedtothisstory—aninjection（注射）

becomesthebiteofaninsect;theheatontheskinbecomesthesensationofthesunandamachinethatrings

becomesapolicecarpassingnearby.

“Theimportantthingisthatthetechnologistassociateswhatishappeningoutsidethepatientsbodywith

whatthepatientseesinhishead,"Ms.L'Ecuyersaid.*'Itrequirescreativityonthepartofthetechnologist,

imagination,alotofpatienceandkindness."

TheprocedureappealedtothestaffalotwhenitwasintroducedinJanuary.Itspreadlikewildfirethat

someonefromFrancewasheretotrainthetechnologists,"Ms.L*Ecuyersaid.Sheaddedthatshehadalineof

staffatherdoorwantingtotakethetraining.

45.Oneoftheresultsproducedbythetrialprojectis.

A.abetterunderstandingofchildren

B.lessuseofcertainmedicines

C.newmedical-imagingtechnology

D.animprovedreputationofthehospital

46.TheFrenchtechnologistcametothechildren'shospitalto.

A.assistintreatingapatient

B.carryouthypnosistraining

C.startupanewdepartment

D.learnabouttheprocedure

47.AccordingtoParagraph5,hypnosisworksby.

A.creatingaperfectworldfbrpatients

B.forcingpatientsintoastateofdeepsleep

C.puttingpatientsintoanunconsciousstate

D.leadingpatients*consciousnessawayfromreality

48.Whatcanwelearnaboutthestoryusedintheprocedure?

A.Itshouldkeeppacewiththeprocedure.

B.Itreflectsthepatient'screativity.

C.Itisselectedbythetechnologist.

D.Ittellswhatdoctorsaredoingtothepatient.

49.Theprocedurewasreceivedamongthestaffwith.

A.uncertainty

B.enthusiasm

C.worry

D.criticism

50.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A.Aneasywaytocommunicatewithpatients.

B.Thestandardmethodofconductinghypnosis.

C.Anintroductionofmedical-imagingtechnology.

D.Theuseofhypnosisinmedical-imagingprocedures.

Passage2(2021年天津第二次)

InthefictionalworldsoffilmandTV,artificialintelligence(Al)hasbeendescribedassoadvancedthatit

isindistinguishablefromhumans.Butwhatifwe*reactuallygettingclosertoaworldwhereAliscapableof

thinkingandfeeling?

TechcompanyUneeQisheadingforits"digitalhumans”,whichappearlifelikeonthescreennotonlyin

termsoflanguage,butalsobecauseoffacialmovements:raisedeyebrows,asmile,evenanod.Theylookcloseto

ahuman,butnotquite.

WhatliesbeneathUneeQ9sdigitalhumans?Their3Dfacesaremodeledonactualhumanfeatures.Speech

recognitionenablesthemtounderstandwhatapersonissaying,andnaturallanguageprocessingisusedtowork

outaresponse.Meanwhile,anotherAlcompany,SoulMachines,istakingamorebiologicalapproach,witha

*'digitalbrain',,thatimitatesaspectsofthehumanbraintoadjusttheemotions“felt"and''expressed**byits"digital

people".

ShiwaliMohan,anAlscientistatthePaloResearchCenter,isskepticalofthesedigitalbeings.'They're

humanlikeintheirlooksandthewaytheysound,butthatinitselfisnotbeinghuman,1'shesays."Humanqualities

alsoinvolvehowyouthink,howyouapproachproblems,andhowyoubreakthemdown;andthattakesalotof

algorithmic（算法）design.Designingforhuman-levelintelligenceisadifferentattemptthandesigningimages

thatbehavelikehumans."Shethencontinues,uIfsomethinglookslikeahuman,wehavehighexpectationsof

them,buttheymightbehavedifferentlyinwaysthathumansjustinstinctively（直覺地）knowhowotherhumans

react.

Yetthedemandisthere,withUneeQseeinghighadoptionofitsdigitalemployeesacrossthefinancial,health

care,andcommercialsectors（行業(yè)）."Unlessthesesectorsmaketheirbusinessmodelsmuchmoreefficient

digitally,theymightbeleftbehind,"saysChetanDube,UneeQ9sCEO.

Someothercompaniesaretakingtheirdigitalbeingsastepfurther,enablingorganizationsandindividualsto

createdigitalhumansthemselvesusingfree-accessplatformstheyprovide."Thebiggestmotivationforsuch

platformsistopopularizeAlJDubesays.

Mohaniscautiousaboutthisapproach,yetshesupportsthepurposebehindthesedigitalbeingsandis

optimisticaboutwheretheyareheaded.nAswedevelopmoreadvancedAltechnology,wewouldthenhavetouse

newwaysofcommunicatingwiththattechnology,shesays.”'Hopefully,allofthatisdesignedtosupporthumans

intheirgoals."

46.AccordingtoPara.2,inwhatrespect（s）doUneeQ9s''digitalhumans"resemblehumanbeings?

A.Inthewaytheymovearound.

B.Inthewaytheyactandreact.

C.Inobservationandanalysis.

D.Inspeechandfacialexpressions.

47.SoulMachinesMigitalbrainisatechnologicalbreakthroughbecauseit.

A.leamstomakeproperemotionalresponses

B.tendstoimitatehumanbeings'tonevividly

C.recognizesthespeechsoundsitreceives

D.processesthenaturallanguageithears

48.InMohan*sopinion,whathumanqualityislackingindigitalbeings?

A.Calculatingbrain.

B.Languageskills.

C,Instinctivejudgements.

D.Problem-solvingability.

49.Whatmakesmanysectorsemploydigitalhumans?

A.Thetearoffallingbehindinefficiency.

B.Theurgencytopromotee-commerce.

C.Thewishtospreaddigitaltechnology.

D.Theneedtoupgradethehealthcaresystem.

50.WhatdoesMohanthinkofthefutureofdigitalbeings?

A.It'swellplanned.

B.Itispromising.

C.Itisuncertain.

D.It'squitehopeless.

Passage3（2021年天津第二次）

Artiseverywhere.Anypublicspacehasbeencarefullydesignedbyanartisticmindtobebothfunctionaland

beautiful.Why,then,isartstillsowidelyconsideredtobe“theeasysubject1'atschool,insignificanttowider

society,awasteoftimeandeffort?

Artcanconnectculturewithcommercialproductsinawaythatnotmanyotherthingscan;artgenerates

moneyandholdssignificantemotionalandculturalvaluewithincommunities.Whenpeopleattendaconcert,they

arepayingfbrmusic,sure,maybeevenhotelrooms,meals,andtransport,buttheyalsogainanincredible

experience,auniqueatmosphereandamemorythatwillgothroughtherestoftheirlives.Peopledonftjustwant

materialthingsanymore,theywanttoexperiencelife-theartsareaperfectcrossoverC交迭）betweencultureand

commerce.

Furthermore,theartscanbringcommunitiestogether,reducinglonelinessandmakingpeoplefeelsafer.

Socialbondsarecreatedamongindividualswhentheysharetheirartsexperiencesthroughreflectionand

discussion,andtheirexpressionofcommonvaluesthroughartworksinhonourofeventssignificanttoanation's

experience.

Theartsclearlyhaveaprettypositiveimpactonphysicalandpsychologicalhealth.Itisfoundthatpeople

whofrequentculturalplacesorparticipateinartisticeventsaremorelikelytogaingoodhealthcomparedtothose

whodonot;moreengagementwiththeartsislinkedtoahigherlevelofpeople'swellbeing.TheRoyalSocietyof

PublicHealthdiscoveredthatmusicandart,whenusedinhospitals,helptoimprovetheconditionsofpatientsby

reducingstress,anxietyandbloodpressure.

Childrenwhoareinvolvedwiththeartsmakegreaterachievementsintheireducation:thoseengagedwith

dramahavegreaterliteraryabilitywhileotherstakingpartinmusicalpracticeexhibitgreaterskillsinmathand

languages.Kidswithpreferencefortheartshaveagreaterchanceoffindingemploymentinthefuture.

Participatingintheartsisessentialforchilddevelopment;encouragingchildrentoexpressthemselvesin

constructivewayscouldhelptoformhealthyemotionalresponsesinlaterlife.

Vitaltohumanlife,artiscelebratedandusedbynationsacrosstheworldfbrvariouspurposes.Lifewithout

artwouldbeboringanddeadstill,forartisapartofwhatmakesushuman.

51.Artproductsdifferfrommostothercommercialproductsbecause.

A.mostpeoplepurchasethemforcollection

B.theyaremoreexpensiveandlessaccessible

C.theyhavebothcommercialandculturalvalues

D.theirpricesmayclimbupastimepasses

52.Bysharingtheirartsexperiences,communitymemberscan.

A.keepthecommunitysafefromillnesses

B,developastrongertiebetweenthem

C.learntoappreciatetheirownworksofart

D.offerhonourablesolutionstotheirproblems

53.Whatcanwelearnaboutpeoplewhoareinvolvedinartisticactivities?

A.Theyenjoybetterlivingconditions.

B.Theyliketocomparethemselveswithothers.

C.Theyareparticularlygoodatbothmusicandart.

D.Theytendtobehealthierphysicallyandmentally.

54.Howdoeskids'engagementwiththeartsbenefitthem?

A.Itpromotestheiracademicperformanceandemotionalgrowth.

B.Itgivesthemmoreconfidenceinexhibitingtheirlearningskills.

C.Itinspirestheircreativityindesigningtheirfuturecareer.

D.Ithelpstomakeresponsiblepeopleoutofthem.

55.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?

A.HowArtCuresOurHearts

B?Art:ABlessingtoHumankind

C.HowArtBenefitsCommunities

D.Art:ABridgeBetweenCultures

Passage4（2020年天津第一次）

Transporthasalottoanswerforwhenitcomestoharmingtheplanet.Whilecarsandtrainsaremoving

towardsgreener,electricpower,emissionsfromairtravelareexpectedtoincreasemassivelyby2050.Ifwewant

biggreenskysolutions,weneedblueskythinkingFortunately,there'splentyofthathappeningrightnow,

particularlytheshort-haulflightspoweredbybatteries.

HarbourAiristhelargestseaplaneairlineinNorthAmerica,flying30,000commercialflightsin40

seaplaneseachyear.Significantly,allHarbourAirrouteslastlessthan30minutes,makingitperfectlyfitfor

electricengines."Asanairline,we'recurrentlyintheprocessofturningallourplanesintoelectricairplanes,says

CEOGregMeDougall.Tomakethishappen,theairlinehaspartneredupwithMagniXtocreatetheworldsfirst

commercialflightwithanelectricengine.

Makingtheskieselectricisn*tjustgoodfortheenvironment,italsomakessoundfinancialsense:asmall

aircraftuses$400onconventionalfuelfora100-mileflight,whileanelectriconecosts$8-12forthesame

distance,andthat'sbeforeyoufactorinthehighermaintenancecostsofatraditionalengine.There*salsothe

addedbonusthatelectricplanesarejustmuchmorepleasanttoflyin.Noloudenginenoise,nosmelloffuel,just

environmentallyfriendlypeaceandquiet.

Whiletherehasbeenrealprogressinthee-planeindustry,thetechnicalchallengesthatremainarekeeping

everyone'sfeetfirmlyontheground.Abattery,evenalithiumone,onlyprovides250watt-hoursperkilogram;

comparethistoliquidfuel,whichhasaspecificenergyof1h890watt-hoursperkilogram.Carryingadequate

batteries,however,wouldmaketheplanetooheavytogetofftheground.Inaircraft,whereeverybitofweight

counts,thiscan'tjustbeignored.

Thetransition（過渡）fromgastoelectricintheautomobileindustryhasbeenmadeeasierby

hybrids-vehiclespoweredbybothfuelandelectricity.Manybelievethesamepatterncouldbefollowedintheair.

Fuelconsumptioncouldbereducedastheelectriccomponentisswitchedonatkeypartsofthejourney,especially

ontake-offandlanding.

Itscertainlyanexcitingtimeforelectricflying.WithcompanieslikeHarbourAirtakingthelead,

battery-poweredplanes,especiallyonshort-hauljourneys,aresettobecomearealityinthenextfewyears.

45.AccordingtoPara.1,whatishappeninginairtransport?

A.Newexplorationsoftheskyarebeinglaunched.

B.Pollutioncausedbybatteriesisbeingcontrolled.

C.Effortsarebeingmadetomakeairtravelgreener.

D.Demandforshort-haulflightsisincreasingmassively.

46.WhyisHarbourAirfitforelectricflights?

A.Itrunsshortroute

B,Ithasastrongpartner.

C.Itsplanescanlandonthesea.

D.Ithasplaneswithpowerfulengines.

47.Theexpression“addedbonus',referstothefactthatelectricplanes.

A.givepassengersmorepleasantviews

B.bringairlinesmorefinancialbenefits

C.offermoreenjoyableflyingexperiences

D.costlessinmaintenancethantraditionalones

48.Whatmightbethebiggestchallengeofelectricflying?

A.Toimprovethegroundservicefore-planes.

B.Tofindqualifiedtechniciansfore-planeindustry.

C.Tocalculatetheenergyneededtopowere-planes.

D.Tobalancepowerandweightofbatteriesine-planes.

49.Whatcouldbedoneduringthetransitionfromgastoelectricinairflight?

A.Toproducenewelectriccomponents.

B.Toincreasebatteryconsumption.

C.Tousemixed-powertechnology.

D.Toexpandthelandingfield.

50.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheprospectofelectricflying?

A.Short-sighted.

B.Wait-and-see.

C.Optimistic.

D.Skeptical.

Passage5（2020年天津第二次）

Forpeople,whoareinterestedinsound,thefieldofsoundtechnologyisdefinitelymakingnoise.Inthepast,

soundengineersworkedinthebackroomsofrecordingstudios,butmanyoftoday'ssoundprofessionalsare

sharingtheirknowledgeandexperiencewithprofessionalsinotherfieldstocreatenewproductsbasedonthe

phenomenonwecallsound.

Soundcanbeusedasaweapon.Imaginethatapoliceofficerischasingathief.Thethieftriestoescape.And

theofficercan'tlethimgetaway.Hepullsoutaspecialdevice,pointsitatthesuspect,andswitchesiton.The

thiefdropstotheground.ThisnewweaponiscalledaLongRangeAcousticDevice（LRAD,遠程定向聲波發(fā)射

器）.Itproducesadeafeningsoundsopainfulthatittemporarilydisablesaperson.ThenoisefromtheLRADis

directedlikearayoflightandtravelsonlyintotheearsofthatperson,butitisnotdeadly.

Forthosewhohungerforsomepeaceandquiet,soundcannowcreatesilence.Lefssayyouareattheairport,

andthelittleboyontheseatnexttoyouishumming（哼唱）ashortcommercialsong.Hehumsitoverandover

again,andyouareabouttogocrazy.ThankstotheSilenceMachine,aBritishinvention,youcangetridofthe

soundwithoutupsettingtheboyorhisparents.OnemaywonderhowtheSilenceMachineworks.Well,it

functionsbyanalyzingthewavesoftheincomingsoundandcreatingasecondsetofoutgoingwaves.Thetwo

setsofwavescanceleachotherout.Simplyturnthemachineorpointitatthetarget,andyourpeaceandquiet

comesback.

Directedsoundisanewtechnologythatallowscompaniestousesoundinmuchthesamewayspotlights（聚

光燈）areusedinthetheater.Aspotlightlightsuponlyonesectionofastage;similarly,Uspotsound^^createsa

circleofsoundinontargetedarea.Thiscanbeusefulforbusinessessuchasrestaurantsandstoresbecauseit

offersanewwaytoattractcustomers.Restaurantscanofferachoiceofmusicalongwiththevariousfoodchoices

onthemenu,allowingcustomersmorecontrolovertheatmosphereinwhichtheyaredining.Directedsoundis

alsobeginningtoappearinshoppingcentersandevenathomes.

46.WhatcouldbeinferredfromParagraph2abouttheeffectoftheLRAD?

A.Itcausestemporaryhearingloss.

B.Itslowsdownarunningman.

C.Itmakesiteasytoidentifyasuspect.

D.Itkeepsthesuspectfromhurtingothers.

47.TheSilenceMachineisadevicespeciallydesignedto.

A.silencethepeoplearoundyou

B.removethesoundofcommercials

C.blocktheincomingsoundwaves

D.stopunwantedsoundfromaffectingyou

48.Whatfeaturedospotsoundsandspotlightsshare?

A.Theytravelincircles.

B.Theycleartheatmosphere.

C.Theycanbetransformedintoenergy.

D.Theycanbedirectedontoaspecificarea.

49.Directedsoundcanbeusedfor.

A.creativedesignsofrestaurantmenus

B.idealsoundeffectsonthetheaterstage

C.differentchoicesofmusicforbusinesses

D.strictcontroloveranysuspiciouscustomer

50.Whatdoesthepassagefocuson?

A.Howprofessionalsinventedsoundproducts.

B.Inventionsinthefieldofsoundtechnology.

C.Thegrowinginterestinthestudyofsound.

D.Howsoundengineersworkintheirstudios.

Passage6（2019年天津第一次）

Essentially,everyonehastwoages:achronological（按時間計算的）age,howoldthecalendarsaysyouare,

andabiologicalage,basicallytheageatwhichyourbodyfunctionsasitcomparestoaveragefitnessorhealth

levels.

"Chronologicalageisn'thowoldwereallyare.It'smerelyanumber,saidProfessorDavidSinclairat

HarvardUniversity.€tItisbiologicalagethatdeterminesourhealthandultimatelyourlifespan.Weallage

biologicallyatdifferentratesaccordingtoourgenes,whatweeat,howmuchweexercise,andwhatenvironment

welivein.Biologicalageisthenumberofcandleswereallyshouldbeblowingout.Inthefuture,withadvances

inourabilitytocontrolbiologicalage,wemayhaveevenfewercandlesonourbirthdaycakethantheprevious

one.”

Tocalculatebiologicalage,ProfessorLevineatYaleUniversityidentifiedninebiomarker（生物標志）

thatseemedtobethemostinfluentialonlifespanbyasimplebloodtest.Thenumbersofthosemarkers,suchas

bloodsugarandimmune（免疫的）measures,canbeputintothecomputer,andthealgorithm（算式，算法）does

therest.

Perhapswhat'smostimportanthereisthatthesemeasurescanbechanged.Doctorscantakethisinformation

andhelppatientsmakechangestolifestyle,andhopefullytakestepstoimprovetheirbiologicalconditions.

thinkthemostexcitingthingaboutthisresearchisthatthesethingsaren'tsetinstone,9,Levinesaid."Peoplecan

begiventheinformationearlierandtakestepstoimprovetheirhealthbeforeit'stoolate.”

Levineevenenteredherownnumbersintothealgorithm.Shewassurprisedbytheresults.<4Ialways

consideredmyselfaveryhealthyperson.Tmphysicallyactive;IeatwhatIconsiderafairlyhealthydiet.ButIdid

notfindmyresultstobeasgoodasIhadhopedtheywouldbe.Itwasawake-upcall,^^shesaid.

Levineisworkingwithagrouptoprovideaccesstothealgorithmonlinesothatanyonecancalculatetheir

biologicalage,identifypotentialrisksandtakestepstoimprovetheirownhealthinthelongrun."Noonewants

toliveanextremelylonglifewithalotofchronic（慢性的）diseases,Levinesaid."Bydelayingthedevelopment

ofmentalandphysicalfunctioningproblems,peoplecanstillbeengagedinsocietyintheirsenioryears.Thatis

theidealweshouldbepursuing.^^

46.Biologicalagedependson.

A.whetherwecanadaptourselvestotheenvironment

B.howwellourbodyworkscomparedwithourpeers'

C.whenwestarttotakeoutdoorexercise

D.whatthecalendarsaysaboutourage

47.Bysaying“wemayhaveevenfewercandlesonourbirthdaycakethanthepreviousone”inPara.2,theauthor

means.

A.wedon'thavetocelebrateourbirthdayeveryyear

B.wearechronologicallyolderthanlastyear

C.wemightbelesshappythanthepreviousyear

D.wemaybebiologicallyyoungerthantheyearbefore

48.AccordingtoProf.Levine,whatisthemostexcitingthingaboutherresearch?

A.Themeasuresarenotfixed.

B.Healthservicescanbesetup.

C.Theproblemsarenotthatserious.

D.Theresearchresultsarewritteninstone.

49.WhatdoestheauthorwanttotellusbyLevine'sexampleinPara.5?

A.Itisnecessarytochangeourdietregularly.

B.Thetestresultsmaygiveuswronginformation.

C.Wakingupearlyinthemorningisgoodforourfitness.

D.Thealgorithmcanrevealourpotentialhealthproblems.

50.TheultimategoalofLevine'sresearchisto.

A.freepeoplefromchronicdiseases

B.workoutasolutiontogeneticproblems

C.keeppeoplesociallyactiveeveninoldage

D.providepeoplewithaccesstoscientifictheory

Passage7（2019年天津第二次）

Howdoesanecosystem（生態(tài)系統(tǒng)）work?Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare?

Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves?Tofindananswer,scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsof

foodwebs,notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.

Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs,

forinstance,consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator（掠食動物）alwayseats

hugenumbersofasingleprey（獵物），thetwospeciesarestronglylinked;whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies,

theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismore

stableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies,itcansurvivetheextinction（滅絕）ofoneofthem.

Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare,the

switchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanotherto

extinction.

Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable,wheresmallchangesoftop

predatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsat

thetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies—including

speciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.

Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Inthe

ocean,wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,whileonland,wekilledofflargepredators

suchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.

Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally,thesystemwouldtell

uswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowusto

pullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey,scientistssay,becauseonceecosystemspasstheir

tippingpoint（臨界點），itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.

46.Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs?

A.Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.

B.Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.

C.Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.

D.Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.

47.Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredator.

A.hasawidefoodchoice

B.caneasilyfindnewprey

C.stickstoonepreyspecies

D.canquicklymovetoanotherplace

48.Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline?

A.Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.

B.Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.

C.Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.

D.Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.

49.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4?

A.Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.

B.Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.

C.Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.

D.Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.

50.Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance?

A.Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.

B.Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.

C.Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.

D.Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.

Passage8（2018年天津第一次）

Ifyouwerebringingfriendshometovisit,youcouldshowthemtheway.Youknowthelandmarks-abig

redhouseorabus-stopsign.ButwhatifyouwereswimminginthemiddleoftheAtlanticOcean?Couldyoustill

findyourwayhome?Aloggerheadturtle（海龜）could.

AccordingtoDr.KenLohmann,loggerheadshaveamagneticC磁力的）sensebasedonEarth'smagneticfield.

Ithelpsthemlocatethebestspotsforfindingfoodandtheirhomebeaches.

Scientistsalreadyknowthatseveralotheranimals,suchaswhalesandhoneybees,candetect（探測至（J）

magneticfields.Thedifferencebetweenthemandloggerheads,however,isthewaytheylearntousetheir

magneticsense.Youngwhalesandhoneybeescanlearnfromadults.Loggerheadsareabandonedaseggs.

Asnewbornloggerheadshavenoadultstolearnfrom,whathelpsthemfigureouthowtousetheirmagnetic

sense?Lohmannthinksoneofthecueswaslightonthesea.

Babyloggerheadshatchonlyatnight.However,asmallamountoflightreflectsofftheocean.Thelight

makesthatregionbrighter.Headingtowardthelighthelpsthemgetquicklyouttosea,wheretheycanfindfood.

Lohmanntested