專八英語考試閱讀輔導(dǎo)題

第頁共頁專八英語考試閱讀輔導(dǎo)題專八英語考試閱讀輔導(dǎo)題專八英語考試閱讀輔導(dǎo)題1TheRelationshipbetweenBrainProcesswithMentalExperienceBy1950,theresultsofattemptstorelatebrainprocessestomentalexperienceappearedratherdiscouraging.Suchvariationsinsize,shape,chemistry,conductionspeed,excitationthreshold,andthelikeashadbeendemonstratedinnervecellsremainednegligibleinsignificanceforanypossiblecorrelationwiththemanifolddimensionsofmentalexperience.Neartheturnofthecentury,ithadbeensuggestedbyHeringthatdifferentmodesofsensation,suchaspain,tasteandcolor,mightbecorrelatedwiththedischargeofspecifickindsofnervousenergy,However,subsequentlydevelopedmethodsofrecordingandanalyzingnervepotentialsfailedtorevealanysuchqualitativediversity.Itwaspossibletodemonstratebyothermethodsrefinedstructuraldifferencesamongneurontypes;however,proofwaslackingthatthequalityoftheimpulseoritsconductionwasinfluencedbythesedifferences,whichseemedinsteadtoinfluencethedevelopmentalpatterningoftheneuralcircuits.Althoughqualitativevarianceamongnerverigidlydisproved,thedoctrinewasgenerallyabandonedinfavoroftheopposingview,namely,thatnerveimpulsesareessentiallyhomogeneousinqualityandaretransmittedas“moncurrency”throughoutthenervoussystem.Accordingtothistheory,itisnotthequalityofthesensorynerveimpulsesthatdeterminesthediverseconscioussensationstheyproduce,but,rather,thedifferentareasofthebrainintowhichtheydischarge,andthereissomeevidenceforthisview.Inoneexperiment,whenanelectricstimuluswasappliedtoagivensensoryfieldofthecerebralcortexofaconscioushumansubject,itproducedasensationoftheappropriatemodalityforthatparticularlocus,thatis,avisualsensationfromthevisualcortex,anauditorysensationfromtheauditorycortex,andsoon.Otherexperimentsrevealedslightvariationsinthesize,number,arrangement,andinterconnectionofthenervecells,butasforaspsychoneuralcorrelationswereconcerned,theobvioussimilaritiesofthesesensoryfieldstoeachotherseemedmuchmoreremarkablethananyoftheminutedifferences.However,corticalasdiverseasthoseofred,black,greenandwhite,ortouch,cold,warmth,movement,pain,postureandpressureapparentlymayarisethroughactivationofthesamecorticalareas.Whatseemedtoremainwassomekindofdifferentialpatterningeffectsinthebrainexcitation:itisthedifferenceinthecentraldistributionofimpulsesthatcounts.Inshort,Braintheorysuggestedacorrelationbetweenmentalexperienceandtheactivityofrelativelyhomogenousnerve-cellunitsconductingessentiallyhomogeneousimpulsesthroughhomogeneouscerebraltissue.Tomatchthemultipledimensionsofmentalexperiencepsychologistscouldonlypointtoalimitlessvariationinthespatiotemporalpatterningofnerveimpulses.1.Upuntil1950,effortstoestablishthatbrainprocessesandmentalexperiencearerelatedwouldmostlikelyhavebeenmetwith[A]vexation[B]irritability[C]discouragement[D]neutrality2.Theauthormentions“moncurrency”primarilyinordertoemphasizethe[A]lackofdifferentiationamongnerveimpulsesinhumanbeings.[B]similaritiesintheviewsofthescientists.[C]similarityofsensationsofhumanbeings.[D]continuouspassageofnerveimpulsesthroughthenervoussystem.3.Whichofthefollowingtheoriesisreinforcedbythedepictionoftheexperimentinlines16—19?[A]Cognitiveexperiencemanifestedbysensorynerveimpulsesareinfluencedbytheareaofthebrainstimulated.[B]Qualitativediversityinnervepotentialscannowbestudiedmoreaccurately.[C]Sensorystimuliareheterogeneousandaregreatlyinfluencedbythenervesensorstheyproduce.[D]Differentiationinneuralmodalitiesinfluencesthelengthofnervetransmissions.4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingexhibittheLEASTqualitativevariation?[A]Nervecells.[B]Nerveimpulses.[C]Corticalareas.[C]Spatialpatternsofnerveimpulses.答案詳解：1.C.令人絕望。答案見文章的第一句話“到了1950年，大腦活動過程和精神感受有關(guān)系的實驗結(jié)果看起來令人沮喪?！盇.令人惱火。B.激怒。D.中立。均不對。2.A.在人的神經(jīng)脈沖中缺少變異(差異)。moncurrency本義是一般通用。這里的上下問決定了它的含義“無變異脈沖(普通脈沖)”。第二段“雖然神經(jīng)能量中的質(zhì)變理論從沒有受到嚴(yán)厲的駁斥，但這一學(xué)說被普遍放棄，而贊成其對立的觀點;那就是：神經(jīng)脈沖在質(zhì)量沙鍋內(nèi)根本相似，并作為無變異脈沖(普通脈沖)經(jīng)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)傳送?！彼云胀}沖就是指神經(jīng)脈沖無變異，在質(zhì)量上根本相似。B.科學(xué)家觀點上的相似性。C.人類感覺相似性。D.神經(jīng)脈沖連續(xù)不斷通過神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。這三項和moncurrency無關(guān)。3.A.受刺激的大腦部位影響感覺神經(jīng)脈沖所顯示的認(rèn)知感受。在第二道題譯文下面“根據(jù)這一理論，不是感覺神經(jīng)脈沖的質(zhì)量決定它們所產(chǎn)生的各種有意識的感覺。而是由脈沖在大腦中釋放的不同部位決定，并且有證據(jù)證明這一論點。”見難句譯注3B.如今對神經(jīng)潛力的質(zhì)量變化可以進展更精彩的研究。C.感官刺激是異的，并深受它們所產(chǎn)生的神經(jīng)感覺(感受器)的影響。D.神經(jīng)形態(tài)上的差異影響神經(jīng)傳遞長度。4.B.神經(jīng)脈沖。這在第2題答案A中譯注(即第二段)已有明確的答復(fù)?！吧窠?jīng)脈沖在質(zhì)量上根本相似……?！盇.神經(jīng)細胞。見難句譯注2，“有可能用其他方法來顯示神經(jīng)細胞類型之間細微的構(gòu)造差異?！盋.外皮區(qū)域(部位)。D.神經(jīng)脈沖空間形式。見難句譯注5和本文最后一句“為了和精神感受多樣性吻合，心理學(xué)家只能指明神經(jīng)脈沖時空形式上的無限差異。”這說明，它不是“Leastqualitativevariation.”難句譯注：1.Suchvariationsinsize,shape,chemistry,conductionspeed,excitationthreshold,andthelikeashadbeendemonstratedinnervecellsremainednegligibleinsignificanceforanypossiblecorrelationwiththemanifolddimensionsofmentalexperience.[構(gòu)造分析]句型為such…as可as具有關(guān)系代詞作用，此處作從句中hadbeendemonstrated的主語。[參考譯文]神經(jīng)細胞中所顯示的諸如在尺寸，形狀，化學(xué)，神經(jīng)脈沖中傳導(dǎo)速度，激發(fā)界限等方面的那種變化差異對多方面的精神感受可能有聯(lián)絡(luò)來說仍然意義不大。2.Itwaspossibletodemonstratebyothermethodsrefinedstructuraldifferencesamongneurontypes;however,proofwaslackingthatthequalityoftheimpulseoritsconductionwasinfluencedbythesedifferences,whichseemedinsteadtoinfluencethedevelopmentalpatterningoftheneuralcircuits.[參考譯文]有可能用其他方法來顯示神經(jīng)類型之間細微的構(gòu)造差異?？墒?，缺乏證據(jù)證實脈沖的或者其脈沖傳導(dǎo)的質(zhì)量受這些差異的影響。相反，這種質(zhì)量看起來它卻影響了中樞神經(jīng)循環(huán)的進展形式。3.Inoneexperiment,whenanelectricstimuluswasappliedtoagivensensoryfieldofthecerebralcortexofaconscioushumansubject,itproducedasensationoftheappropriatemodalityforthatparticularlocus,thatis,avisualsensationfromthevisualcortex,anauditorysensationfromtheauditorycortex,andsoon.[構(gòu)造分析]主從句。后面跟解釋性同位語：thatis……。[參考譯文]在一個實驗中，當(dāng)電刺激作用于有意識的人體大腦皮層的某個感覺部位，它對這個特定部位產(chǎn)生一種恰如其分的感覺道，也就是說，視覺來自視覺皮層，聽覺來自聽皮層，以此類推。4.Otherexperimentsrevealedslightvariationsinthesize,number,arrangement,andinterconnectionofthenervecells,butasforaspsychoneuralcorrelationswereconcerned,theobvioussimilaritiesofthesesensoryfieldstoeachotherseemedmuchmoreremarkablethananyoftheminutedifferences.[參考譯文]其他實驗提醒了神經(jīng)細胞在尺寸，數(shù)目，排列和互相聯(lián)結(jié)上的細微變化。可是，就精神神經(jīng)互相關(guān)系而論，這些感覺部位互相之間明顯的相似性似乎比任何細微差異更為明顯多。5.Inshort,Braintheorysuggestedacorrelationbetweenmentalexperienceandtheactivityofrelativelyhomogenousnerve-cellunitsconductingessentiallyhomogeneousimpulsesthroughhomogeneouscerebraltissue.[參考譯文]總之，大腦理論說明精神感覺和相對相似的神經(jīng)細胞單位的活動有關(guān)系。這種活動通過相似的大腦皮層組織傳導(dǎo)的根本相似的脈沖。專八英語考試閱讀輔導(dǎo)題2Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoals,assessingtheproblem,formulatingoptions,estimatinglikelihoodsofsuccess,makingadecision,andonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Rather,intheirday-by-daytacticalmaneuvers,theseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermedintuitiontomanageaworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguity,inconsistency,novelty,andsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneral,however,suchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseforcapriciousness.Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthatthinkingisinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoftenknowwhatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainit,theyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinextricablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcycles,inwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheirpaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenacting,butbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert.Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyface,seniormanagersofteninstigateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorepleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblem,notjustofimplementingthesolution.1.Accordingtothetext,seniormanagersuseintuitioninallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPTto[A]Speedupofthecreationofasolutiontoaproblem.[B]Identifyaproblem.[C]Bringtogetherdisparatefacts.[D]Stipulatecleargoals.2.Thetextsuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthewritersonmanagementmentionedinline1,paragraph2?[A]Theyhavecriticizedmanagersfornotfollowingtheclassicalrationalmodelofdecisionanalysis.[B]Theyhavenotbasedtheiranalysesonasufficientlylargesleofactualmanagers.[C]Theyhavereliedindrawingtheirconclusionsonwhatmanagerssayratherthanonwhatmanagersdo.[D]Theyhavemisunderstoodhowmanagersuseintuitioninmakingbusinessdecisions.3.ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatwhichofthefollowingwouldmostprobablybeonemajordifferenceinbehaviorbetweenManagerX,whousesintuitiontoreachdecisions,andManagerY,whousesonlyformaldecisionanalysis?[A]ManagerXanalyzesfirstandthenacts;ManagerYdoesnot.[B]ManagerXcheckspossiblesolutionstoaproblembysystematicanalysis;ManagerYdoesnot.[C]ManagerXtakesactioninordertoarriveatthesolutiontoaproblem;ManagerYdoesnot.[D]ManagerYdrawsonyearsofhands-onexperienceincreatingasolutiontoaproblem;ManagerXdoesnot.4.Thetextprovidessupportforwhichofthefollowingstatements?[A]Managerswhorelyonintuitionaremoresuccessfulthanthosewhorelyonformaldecisionanalysis.[B]Managerscannotjustifytheirintuitivedecisions.[C]Managers''intuitionworkscontrarytotheirrationalandanalyticalskills.[D]Intuitionenablesmanagerstoemploytheirpracticalexperiencemoreefficiently.5.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraphofthetext?[A]Anassertionismadeandaspecificsupportingexleisgiven.[B]Aconventionalmodelisdismissedandanalternativeintroduced.[C]Theresultsofrecentresearchareintroducedandsummarized.[D]Twoopposingpointsofviewarepresentedandevaluated.答案與考點解析1.「答案」D「考點解析」這是一道歸納推導(dǎo)題。此題題干中的seniormanagers暗示此題的答案信息在第三段,因為第三段首句包含題干中的seniormanagers。通過仔細閱讀和理解本段中所談到的五點,我們可推導(dǎo)出此題的正確選項是選項D.此題選項A、B、C所涉及的內(nèi)容分別在本段的第五點、第一點和第三點提到?？忌诮忸}時一定要學(xué)會認(rèn)真歸納和總結(jié)原文所表達的每一層含義。2.「答案」D「考點解析」這是一道句間關(guān)系題。題干已將此題的答案信息圈定在第二段。本段中的第二句是此題答案信息的最主要來,通過閱讀和理解此句,我們可推導(dǎo)出此題的正確選項是D.考生在解題時一定要適當(dāng)理解上下句之間的關(guān)系。3.「答案」C「考點解析」此題是一道審題定位題。題干中的whousesintuitiontoreachdecisions暗示此題的答案信息在第四段,因為第四段首句含有和題干中whousesintuitiontoreachdecisions大致一樣的theintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagement。通過仔細閱讀和理解第四段的每一句話,我們可發(fā)現(xiàn)第四段的第一句話都在強調(diào)act(行動),可見此題的正確選項應(yīng)該是強調(diào)行動的選項C.此題的答案信息來是第四段的第二句話?？忌诮忸}時一定要首先準(zhǔn)確地審題定位,然后要擅長歸納和理