供應(yīng)鏈管理概念

CHAPTER2TheSupplyChainManagementConcept供應(yīng)鏈管理概念第二章供應(yīng)鏈管理概念當(dāng)前1頁，總共58頁。CONTENTSOFCHAPTER2Section0ConceptofSCandSCMSection1KeyAttributesofSupplyChainManagementSection2BarrierstoSupplyChainManagementSection3SupplyChainManagementandIntegrationSummaryKeyTermsQuestionsforDiscussionandReview第二章目錄第二章供應(yīng)鏈與供應(yīng)鏈管理的概念第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征第二節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的障礙第三節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理和整合本章小結(jié)重要術(shù)語、討論和復(fù)習(xí)題當(dāng)前2頁，總共58頁。LearningObjectives1.Tolearnaboutsupplychainsandtheirmanagement2.Tounderstanddifferencesbetweentransactionalandrelationalexchanges3.Torealizetheimportanceofleveragingtechnology4.Toappreciatebarrierstosupplychainmanagement本章學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)第二章學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)1.了解供應(yīng)鏈及其管理2.理解交易型交換和關(guān)系型交換的區(qū)別3.認(rèn)識杠桿技術(shù)的重要性4.重視供應(yīng)鏈管理的障礙當(dāng)前3頁，總共58頁。Section0ConceptofSCandSCM1.ConceptofSupplyChain2.ConceptofSupplyChainManagement供應(yīng)鏈和供應(yīng)鏈管理的概念當(dāng)前4頁，總共58頁。1ConceptofSupplyChainAsupplychain

“encompassesallactivitiesassociatedwiththeflowandtransformationofgoodsfromtherawmaterialstage(extraction),throughtotheenduser,aswellastheassociatedinformationflows.”供應(yīng)鏈包括與產(chǎn)品從原材料階段（提煉）到最終用戶之間的流動和轉(zhuǎn)化相關(guān)的所有活動以及相關(guān)的信息流動。供應(yīng)鏈和供應(yīng)鏈管理的概念當(dāng)前5頁，總共58頁。2ConceptofSupplyChainManagementSupplyChainManagementencompassestheplanningandmanagementofallactivitiesinvolvedinsourcingandprocurement,conversion,andalllogisticsmanagementactivities.Importantly,italsoincludescoordinationandcollaborationwithchannelpartners,whichcanbesuppliers,intermediaries,third-partyserviceproviders,andcustomers.Inessence,SCMintegratessupplyanddemandmanagementwithinandacrosscompanies.供應(yīng)鏈管理包括涉及供應(yīng)和采購、轉(zhuǎn)化活動和所有物流管理活動的計劃和管理。重要的是，它還包括供應(yīng)商、中介、第三方服務(wù)提供商和顧客等渠道伙伴的協(xié)調(diào)和合作。本質(zhì)上，供應(yīng)鏈管理整合了公司內(nèi)和公司間的供需管理。供應(yīng)鏈和供應(yīng)鏈管理的概念當(dāng)前6頁，總共58頁。Section1KeyAttributesofSupplyChainManagement供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征當(dāng)前7頁，總共58頁。Section1KeyAttributesofSupplyChainManagementWhatattributesdoesSupplyChainManagementhave?第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征當(dāng)前8頁，總共58頁。Section1KeyAttributesofSupplyChainManagement第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征KeyAttributesofSCM1.Customerpower2.Long-termorientation3.Leveragingtechnology4.Enhancedcommunicationacrossorganizations5.Ierorganizationalcoordination供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征：1.顧客權(quán)力2.長期定位3.杠桿技術(shù)4.跨組織溝通的增強5.庫存控制6.組織間協(xié)作當(dāng)前9頁，總共58頁。1CustomerpowerInrecentyears,thecustomerhasgainedtremendouspoweroverbuyingdecisions,inlargepartbecauseofgreateraccesstoinformation.第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征顧客獲得了極大的購買決策權(quán)力，大部分原因是有更好的獲取信息的機會當(dāng)前10頁，總共58頁。1CustomerpowercustomersInternetTVRadioproductsorganizationsInformationFastandagilesupplychainPower

buyingdecisions第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征當(dāng)前11頁，總共58頁。1CustomerpowerIncreasedpowerofcustomershasimportantimplicationsfor:Thedesignandmanagementofsupplychain.Customer-centric,pull-orientedsupplychainsshouldreplacefactory-driven,pushones.第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征不斷增加的顧客權(quán)力對供應(yīng)鏈的設(shè)計和管理有重要的影響，還促使以顧客為中心的拉動式供應(yīng)鏈取代傳統(tǒng)工廠驅(qū)動的推動式供應(yīng)鏈。當(dāng)前12頁，總共58頁。1CustomerpowerIncreasedpowerofcustomersthedesignandmanagementofsupplychainCustomer-centric,pull-orientedsupplychainsFastsupplychainPerfectordersAgilesupplychain第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征當(dāng)前13頁，總共58頁。2Long-termorientation第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征Whycompaniestendtoemphasisonlong-termperformance?當(dāng)前14頁，總共58頁。2Long-termorientation第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征Short-termorientationTransactionalexchangesLong-termorientationRelationalexchangesFocusonFocuson長期定位關(guān)注關(guān)系型交換，需要參與成員之間信息共享，短期定位關(guān)注交易型交換，獲取短期收益。Short-termbargainsInformationsharingtakeneed當(dāng)前15頁，總共58頁。Relationalexchanges,transactionalexchangesDifferencesbetweenrelationalexchangesandtransactionalexchanges:DifferencestrustcommitmentdependenceinvestmentSharedbenefits第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征不同之處：信任、承諾、依賴、投資和利益共享當(dāng)前16頁，總共58頁。2Long-termorientationPartnerships:long-termrelationshipsbetweensupplychainparticipants.第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征PartnershipcharacteristicsHighInter-dependenceSharedinformationCompatiblegoalsMutualtrustSharedbenefitsBuyingdecisionsbasedonvalue高度依賴共享信息一致的目標(biāo)共同信任共享利益基于價值的購買決策當(dāng)前17頁，總共58頁。3LeveragingtechnologyTechnologyhasbeenatthecenterofchangestakingplacethateffectthesupplychain.Twokeyfactorsofthischange:(1)Computingpower(2)Theinternet第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征技術(shù)是對供應(yīng)鏈產(chǎn)生影響的變化的中心，這其中兩個最關(guān)鍵的因素是計算能力和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。當(dāng)前18頁，總共58頁。第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征3LeveragingtechnologyTheinternethasimportantimplicationsforbothbusiness-to-consumerlinksandbusiness-to-businesslinkswithinsupplychains,suchasinstantaneousvisibilitymakessupplychainbecomemoreproactiveandlessreactive,lowerinventoriesandimprovedprofitability.

(2)Theinternet:

Theintroductionandcontinueddevelopmentofthecomputerchipnowallowsforfast,low-costmathematicalsolutionstocomplexsupplychainissues.(1)Computingpower:

instantaneousvisibility即時可見性proactive事前控制profitability盈利能力Now,canyouunderstandthesesentences?當(dāng)前19頁，總共58頁。4EnhancedcommunicationacrossorganizationsItisessentialthathugequantitiesofreal-timeinformationcanbeseamlesslytransmittedacrosssupplychainpartners.Forexample:(1)retailpoint-of-saleinformation(2)real-timeinventoryinformation第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征巨量的實時數(shù)據(jù)能在供應(yīng)鏈成員之間無縫傳遞是至關(guān)重要的，例如銷售時點數(shù)據(jù)、實時庫存信息當(dāng)前20頁，總共58頁。5InventorycontrolAspectsofinventorycontrolinSCM:(1)istomovefromapatternofstopsandstartstoacontinuousflow

(2)involvesareductionintheamountofinventoryinthesupplychain

第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征JAZ(justaboutzero)approachReducingthebullwhipeffect供應(yīng)鏈管理中的庫存控制一方面是從間斷模式轉(zhuǎn)變成連續(xù)流，減少牛鞭效應(yīng)；另一方面是供應(yīng)鏈中庫存數(shù)量的減少，即零庫存方法。當(dāng)前21頁，總共58頁。bullwhipeffect

JAZ(justaboutzero)approachbullwhipeffect牛鞭效應(yīng)characterizedbyvariabilityindemandordersamongsupplychainparticipant–theendresultofwhichisinventorylumps.JAZ(justaboutzero)approach零庫存方法Inventorycanbereducedinanumberofways,suchassmaller,morefrequentorders;theuseofpremiumtransportation;demand-pull;andtheeliminationorconsolidationofslower-movingproduct.第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征當(dāng)前22頁，總共58頁。6interorganizationalcoordinationBecauseaprimaryobjectiveofSCMistooptimizetheperformanceofthesupplychainasawhole,

collaborationamongsupplychainparticipantsisessential.TherearemyriaddefinitionsofSupplychaincollaboration.第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征當(dāng)前23頁，總共58頁。OnedefinitionofSupplychaincollaborationCooperative,supplychainrelationships–formalorinformal–betweenmanufacturingcompaniesandtheirsuppliers,businesspartnersorcustomers,developedtoenhancetheoverallbusinessperformanceofbothsides.

第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)作是制造公司和它的供應(yīng)商、商業(yè)伙伴或顧客之間建立的正式或非正式合作的供應(yīng)鏈關(guān)系以提高雙方的整體商業(yè)績效。當(dāng)前24頁，總共58頁。Figure:Levelsof

SupplychaincollaborationRelationshipTypeDefinitionExamplesofDataExchangedTransactionalIntegrateandautomatetheflowofinformationtoalignwithproductflowpurchaseorders;invoicesTacticalinformationsharingShareinformationbeforeorafterapurchaseismadeorderstatus;productpricesStrategicJointbuyer/sellerprocesses,decision-makingandmeasurementforecasts;fulfillmentprocesses第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)作關(guān)系類型可以是交易的、戰(zhàn)術(shù)信息共享的或戰(zhàn)略的。當(dāng)前25頁，總共58頁。SummaryofSection1Now,haveyouunderstandthekeyattributesofSupplyChainManagement?Discussyouropinionswithyourclassmates.第一節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特征當(dāng)前26頁，總共58頁。Section2BarrierstoSupplyChainManagement供應(yīng)鏈管理的障礙第二節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的障礙當(dāng)前27頁，總共58頁。Section2

BarrierstoSupplyChainManagementBarrierstoSCM1Regulatoryandpoliticalconsiderations2Lackoftopmanagementcommitment3Reluctancetoshare,oruse,relevantdata4Incompatibleinformationsystems5Incompatiblecorporatecultures6Globalization第二節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的障礙供應(yīng)鏈管理的障礙：1.管制和政治因素2.缺乏管理高層的承諾3.不愿分享或使用相關(guān)信息4.不兼容的信息系統(tǒng)5.不相容的公司文化6.全球化當(dāng)前28頁，總共58頁。1Regulatoryandpoliticalconsiderations(1)supplychainarrangements,manyoftheminusetodaywouldhavebeenconsideredillegalseveraldecadesago.(2)Politicalconsiderations,suchaswarandgovernmentalstability.第二節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的障礙管制和政治因素障礙：（1）供應(yīng)鏈約定。比如今天應(yīng)用的許多供應(yīng)鏈約定在幾十年前的某些管制中是違法的。（2）政治考慮。戰(zhàn)爭和政府穩(wěn)定性等也是供應(yīng)鏈管理的障礙。當(dāng)前29頁，總共58頁。2LackoftopmanagementcommitmentTopmanagementcommitmentisabsolutelyessentialifsupplychaineffortsaretohaveanychanceofsuccess.第二節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的障礙Doyouagreewiththisperspective?Why?Orwhynot?供應(yīng)鏈活動想要成功，高層管理的承諾是絕對必要的。當(dāng)前30頁，總共58頁。2LackoftopmanagementcommitmentSeniormanagementcommitmenttoSCMoccursinonlyoneofeverythreeorganizations.第二節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的障礙Doyouknowthereasons?實際上只有1/3企業(yè)的管理高層會對SCM作出承諾。當(dāng)前31頁，總共58頁。3Reluctancetoshare,oruse,relevantdataSomeorganizationsarereluctanttoshareinformation,particularlyinformationthatmightbeconsideredproprietaryinnature.Thisreluctantcancontributetosupplychainproblems,likebullwhipeffect.Advancesincomputernowpermitcopiousamountsofinformationtobeprocessedandanalyzedrelativelyquickly,likedataminingtechnology.第二節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的障礙當(dāng)前32頁，總共58頁。dataminingtechnology.Atechniquethatlooksforpatternsandrelationshipsinrelevantdata,allowscompaniestolendorderandmeaningtotheirdata.數(shù)據(jù)挖掘技術(shù)是一種在相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)中尋找模式和關(guān)系的技術(shù)，它使公司可以從相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)訂單信息及隱含的信息。第二節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的障礙當(dāng)前33頁，總共58頁。4IncompatibleinformationsystemsToday,amajorbarriertointerorganizationalcollaborationisincompatiblecomputersoftware.Akeyquestionisto:chooseasingleintegratorapproachorchooseabest-of-breedapproach第二節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的障礙當(dāng)前跨組織協(xié)作的主要障礙時不兼容的計算機軟件。一個主要的問題是選擇單一集成者方法還是單項優(yōu)勢方法。當(dāng)前34頁，總共58頁。4IncompatibleinformationsystemsInasingleintegratorapproach,allrelevantsoftwareapplicationsareprovidedbyasinglevendor.Inabest-of-breedapproach,organizationchoosethebestapplicationforaparticularfunction.在單一集成者方法中，所有相關(guān)軟件應(yīng)用由單一供應(yīng)商提供。而在單項優(yōu)勢方法中，組織選擇某一個功能的最佳軟件應(yīng)用第二節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的障礙當(dāng)前35頁，總共58頁。5IncompatiblecorporateculturesBecauseoflong-termorientationandpartnerships,itisimportantthatthesupplychainparticipantsbecomfortablewiththecompaniestheywillbeworkingwith.第二節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的障礙Doyouknowwhatiscorporateculture?WhataboutthecorporatecultureofHaier?當(dāng)前36頁，總共58頁。5Incompatiblecorporateculturescorporateculture:refersto“howwedothingsaroundhere”,andreflectsanorganization’svision,values,andstrategicplans.

Potentialdifferencesofcorporateculturemaynegativelyaffectsupplychaineffectivenessandefficiency.第二節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的障礙企業(yè)文化指“我們在這里如何做事，反映了一個組織的愿景、價值和戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃。企業(yè)文化的潛在差異可能會負(fù)面影響供應(yīng)鏈效率和有效性。當(dāng)前37頁，總共58頁。5IncompatiblecorporateculturesForexample:participativemanagementstylemightnotmeshverywellwithautocraticmanagementstyle.第二節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的障礙participativemanagementstyle參與式管理風(fēng)格autocraticmanagementstyle獨裁式管理風(fēng)格當(dāng)前38頁，總共58頁。6Globalization(1)Challengesareevengreateringlobalsupplychainsduetocultural,economic,technological,political,spatialandlogisticaldifferences.第二節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的障礙由于文化、經(jīng)濟、技術(shù)、政治、地理和物流差異，全球供應(yīng)鏈的挑戰(zhàn)性更大。當(dāng)前39頁，總共58頁。6Globalization(2)Longerandmoreunpredictableleadtimesincreasethechancethatcustomerdemandmightnotbefulfilled.(3)globalsupplychainglitchesdriveupsupplychaincostsandpotentiallyjeopardizecustomersatisfaction.第二節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的障礙更長的和更不可預(yù)計的交貨提前期增加了顧客需求不能滿足的幾率。全球供應(yīng)鏈的失誤增加了供應(yīng)鏈的成本并有可能損害顧客滿意度。當(dāng)前40頁，總共58頁。SummaryofSection2Now,canyoutellmethebarrierstoSupplyChainManagement?Writedownyouranswerandexplain.第二節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理的障礙當(dāng)前41頁，總共58頁。Section3SupplyChainManagementandIntegration供應(yīng)鏈管理與整合第三節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理與整合當(dāng)前42頁，總共58頁。Section3SupplyChainManagementandIntegrationSupplychainsareintegratedbyhavingvariouspartiesenterintoandcarryoutlong-termmutuallybeneficialagreements.第三節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理與整合當(dāng)前43頁，總共58頁。Section3SupplyChainManagementandIntegration第三節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理與整合Long-termmutuallybeneficialagreementspartnershipsStrategicalliancesThird-partyarrangementsContractlogistics長期互惠協(xié)議包括：伙伴關(guān)系戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟第三方協(xié)定合同物流當(dāng)前44頁，總共58頁。Section3SupplyChainManagementandIntegrationOrganizationscanpursuethreeprimarymethodswhenattemptingtointegratetheirsupplychains.(1)verticalintegration(2)formalcontracts(3)informalagreements第三節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理與整合組織企圖整合它們的供應(yīng)鏈時，可以使用三種主要方法：（1）垂直整合（2）正式合同（3）非正式合同當(dāng)前45頁，總共58頁。Section3SupplyChainManagementandIntegration(1)verticalintegrationOneorganizationownsmultipleparticipantsinthesupplychain.Forexample:somelinesofpaintandautomotivetires.第三節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理與整合供應(yīng)鏈整合的第一種方法是垂直整合，是一個組織擁有供應(yīng)鏈中的多個參與者。最常見的例子是一些油漆和汽車輪胎業(yè)，當(dāng)前46頁，總共58頁。Section3SupplyChainManagementandIntegration(2)formalcontractsUseformalcontractsamongvariousparticipants.Oneofthemorepopularusesofcontractsisfranchising第三節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理與整合供應(yīng)鏈整合的第二種方法是在不同參加者之間使用正式合同。較流行的合同之一是特許經(jīng)營。當(dāng)前47頁，總共58頁。Section3SupplyChainManagementandIntegration(3)informalagreementsinformalagreementsamongthevariousorganizationstopursuecommongoalsandobjectives,withcontrolbeingexertedbythelargestorganizationinthesupplychain.第三節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理與整合供應(yīng)鏈整合的第三種方法是在不同組織間建立非正式合同以追求共同的目的和目標(biāo)，其控制由供應(yīng)鏈中最大的組織來執(zhí)行。當(dāng)前48頁，總共58頁。SummaryofSection3Reviewwhatwelearnedinthissectionanddiscuss.第三節(jié)供應(yīng)鏈管理與整合當(dāng)前49頁，總共58頁。Summaryofchapter21.ConceptofsupplychainandSCM2.KeyattributesofSCM,suchascustomerpower,along-termorientation,andleveragingtechnology3.VariousbarrierstoSCM,suchaslackoftopmanagementcommitment.4.IntegrationinSCM本章小結(jié)當(dāng)前50頁，總共58頁。KeyTermsAgilesupplychain敏捷供應(yīng)鏈Bullwhipeffect牛鞭效應(yīng)Carrierselectionpolicy承運人選擇策略Channelpartners渠道伙伴Contractlogistics合同物流Customerrelationshipmanagement顧客關(guān)系管理Customerservicemanagement顧客服務(wù)管理重要術(shù)語當(dāng)前51頁，總共58頁。KeyTermsDemandmanagement需求管理Datamining數(shù)據(jù)挖掘Fastsupplychain快速供應(yīng)鏈Fourth-partylogistics(leadlogisticsprovider)第四方物流（領(lǐng)先物流提供商）GSCF全球供應(yīng)鏈論壇Informationflow信息流Manufacturingflowmanagement制造流程管理重要術(shù)語當(dāng)前52頁，總共58頁。KeyTermsMarketshare市場份額,市場占有率Multinationalcompany跨國公司Orderfulfillment訂單履行Partnerships合作伙伴Perfectorde