大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程知識(shí)點(diǎn)

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程知識(shí)點(diǎn)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn).語(yǔ)言學(xué)LinguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage..普通語(yǔ)言學(xué)GeneralLinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics..語(yǔ)言languageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.語(yǔ)言是人類用來(lái)交際的任意性的有聲符號(hào)體系。.識(shí)別特征DesignFeaturesItreferstothedefiningpopertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.語(yǔ)言識(shí)別特征是指人類語(yǔ)言區(qū)別與其他任何動(dòng)物的交際體系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多產(chǎn)性Duality雙重性Displacement移位性Culturaltransmission文化傳遞（l）arbitrarinessThereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.P.Sthearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationanditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions（2）ProductivityAnimalsarequitelimitedinthemessagestheyareabletosend.（3）DualityLanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.⑷DisplacementLanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.（5）CulturaltransmissionHumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,butwehavetobetaughtandlearnedthedetailsofanylanguagesystem,thisshowedthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted,notbyinstinct,animalsarebornwiththecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies..語(yǔ)言能力CompetenceCompetenceistheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage..語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用performancePerformanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用是所掌握的規(guī)則在語(yǔ)言交際中的體現(xiàn)。.歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)DiachroniclinguisticsThestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime,adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime..共時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)SynchronicallinguisticsThestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime..語(yǔ)言langueTheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity..言語(yǔ)paroleTherealizationoflangueinactualuse..規(guī)定性PrescriptiveItaimstolaydownrulesfor〃correct“behavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayand