完整牛津高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法【定語(yǔ)從句】

M1定語(yǔ)從句：關(guān)系代詞、介詞提前、關(guān)系副詞、限制性一、基本概念（一）定語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。（二）先行詞被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。一般情況下，定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞。但也有因各種原因定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞被分割的現(xiàn)象。（三）關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。與先行詞關(guān)系密切，因此緊跟先行詞，并在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。關(guān)系代詞有：who,whom,which,that和whose,另外，as也可充當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。關(guān)系副詞有：when,where和why。在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。二、關(guān)系代詞的用法（一）基本用法根據(jù)先行詞的不同，和在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞植煌?，選用不同的關(guān)系代詞。如下表：關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關(guān)系代詞who人主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?whom,which和that在從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，?？梢允÷裕樵~提前時(shí)后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人賓語(yǔ)Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar.whose人，物定語(yǔ)Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismyclassmate.that人，物主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.which物主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.as人，物主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.as做賓語(yǔ)一般不省略例如：（注意關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑〥oyouknowtheprofessorwho/thatwillgiveusaspeechnextweek? （作主語(yǔ)）Ireadareportabouthisnewnovelthat/whichwillsoonbepublished.（作主語(yǔ)）Theplanthat/whichtheyarguedaboutwassettledatlast. （作賓語(yǔ)）Thisisthenewsecretary（who/whom/that）Iwouldliketointroducetoyou. （作賓語(yǔ)）Thesoldierwhoselegswerebadlywoundedwasoperatedonwithoutdelay.（作定語(yǔ)）注意：關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略，充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)時(shí)則不能。（見(jiàn)上例③④）（二）關(guān)系代詞that代替which的一些情況which,that在代替物時(shí)，一般可以通用。但在有些情況下，只用that。⑴先行詞是最高級(jí)形容詞或它的前面有最高級(jí)形容詞修飾時(shí)。例如：Thisisthebestthathasbeenusedagainstpollution.Englishisthemostdifficultsubjectthatyouwilllearnduringtheseyears.⑵先行詞是序數(shù)詞，或它前面有一個(gè)序數(shù)詞時(shí)。例如：①Thisisthelastplace（that）Iwanttovisit.②ItisthefirstAmericanmovieofthiskindthatI'veeverseen.⑶先行詞是all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none等代詞時(shí)。例如：①Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.②Wehaven,tgotmuchthatwecanofferyou.⑷先行詞前面有theonly,thevery,any,few,little,no,all,much,every等修飾時(shí)。例如：①Theonlythingthatwecandoistogiveyousomemoney.②Thelittlemoney（that）hehadwasstolen.（三）宜用who,而不用that的一些情況⑴先行詞是one,ones,anyone時(shí)。例如：①Onewhohasnothingtofearforoneselfdarestotellthetruth.②Don,ttellanyoneaboutthenewswhooughtn'ttoknowit.⑵先行詞是those時(shí)。例如：①Thosewhowerenotfitfortheirworkcouldnotseethebeautifulclothesmadeofthemagiccloth.（四）其它情況⑴先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。例如：①Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?②Thebikeanditsriderthathadrunoveranoldmanweretakentothepolicestation.⑵主句已有疑問(wèn)詞who或which時(shí)。例如：①Whichisthebikethatyoulost?②Whoisthewomanthatwaspraisedatthemeeting?（五）與whose有關(guān)的問(wèn)題⑴whose是代詞的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。例如：①I(mǎi)sawawomanwhosebagwasstolen.②Pleaseshowmethebookwhosecoverisred.⑵當(dāng)whose表示物與物的所有格關(guān)系時(shí)，亦可用ofwhich的形式。例如：①Thebuildingwhoseroofyoucanseefromhereisanewrestaurant.fThebuilding,theroofofwhichyoucanseefromhere,isanewrestaurant.或fThebuilding,ofwhichtheroofyoucanseefromhereisanewrestaurant.三、介詞前提的問(wèn)題關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞可以前提至關(guān)系代詞前。例如：Haveyouseenthepen(m力沁力)Iwrotethenotewithjustnow? (which作介詞with的賓語(yǔ))fHaveyouseenthepeniwithwhichIwrotethenotejustnow?但是，要注意的是：⑴介詞前提后，先行詞是人或物，關(guān)系代詞分別只能用whom和which,而不再用that或who。⑵介詞前提后，關(guān)系代詞不再能省略。⑶有些含有介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的介詞不能前提，如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。例如：①錯(cuò)誤：Whoistheoldmantothatyouweretalkingto?正確：Whoistheoldmantowhomyouweretalking?或Whoistheoldman(that/whom)youweretalkingto?②錯(cuò)誤：Thesearethesheepofwhichtheboytookcare.正確：Thesearethesheep(which/that)theboytookcareof.四、關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中的主謂一致關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上應(yīng)與先行詞一致。例如：Whoistheguythatisreadingoverthere?Thenumberofpeoplethataregoingtotheexhibitionisexpectedtobeover25,000.Allthatneedstobedonehasbeendone.Heisoneofthestudentswho-use-computeralotforstudy.Timmyistheonlyoneofthepupilsthathasfailedtheexam.例③中的all意為“一切”，作單數(shù)。例⑤中沒(méi)通過(guò)考試的學(xué)生事實(shí)上只有一人，因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用單數(shù)。that與which,who,whom的用法區(qū)別:情況用法說(shuō)明例句只用that的情況.先行詞為all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代詞時(shí)。.先行詞被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修飾時(shí).先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí).先行詞既指人又指物時(shí).先行詞被theonly,thevery修飾時(shí).句中已經(jīng)有who或which時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)時(shí)Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhavebeengivenout.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?只用which,who,whom的情況.在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人.在由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。.先行詞本身是that時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用which,先行詞為those,one,he時(shí)多用who。Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.五、關(guān)系副詞的用法根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在從句中所作成分選用關(guān)系副詞/關(guān)系代詞，主要取決于從句中的動(dòng)詞。Thisistheplacewherewework.（vi.關(guān)系副詞）Thisistheplacewhichwevisited.（vt.關(guān)系代詞）關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關(guān)when時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Hecameatatimewhenweneededhimmost.=at/in/on/duringwhich系We’llneverforgetthedaywhenthePeople’sRepublicofChina副wasfounded.詞where地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)Thisistheroomwhereheputupforthenight.=at/in/towhichwhy原因狀語(yǔ)Iknowthereasonwhyshestudiessowell.=forwhich注意：⑴如果表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因的名詞，在從句中不作狀語(yǔ)，而作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)時(shí)，用which/that。例如：Istillrememberthedaythatwespenttogether.TheYangtzeRiverisabeautifulplace(that/which)peopleallovertheworldlookforwardtovisiting.(2)當(dāng)先行詞為bythetime,anytime,everytime,thefirsttime,thelasttime時(shí)，關(guān)系詞不用when，而用that或省略。例如：ThisisthelasttimethatIshallgiveyoualesson.Bythetimehewas14hehadlearnedadvancedEnglish.(3)當(dāng)先行詞為way時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用inwhich，that或者省略。六、限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句從句與先行詞的關(guān)系從句是先行詞不可缺少的修飾語(yǔ)，如果去掉，主句意思就不明確。從句只對(duì)先行詞起附加說(shuō)明的作用，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。標(biāo)點(diǎn)（有無(wú)逗號(hào)）無(wú)有先行詞名詞/代詞名詞/代詞，也可以是整個(gè)關(guān)系詞有無(wú)that有無(wú)可否省略關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以省略。一般不可省略。例如:Astudentwhostudieshardwillmakegoodprogresses.Thestudent,wholivesfarfromschool,istheleaderoftheirfootballteam.(一)與as有關(guān)的問(wèn)題⑴as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句位置靈活，可以位于主句前面、中間或者后面，一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)。(which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后。例如：Asweallknow,histheoryoffallingobjectsisright.=Histheoryoffallingobjects,asweallknow,isright.=Histheoryoffallingobjectsisright,asweallknow.Asisexpected,theEnglandteamwonthefootballgame.Theearthrunsaroundthesun,asisknownbyeveryone.⑵as有“如"、“正如”、“像”的含義，which沒(méi)有。Wearefacingthesameproblemaswedidyearsago.Wearefacingtheproblemswhichwefaceyearsago.Wehopetogetsuchatoolasheisusing.Wehopetogetthetoolwhichheisusing.注意：thesame,such后一般與as連用，不用which；such…as與such…that區(qū)別在于，前者引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，后者引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句；thesame...as與thesame...that的區(qū)別在于，前者有“正如”之意，指相似不同物，后者指同一物。例如：ThisisthesamewatchasIlost.這和我丟的那只手表是一樣的。ThisisthesamewatchthatIlost,這就是我丟的那只手表。定語(yǔ)從句專(zhuān)項(xiàng)練習(xí)(1)l.TheplaceinterestedmemostwastheChildren'sPalace.A.WhichB.whereC.whatD.inwhich.Doyouknowtheman?A.whomIspoke B.towhospokeC.Ispoketo D.thatIspoke.Thisisthehotellastmonth.A.whichtheystayed B.atthattheystayedC.wheretheystayedat D.wheretheystayed.DoyouknowtheyeartheChineseCommunistPartywasfounded?A.which B.thatC.whenD.onwhich.ThatisthedayI'llneverforget.A.whichB.onwhichC.inwhichD.when.Thefactorywe'llvisitnextweekisnotfarfromhere.A.whereB.towhichC.whichD.inwhich.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthefactoryweareworkingsincethen.A.whereB.thatC.whichD.there.Thisisoneofthebestfilms.A.thathavebeenshownthisyearB.thathaveshownC.thathasbeenshownthisyearD.thatyoutalked.Canyoulendmethebooktheotherday?A.aboutwhichyoutalked B.whichyoutalkedC.aboutthatyoutalked D.thatyoutalked.Thepenheiswritingismine.A.withwhichB.inwhichC.onwhichD.bywhich.Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofsatasmallboy.A.whomB.whoC.whichD.that.Theengineermyfatherworksisabout50yearsold.A.towhomB.onwhomC.withwhichD.withwhom.Isthereanyoneinyourclassfamilyisinthecountry?A.whoB.who'sC.whichD.whose'minterestedinyouhavesaid.A.allthatB.allwhatC.thatD.whichIwanttousethesamedictionarywasusedyesterday.A.whichB.whoC.whatD.as.Heisn'tsuchamanheusedtobe.A.whoB.whomC.thatD.as.HeisgoodatEnglish,weallknow.A.thatB.as C.whomD.what.LiMing,totheconcertenjoyeditverymuch.A.Iwentwith B.withwhomIwentC.withwhoIwentD.Iwentwithhimdon'tlikeasyouread.A.thenovels B.thesuchnovelsC.suchnovels D.samenovels.Hetalkedalotaboutthingsandpersonstheyrememberedintheschool.A.which B.that C.whom D.what.Theletterisfrommysister,isworkinginBeijing.A.which B.that C.whom D.who22.Inourfactorythereare2,000workers,twothirdsofarewomen.A.them B.which C.whom D.who23.You'retheonlypersonI'veevermetcoulddoit.A.who;/ B./;whom C.whom;/ D./;who24.Ilostabook,Ican'tremembernow.A.whosetitle B.itstitleC.thetitleofitD.thetitleofthat25.LastsummerwevisitedtheWestLake,Hangzhouisfamousintheworld.A.forwhichB.forthatC.inwhichDwhathaveboughtsuchawatchwasadvertisedonTV.A.that B.whichC.as D.itIcanneverforgetthedayweworkedtogetherandthedaywespenttogether.A.when;which B.which;whenC.what;that D.onwhich;when.Thewayhelooksatproblemsiswrong.A.whichB.whoseC.whatD./.Thisisthereasonhedidn'tcometothemeeting.A.inwhichB.withwhichC.thatD.forwhich.Thismachine,formanyyears,isstillworkingperfectly.A.afterwhichIhavelookedB.whichIhavelookedafterC.thatIhavelookedafterD.Ihavelookedafter.Thereasonhedidn'tcomewashewasill.A.why;that B.that;whyC.forthat;hat D.forwhich;what.Heisworkinghard,willmakehimpassthefinalexam.A.thatB.whichC.forwhichD.who.ThatisnotthewayIdoit.A./B.whichC.forwhichD.withwhichhavetwogrammars,areofgreatuse.A.allofwhich B.eitherofwhichC.bothofthat D.bothofwhichIwanttousethesametoolsusedinyourfactoryafewdaysago.A.aswasB.whichwasC.aswereD.whichMyneighborsusedtogivemeahandintimeoftrouble,wasverykindofthem.A.who B.whichC.that D.itThisisthemagazineIcopiedtheparagraph.A.thatB.whichC.fromthatD.fromwhichHeisnotsuchamanwouldleavehisworkhalfdone.A.thatB.whichC.whoD.asYoucandependonwhateverpromisehemakes.A./ B.why C.whenD.whoseSmoking,isabadhabit,is,however,popular.A.thatB.whichC.itD.though---Didyouasktheguardhappened?---Yes,hetoldmeallheknew.A.what;thatB.what;whatC.which;whichD.that;thatIshallneverforgetthoseyearsIlivedonthefarmwiththefarmers,hasagreateffectonmylife.A.when;whoB.that;whichC.which;thatD.when;whichThenumberofthepeoplewhocarsincreasing.A.owns;areB.owns;isC.own;isD.own;areDuringthedays,heworkedasaservantattheBrowns.A.followedB.followingC.tofollowD.thatfollowedIsoxygentheonlygashelpsfireburn?A.thatB./C.whichD.itThecleverboymadeaholeinthewall,hecouldseewasgoingoninsidehouse.A.which;what B.throughwhich;whatC.throughthat;whatD.what;thatIssomeGermanfriendsvisitedlastweek?A.thisschool B.thistheschoolC.thisschoolone D.thisschoolwhereJohngotbeateninthegame,hadbeenexpected.A.asB.thatC.whatD.whoIhaveboughttwoballpens,writeswell.A.noneofthem B.neitherofthemC.neitherofwhich D.noneofwhichAllthatcanbeeateneatenup.A.arebeingB.hasbeenC.hadbeenD.havebeen高一定語(yǔ)從句專(zhuān)項(xiàng)練習(xí)（2）Nearlyallthestreetsareinstraightlines,fromeasttowest.Thoserunfromnorthtosoutharecalledavenues.A.running;thatB.run;whoC.running;whoD.run;thatThisisthecasehe’shadallhismoneystolen.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.onwhichMr.SmithwillpayavisittoBeijingthisautumn,wewillenjoytheOlympicGamesin2008.A.whereB.whenC.whichD.howTheartistwillnotpaintpeopleoranimalsbuthewillpaintanything.A.thatthelittlegirlaskshim B.thelittlegirlaskshimtoC.forthelittlegirltoaskhim D.whatthelittlegirlaskshim—Howdidyougetintouchwiththetravelagent,Robin?—Oh,that,seasy.IsurfedtheInternetandthencalledonethetelephonenumberisprovided.A.whichB.inwhichC.ofwhichD.whoseOctober15thismybirthday,Iwillneverforget.A.whenB.thatC.whatD.whichThetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepointhecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.A.whenB.whereC.whichD.whoseThereareseveralresearchcentersinChinaacertaindiseasecalledBirdFluisbeingstudied.A.whichB.whereC.whenD.whatIhopethatthelittleIhavebeenabletododoesgoodtothemall.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.whenThetimeisnotfarawaymoderncommunicationswillbecomewidespreadinChina,svastcountryside.A.asB.whenC.untilD.beforeisknowntoeverybody,TaiwanisapartofChina.Wemustunifyit.

A.ItB.AsC.WhichD.WhatIshallneverforgetthedayShenZhouVwaslaunched,hasagreateffectonmylife.A.when,whichB.that,whichC.which,thatD.when,that13.Thebreadmywifemakesismuchbetterthanyoucanbuyatastore.A.thatwhich B.onethatC.thatofwhich D.thisofwhichThereisnosuchplaceyoudreamofinallthisworld.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.asThepeople,hadbeendamagedbytheflood,weregivenhelpbytheRedCross.A.allwhosehomes B.allofwhosehomesC.alltheirhomes D.alloftheirhomesThehumansaredestroyingnaturedaybyday, ofcourse,willcauseseverepunishmentfromitsoonerorlater.A.whoB.whenC.onwhichD.which17.Isthisresearchcenteryouvisitedthemodernequipmentlastyear?A.whereB.thatC.theonethatD.theonewhere18.Somepicturesoftheriverbroughtthedaysbacktotheoldtheyswaminit.A.whenB.thatC.whoD.whereThemanshowedussoheavyastonenomancanlift.A.thatB.asC.whichD.andHestayedthereforquitealongtime,duringtimehelearnedmuchspokenEnglish.A.thatB.thisC.whichD.same高一定語(yǔ)從句專(zhuān)項(xiàng)練習(xí)（3）Whoisthewoman issweepingtheflooroverthere?A.whoB./C.thatD.whenThedoctor isleavingforAfricanextmonth.A.thenurseistalkingtohim B.whomthenurseistalkingC.thenurseistalkingto D.whothenurseistalkingHetalkedaboutahero noonehadeverheard.A.ofwhomB.fromwhomC.aboutthatD.whoHaveyoureadthebook Ilenttoyou?A.thatB.whom C.when D.whoseAmericanwomenusuallyidentifytheirbestfriendassomeonetheycantalkfrequently.A.whoB.asC.aboutwhichD.withwhom6.RecentlyIboughtasecond-handcar wasverylow.A.whichpriceB.thepriceofwhoseC.itsprice D.whosepriceLily,isHelenyouwanttointroducemeto?A.thatB.whoC.whomD.thegirlTheprofessorstalkedwithusaboutthebeautifulschoolsandtheexperiencedteacherstheyhadseen.A.thatB.whoC.whichD.whatThisistheonlybusgoestothevillageschool.A./B.thatC.whereD.itIsthereashoparoundsellsChinaDailyA.whoB.whereC.inwhichD.whichShewastheonlyoneofthegirlsinourclassacceptedascandidateforthepresidentofourStudents,Union.A.whowas B.whowereC.whohasbeenD.whohavebeenSheisnolongerthesweetlittlegirlsheusedtobe.A.whatB.whoC.whenD.thatIsthissingersongsyoulikebest?A.who,sB.whoseC.whichDtheonewhoseHegotangrywithwasagainsthisopinion.A.whoB.whomeverC.whoeverD.nomatterwhoAnyonewithwhatIsaidmayraiseyourhand.A.whichagreesC.whoagreesThat,sthedog.A.we,vebeenlookingafterB.whoagreeD.whichagreeB.afterwhichwe,vebeenlookingB.whoagreeD.whichagreeB.afterwhichwe,vebeenlookingA.whenB.thatC.whatD.asThefamilyIstayedwithinParisarecomingtoLondon.A.whoseB.whichC.whatD.whomThisistheveryknifeIusedtocutapplesyesterday.A.thatB.bywhichC.whichD.withwhichChinahasmanyrivers,theYangtzeRiveristhelongest..A.whichB.inwhichC.amongwhichD.oneofwhichTheusetheyarethewastehelpstosavealotofmoney.A.madeof B.madefromC.makingupofD.makingofThattree,thebranchesarealmostbare,isaveryoldone.A.whoseB.inwhichC.ofwhichD.ofitInthedarkstreet,therewasn,tasinglepersonshecouldturnforhelp.A.thatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towhom24.WhatisthewaySmiththoughtofenoughmoneytobuythenewhouse?A.gettingB.havinggotC.beinggotD.toget25.Jackspentasmuchtimeashecouldoverhislessons.A.goingB.wentC.goD.togoThefreezingpointisthetemperature waterchangesintoice.A.atwhichB.onthatC.whenD.ofwhich27.Iamimpressedbythefactthathemakesgooduseofeveryminutehecanspare.A.thatB.inwhichC.inthatD.whenThisisthelasttimeIwillwritetoyou.A.whenB.thatC.whatD.asIdon,tlikethewayhespoketome.A.whatB.bywhichC.bythatD./Thetrainhewastravelingwasdelayedformorethananhour.A.bywhichB.onwhichC.forwhichD.onthat（4）真題回顧Wewentthroughaperiodcommunicationswereverydifficultinruralareas.（2008上海）A.whichB.whoseC.inwhichD.withwhichHumanfacialexpressionsdifferfromthoseofanimalsinthedegreetheycanbecontrolledonpurpose.（2007重慶）A.withwhichB.towhichC.