中英高層建筑展望及建筑結構

專業(yè)英語翻譯原文：ThefutureofthetallbuildingAndstructureofbuildingsZoningeffectsonthedensityoftallbuildingsandsolardesignmayraiseethicalchallenge.Acombinedprojectofoldandnewbuildingsmaybringbackhumanscaletoourcities.Ownersandconceptualdesignerswillbechallengedinthe1980stoproduceeconomicallysound,people-orientedbuildings.In1980theLevelHouse,designedbySkidmore,OwingsandMerril1(SOM)receivedthe25-yearawardfromtheAmericanInstituteofArchitects“inrecognitionofarchitecturaldesignofenduringsignificance”.Thisawardisgivenonceayearforabuildingbetween25and35yearsold.LewisMumforddescribedtheLeverHouseas“thefirstofficebuildinginwhichmodernmaterials,modernconstruction,modernfunctionshavebeencombinedwithamodernplan”.Atthetime,thisdaringconceptcouldonlybeachievedbyvisionarymenlikeGordonBunshaft,thedesigner,andCharlesLuckman,theownerandthen-presidentofLeverBrothers.Theprojectalsoincludedafew“first”:(1)itwasthefirstsealedglasstowereverbuilt;(2)itwasthefirstofficebuildingdesignedbySOM;and(3)itwasthefirstofficebuildingonParkAvenuetoomitretailspaceonthefirstfloor.Today,afterhundredsoflook-alikeandvariationsonthegriddesign,wehavereachedwhatmaybetheepitomeoftallbuildingdesign:thenondescriptbuilding.Exceptforafewrecentlycompletedbuildingsthatseemtobepeople-orientedintheirlowerfloors,mosttallbuildingsseemtobearepletionofthedull,graph-paper-likemonolithsinmanyofourcities.Canthisbetheendofthedesign-linefortallbuildings?Probablynot.Therearedefinitesignsthataremostencouraging.Architectsandownershaverecentlybeguntodiscussthedesignproblempublicly.Perhapsweareatthethresholdofanewera.The1980smaybringforthsomenewvisionarieslikeBunshaftandLuckman.Ifso,whatkindsofrestrictionsorchallengesdotheyface?ZoningIndicationsarestrongthatcitiesmayrestrictthedensityoftallbuildings,thatis,reducethenumberoftallbuildingspersquaremile.In1980thetermgrid-lockwasusedforthefirsttimepubliclyinNewYorkCity.Itcausedaterror-likesensationinthepitofone’sstomach.Thetermreferstoasituationinwhichtrafficcomestoastandstillformanycityblocksinalldirections.Thejam-upmayevenreachtothetunnelsandbridges.Strangelyenough,suchaseventhappenedinNewYorkinayearoffuelshortagesandhighgasolineprices.Ifwearetoavoidsimilaroccurrences,itisobviousthatthedensityofpeople,places,andvehiclesmustbedrasticallyreduced.Zoningmaybetheonlylong-termsolution.Solarzoningmaybecomemoreandmorepopularascityresidentsareblockedfromthesunbytallbuildings.Regardlessofhoweffectivelyatallbuildingisdesignedtoconserveenergy,itmayatthesametimedeprivearesidentorneighborofsolaraccess.Inthe1980stherighttoseethesunmaybecomeamostinterestingethicalquestionthatmayrevolutionizethearchitecturalfabricofthecity.Mixed-usezoningbecameafinanciallyviablealternativeduringthe1970s,maybecomecommonplaceduringthe1980s,especiallyifitiscombinedwithsolarzoningtoprovideaccesstothesunforalloccupants.RenovationEmeryRothandSonsdesignedthePalaceHotelinNewYorkasanadditiontoarenovatedhistoricVillardhouseonMadisonAvenue.Itisastrikingexampleofwhatcanbedonewithsalvageableandbeautifullydetailedoldbuildings.Recyclingbothlargeandsmallbuildingsmaybecomethewayinwhichhumanismandwarmthwillbereturnedtobuildingsduringthe80’s.Ifwemustcontinuetodesignwithglassandaluminuminstarkgridpatterns,forwhateverreason,wemayfindthatacombinationofnewandoldwillbecomethegreathumanedesigntrendofthefuture.ConceptualdesignIthasbeensuggestedinarchitecturalmagazinesthattheBankofAmericaofficebuildinginSanFranciscoistoolargeforthecity’sscale.IthasalsobeensuggestedthattheJohnHancockCenterinBostoninnotonlyoutofscalebutalsooutofcharacterwiththecity.Similarstatementsandopinionshavebeenmadeaboutothersignificanttallbuildingsincitiesthroughouttheworld.Thesecommentsraisesomebasicquestionsaboutthedesignprocessandwhoreallymakethedesigndecisionsonimportantstructures-andaboutwhowillmakethesedecisionsinthe1980s.Willtheforthcomingvisionaries-architectsandowners-returntomorehumanedesigns?Willthesociologistorpsychologistplayamoreimportantroleintheyearsaheadtohelpconvincethesevisionariesthatanew,radicallydifferent,human-scaledarchitectureislongoverdue?Ifthesearevalidquestions,coulditbethatour“best”architecturaldesignersofthe60’sand70’swillbecometheworstdesignersofthe80’sand90’s?Orwilltheylearnandrespondtoavaluablelessontheyshouldhavelearnedintheir“HistoryofArchitecture”courseincollegethat“architectureusuallyreflectsthesuccessorfailureorfailureofacivilizedsociety”?Onlytimewilltell.Abuildingiscloselyboundupwithpeople,foritprovidespeoplewiththenecessaryspacetoworkandlivein.Asclassifiedbytheiruse,buildingsaremainlyoftwotypes:industrialbuildingsandcivilbuildings.Industrialbuildingsareusedbyvariousfactoriesorindustrialproductionwhilecivilbuildingsarethosethatareusedbypeoplefordwelling,emplovment,educationandothersocialactivities.Theconstructionofindustrialbuildingsisthesameasthatofcivilbuildings.However,industrialandcivilbuildingsdifferinthematerialsused,andinthestructuralformsorsystemstheyareused.Consideringonlytheengineeringessentials,thestructureofabuildingcanbedefinedastheassemblageofthosepartswhichexistforthepurposeofmaintainingshapeandstability.Itsprimarypurposeistoresistanyloadsappliedtothebuildingandtotransmitthosetotheground.Intermsofarchitecture,thestructureofabuildingisanddoesmuchmorethanthat.Itisaninseparablepartofthebuildingformandtovaryingdegreesisageneratorofthatform.Usedskillfully,thebuildingstructurecanestablishorreinforceordersandrhythmsamongthearchitecturalvolumesandplanes.Itcanbevisuallydominantorrecessive.Itcandevelopharmoniesorconflicts.Itcanbebothconfiningandemancipating.And,unfortunatelyinsomecases,itcannotbeignored.Itisphysical.Thestructuremustalsobeengineeredtomaintainthearchitecturalform.Theprinciplesandtoolsofphysicsandmathematicsprovidethebasisfordifferentiatingbetweenrationalandirrationalformsintermsofconstruction.Artistscansometimesgenerateshapesthatobviateanyconsiderationofscience,butarchitectscannot.Thereareatleastthreeitemsthatmustbepresentinthestructureofabuilding:stability,strengthandstiffness,economy.Takingthefirstofthethreerequirements,itisobviousthatstabilityisneededtomaintainshape.Anunstablebuildingstructureimpliesunbalancedforcesoralackofequilibriumandaconsequentaccelerationofthestructureoritspieces.金Th稿erequ半iremen額tofs失trengt霸hmean辛sthat該them觸ateria番lssel螞ected果tores烘istth傻estre蓬ssesg恐enerat稱edby勇thelo蛇adsan法dshap佛esof畫thest摘ructur舞e(s)熊mustb跡eadeq扛uate.筋Indeed斜,a屈哈“側factor慣ofsa郵fet傻y鑒”岸isus雨ually丸provid必edso裂thatu魔ndert翠heant管icipat宴edloa階ds,a滾given蠶materi益alis怖notst窯ressed劈toa泄level快evenc蜂loset妥oits道ruptur耐epoin縱t.The包mater禮ialpr節(jié)operty衫calle渴dstif梁fness邁iscon院sidere退dwith榮ther敘equire糠mento制fstre迷ngth.皮Stiffn梳essis師diffe鈴rentf添romst周rength帳inth傾atit芹direct籌lyinv此olves私howmu勞chas蝕tructu阿restr晶ainor臥defle佩ctsun肯derlo蛇ad.A恢materi抖altha峽tisv邁eryst晝rongb冤utlac勿kingi草nstif瘡fness晴willd洪eform姥toomu個chto防beof愿value顧inres陶isting缺thef馳orces傲applie刃d.恥Ec下onomy很ofbui康lding踐struct帝urere準ferst傾omore吳than擺justt則hecos譯toft林hemat結erials藏used.源Constr指uction肢econo盒myis度acomp包licate旅dsubj勸ectin暮volvin冶graw瞞materi拌als,f即abrica腫tion,踐erecti蠻on,an列dmain尖tenanc屯e.Des金ignan蕉dcons拔tructi步onlab皺orcos鴨tsand滿thec控ostso憂fener銳gycon渠sumpti冬onmus近tbec政onside不red.S傻peedo判fcons古tructi桑onand碰thec槳ostof靠money震(inte釋rest)器areal線sofac吉tors.洗Inmos阿tdesi濁gnsit賓uation糧s,mor劑ethan曉ones露tructu及ralma惠terial豬requi標resco閘nsider貪ation廊.Compl哭etive門altern竟atives利almos受talwa拼ysexi渣st,an萌dthe取choice鋼isse比ldomo恨bvious腦.睡Ap膠artfr榴omthe烈sethr綱eepri飛maryr攔equire特ments賄,sever延aloth泊erfac望torsa稻rewor感thyof請empha凱sis.F娘irst,往thest略ructur井eors愧tructu漢ralsy萍stemm根ustre禾latet惡othe著buildi話n鄰g喬’紛sfunc未tion.毫Itsho膏uldno龜tbei姨nconf置licti辟nterm屠soff長orm.F叼orexa漏mple,費aline瓶arfun利ction屯demand柴sali訓nears擁tructu嘩re,an天dther拾efore秀itwou凈ldbe墨improp塵erto關roofa最bowli保ngall擊eywit尺hado泥me.Si墾milarl偉y,at鏈heater朗must揭havel怒arge,醒unobs瞧tructe強dspan副sbut禽afine膝resta誕urant晶probab郵lysho跟uldno所t.Sta樣tedsi益mply,深thes普tructu集remus紋tbea圣ppropr夠iatet皇othe鈔functi縣onit舉isto盒shelte哭r.搶Se鞋cond,抹thest斷ructur頃emust戲befi桶re-res蔬istant鴨.Iti矩sobvi皂ousth激atthe授struc隨tural博system擁must肚beabl存etom或aintai藏nits渣integr剛ityat昏least撕until酸t(yī)heo婦ccupan太tsare箭safel西yout.羅Build屈ingco厭dessp牌ecify累thenu完mbero擾fhour腹sfor魔which揮certai淹npart悼sofa程build院ingmu攏stres懶istth濟eheat屑witho斗utcol耍lapse.粗Thes鄭tructu巖ralma遮terial控sused低fort胖hosee任lement麥smust蓋bein量herent撒ly掙fire-r頸esista肉ntor銳beade圍quatel哀yprot昆ected稅byfir李eproof書ingma劇terial便s.The狂degre懇eoff乎irere家sistan晝ceto剛bepro涌vided顫willd醒epend沾upona騰numbe彎rofi桿tems,欣includ英ingth刊euse市andoc掙cupanc霉yload談ofth騾espac尸e,its詢dimen福sions,擾andt碌heloc有ation論ofthe袍build廳ing.鈴Th帥ird,t驚hestr串ucture熔shoul罪dinte向grate懲wellw犬ithth茄ebuil技din班g供’競scirc省ulatio策nsyst鋪ems.I劉tshou擺ldnot便bein幼confl賴ictwi澇ththe盛pipin戰(zhàn)gsyst鐘emsfo泳rwate垮rand俱waste,媽thed殲ucting限syste飯msfor丈air,膏or(mo內stimp炸ortant掏)the敘moveme悼ntof么people止.Iti跑sobvi膏ousbu薄ilding陰syste絕msmus花tbec敗oordin擾ateda貓sthe近design移progr村esses.導Onec舉andes皮ignin療aseq瘦uentia政lstep翁-by-st慶epman塌nerwi裝thina近nyone閉syste琴m,but竭thed霧esign渡ofall扎ofth派emsho拴uldmo栽vein夠apara玩llelm炎anner堪toward凝compl券etion.膜Spati牛ally,值allth盼evari不ouspa律rtsof缺abui手lding漏arein喝terdep鑒endent姥.說Fo途urth,塑thest葉ructur擺emust飯beps照ycholo槍gicall牽ysafe鄉(xiāng)aswe倆llas峰physic名allys取afe.A凝high-糟risef繼ramet累hatsw擁aysco獅nsider美ablyi汪nthe澇windm晴ightn味otact寺ually石bedan困gerous柔butm拔aymak急ethe日buildi乖nguni特nhabit擦ablej燒ustth謹esame乎.Ligh勾tweigh賽tfloo滋rsyst訴emsth然atare祖too:投系”網bounc素y恰”魄canm秀aketh捆euser蔬svery投uncom眉fortab灑le.La島rgegl蜓asswi負ndows,障unint抄errupt唯edby戀dividi快ngmot素ions,第canbe鑼quite招safe數butwi亮llapp榜earve端ryins辛ecure狂tothe猛occup滅antst集anding算next殊toon炸40flo支orsab沒oveth囑estre講et.扇So獅metime悔sthe既archit珠ectmu管stmak耳edeli節(jié)berate教attem塵ptsto慌incre職aseth俱eappa粗rents燒trengt沿hors悅olidne桂ssof著thest木ructur滿e.Thi飯sappa希rents跑afety偵maybe墳more搏import香antth恢anhon斑estly春expres流singt懇hebui模ldin宗g廁’倚sstru攔cture,擱becau恨sethe意untra限inedv顆iewer比cannot香disti宋nguish季betwe漏enrea辦land蔑percei攝vedsa翠fety.拒Th闊ebuil天dingd透esigne慶rneed樂stou邊nderst踏andth蛙ebeha秧viorl貝fphys川icals嬌tructu他resun竿derlo延ad.An媽abili碧tyto千intuit批or東餐“掏fee糠l箏”革struc鋸tural僑behav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SO勒M貴）設計的萊弗存公寓獲得了美腫國建筑師協(xié)會躍授予泳的藝2帳5弦年墳獎旁“嘆以獎勵具有深扒遠意義的優(yōu)秀訊建筑設收計樸”路。這響獎每年押授予一座房齡超在波25~3森5敬年之間的建筑麗物。用劉易際斯逼.損芒福德的話來街說萊弗公寓敵是愈“員第一座集現(xiàn)代逮材料、現(xiàn)代施雅工、現(xiàn)代功能渴與現(xiàn)代設計方掛案為一體的辦撿公布樓膨”歪。在當時，這伶樣大膽的構思補只有像設計師往戈晨登盲.頓邦沙福特和業(yè)疼主宗—百萊弗兄弟公司汪當時的總裁查習爾仰斯壁.菌盧克曼那樣富淚于幻想的人才遣能創(chuàng)造出來了恢。而且，這項皂工程包含了幾費個尼”登第懂一眼”炕：踏（臘1箏）它是第一座辛全封閉的玻璃追大廈；好（享2赤）它宏是藍SO勺M名三人合作設計溝的第一棟辦公抽樓；幣（廈3性）它是公園大槳街第一座一層宮樓不設零售商閣場的辦公樓。義今天，經過眾屢多外觀相似而可柱網變化的設起計，我們已難可以對建筑物進析行歸類，這也疾許是高層建筑劈設計的縮影?？斐俗罱⒐ね椎膸讞澋蛯訕翘狗克坪醣容^怡龜人外，在我們臨的許多城市中被，多數高層建天筑物看上去就撓像圖表上的柱命標，好似一塊烏塊單調而又笨勿拙的巨石。難通道這就是高層智建筑設計行業(yè)瓦的終點嗎？也巾許不是。有跡六象表明其發(fā)展伶是非常令人鼓蝦舞的。建筑師拒和業(yè)主最近已壯開始公開討論極設計問題。也窩許我們正處在往一個新時代的行開端殲，負2世0凝世伴紀孫8范0孩年代也許會產跨生一些像邦沙歡福特和盧克曼吩那樣的幻想家君。要是如此，截他們會面臨什腸么樣的限制或浩挑戰(zhàn)呢？晌區(qū)域規(guī)弟劃喘塔鋸很顯然，城市尺可以限制高層苗建筑的密度，鑄也就是減少每楚平方英里高層勁建筑的數量查。膽198部0暫年搬，尖“貪堵塞回網物”捷這個術語第一付次在紐約市公緒開使用。它的企出現(xiàn)在公眾心育中引起恐慌。碎這個詞指的是瀉城市中四面八根方的街區(qū)同時座出現(xiàn)的交通停然滯不動的現(xiàn)象濟，堵塞甚至一吊直延伸到隧道梁里和高架橋上委。奇怪的是，殃這種事情竟然路發(fā)生在紐約燃緩料短缺、油價核高漲的年份。嫩很顯然，要想逆避免類似情況潛的出現(xiàn)，就必蜻須大幅度地降倍低人口、降低固活動場所油價析車輛的密度。臟區(qū)域規(guī)劃也許繪是唯一長遠的鴉解決方法。宏固城市居民由于進收到高層建筑劍的遮擋而見不柳到陽光，因此儀，陽光規(guī)劃將刪越來越受歡迎伴。無論高層建畢筑設計得如何芬節(jié)能，它同時策有可能剝奪居格住者和鄰居享潛受陽光的權力折。更2戴0掩世丙紀飄8碰0伐年代享受陽光愁的權力會成為眠一個十分有趣包的道德問題，首這個問題會徹炸底改變城市的附建筑布局?；炀嫌猛镜姆謪^(qū)陪規(guī)劃窩在憂2概0猾世嘆紀蹲7挺0壘年代還只是一迫種在經濟上可鴨行的抉擇，步在灑2曬0舟世克紀梢8尺0禽年代將會得到疾普及，特別是靜將混合功能分鬧區(qū)規(guī)劃與陽光豎分區(qū)規(guī)劃相結訴合，讓所有的餡住戶都享受到志陽光。娘整修改愁造斬秀烏伊莫未利央.皆羅斯和桑斯兩粉人合作設計的烈紐約王宮酒店步是對麥迪遜大醬街上翻修后的井古建筑維拉德術公寓的補充和扯增色。這是一慚個如何對待可沸搶救的古建筑雪精品的突出實書例丹。連2刑0葛世形紀撿8梯0總年代對中西建懷筑物的重復利襪用將是人情味垮和溫馨回到建閑筑物的途徑。貍無論出于什么較原因，如果我洪們必須繼續(xù)使良用玻璃和鋁材茄進行那種呆板傻的方式設計的脫話，我們會發(fā)臟現(xiàn)新老建筑的口結合將成為未碗來富有人情味放建筑設計的大餃趨勢。渣汗概念設墊計新蓄坦有些建筑雜志瓶認為位于舊金砌山的美洲銀行紀辦公大樓對于收該城市來說規(guī)最模過大，位于蘿波士頓的約忽翰常.勉漢考克中心不殼僅與該城市的動規(guī)模不成比例夾，而且與其特規(guī)點不符，對于饅世界各地主要撒高層建筑物的堡類似評論還有伐不少。這類評店論提出了有關餃設計程序，和豈誰是重點項目戀設計的決策者剩，以及上世饅紀幅8鉛0魯年代的建筑設藍計應由誰來決桌策等基本問題孝?；饾晌磥淼幕孟爰抑?，即建筑師和索業(yè)主會回到更裙富人情味的設殘計嗎？鷹在今后的幾年機里社會學家和濤心理學家會發(fā)彼揮他們的重要差作用使這些幻礦想家相信一種漫截然不同的、腰合乎人體尺寸客的新型建筑設秤計早該付諸實張踐嗎？如果這拴些問題的突出詞解電決略籍有其合理性的猛話，那么六七失十年代被我們思視鞠為蹄“槽最杰出倦的牢”武建筑設計師到向了八九十年代鴉就變成最差的慮嗎？他們在大沸學匹“會建筑馳史哀”扁這門課程中應荒該了解款到運“賽建筑常常反映考了文明社會的寺成功與失妥敗驅”嗚，他們會學到且這有益的一課付并對此作出反何應嗎？也許只擾有時間才會作至出回答。心擾建筑物與人類運有著密切的關少系，它能為人競們在其中工作判和生活提供必林要的空間。根局據其功能不同柳，建筑物主要跌有兩大類：工撕業(yè)建筑和民用乏建筑。工業(yè)建娛筑有各種工廠傲或制造廠，而猛民用建筑指的怠是那些人們用通以居住、工作伯、教育或其他表社會活動的場剖所。寬音工業(yè)建筑的建鈔造與民用建筑盈相同，但兩者謹在所選用的材右料、結構形式郵和體系方面是委有差別的。痰妥就工程的實質旬而言，建筑結性構可定義為：搶以保持形狀和調穩(wěn)定為目的的范各個基本構件蝶的組合體。其秒基本目的是抵剖抗作用在建筑歉物上的各種荷剖載并把它傳到擴地基上。奔毅從建筑學的角偉度來講，建筑億結構并非僅僅泄如此。它與建費筑風格是不可喬分割的，在不違同程度上是一本種建筑風格的式體現(xiàn)。如能巧暢妙地設計建筑縣結構，則可建享立或加強建筑息空間與建筑平丙面之間的格調掛與節(jié)奏。它在眾直觀上可以是看顯性的或是隱虛性的。它能產涂生和諧體或對架照體。他可能吳既局限又開放朱。不幸的是，律在一些情況下儉，它不能被忽吹視。它是實際泊存在的。詳纖結構設計還必越須與建筑風格肉相吻合。物理刷學和數學的原小理及工具為區(qū)顏分在結構上的里合理和不合理炊的形式提供了閘依據。藝術家哲有時可以不必嚼考慮科學就能躺畫出圖形，但血建筑師卻不行撕。在建筑結構午中至少應包括倦三項內容：穩(wěn)屈定性，強度和借剛度，經濟性士。姥濾在上述三項要池求中，首先是轉穩(wěn)定性。它在矩保持建筑物形強狀上是必不可藍少的。一座不族穩(wěn)定的建筑結巴構意味著有不蘭平衡的力或失評去平衡狀態(tài)，想并且由此導致孟結構整體或構演件產生加速度茅。只強度的要求意肉味著所選擇的漢結構材料足以姐承受由荷載產毀生的應力并且旗結構形狀必須幸適當。實際上絕，通常都提供論一個安全系數示以便在預計的久荷載作用下，祝使所選震用材料的應力助不會接近破壞針應力。被稱為芒剛度的材料的帆特性，需與強縣度要求一起考就慮。剛度不同符于強度，因為蝶它涉及荷載作誼用下結構應變郊的大小和變形宴的程度。它具縫有很高強度，科但剛度較低的在材料，在外力雹作用下會因變況形過大而失去午其使用價值。疏拜建筑結構的經愈濟性指的不僅站僅是所用材料廟的費用。建筑男經濟是一個復原雜的問題，其館中包括原材料速、制作、安裝傅和維修等。必系須考慮設計和蓮施工中人工費殿及能源消耗的逮費用。施工的室速度和資金成陷本（利息）也急是需要考慮的崖因素。對大多槳數設計情況，間不能僅僅考慮嚇一種建筑材料劈，經常存在一怖些有競爭性的態(tài)其他選擇，而貢具體應選擇哪勾種并不明顯。賀雖除了這三種最缺基本要求之外階，其他幾種因竊素也值得重視符。給側首先，結構或窩結構體系必須古和建筑物的功害能相吻合而不滲應該與建筑形涌式相矛盾。例玻如，線形功能閣要求線形結構槍，所以若把保瓦齡球場的頂部吳蓋成圓形是不氧合適的。同樣薯劇院必須是大壁跨度、中間沒產有障礙的結構焰，而高檔飯店嘩也許不是這樣俘。簡而言之，群結構形式必須核與所圍護的功曠能相適應。瀉毅第二，結構必孩須防火。很顯鈴然