第七章介詞（思維導圖+知識梳理+好題精煉） 初中英語中考語法歸納拓展

第七章介詞思維導圖知識梳理一、介詞的定義介詞又叫前置詞,一般放在名詞的前面.介詞是一種虛詞,一般不重讀,不能在句子中獨立充當一個成分,它只是表示它后面的名詞、代詞或相當于名詞的詞、短語或從句與其他句子成分的關(guān)系.二、介詞的分類按照詞的構(gòu)成,英語的介詞可分為簡單介詞、合成介詞、雙重介詞、短語介詞等.(一)簡單介詞即由一個詞構(gòu)成的介詞.如about,above,across,after,against,among,at,before,behind,below,beside,besides,between,beyond,by,down,during,except,for,from,in,of,off,on,over,past,round,till,to,with等.(二)合成介詞即由兩個簡單介詞組合而成的介詞.如inside,into,onto,outof,outside,upon,throughout,within,without等.(三)雙重介詞雙重介詞指兩個介詞連著使用,使表達的意思更確切、更明了.如:upto,frombehind,frominside,fromamong,atabout等.(四)短語介詞由一個或兩個簡單介詞和一個或幾個其他詞類組合成一個短語,作用相當于一個介詞,這類短語介詞的末尾總是一個簡單介詞.如:asfaras,asearlyas等.三、介詞的用法介詞不能單獨作為句子成分.它必須用在名詞或代詞之前組成介詞短語,修飾動詞、名詞或代詞,表示時間、地點、空間和其他關(guān)系.介詞后面的名詞、代詞或其他成分作介詞的賓語.介詞與它后面的賓語一起構(gòu)成介詞短語才能在句子中充當某一成分.介詞短語在句中主要用作:(一)作主語FromHangzhoutoShanghaiisthreehoursbytrain.從杭州到上海坐火車要三小時.(二)作賓語的介詞Aprettygirlappearedfrombehindthecurtain.一個漂亮女孩從簾子后面出現(xiàn)了.(三)作表語I'minneedofyourhelp.我需要你的幫助.(四)作定語Ihavelostthekeytothedoorofmyroom.我把房間的鑰匙丟了.Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.患難的朋友才是真朋友.(五)作賓語補足語Ifoundhiminahurry.我發(fā)現(xiàn)他匆匆忙忙的.(六)作狀語Lessonsbeginateight.八點開始上課.OnthetopofthehillwecanseehowbeautifulBeijingis.在山頂上,我們看到了好美的北京城.四、常見介詞歸類(一)表示時間的介詞及介詞短語in,at,on,before,after,till,since,for,from...to,until,by,inthemiddleof,atthebeginningof,attheendof,athalfpastfive,atnight,inaweek,inthemorning,inclass,atsunrise,inspring/summer/autumn/winter,onSunday,onSaturdayafternoon,onawinterevening,foralongtime,fortwomonths,afterschool,sinceliberation,beforelunch,atthetimeof,attheageof(二)表示地點的介詞及介詞短語in.at,into,to,on,beside,before,behind,above,under,outside,inside,up,from,farfrom,near,across,off,down,among,past,between,outof,around,inthefrontof,inthemiddleof,atthebackof,atthefootof,athome,atthegate,atthetable,inthesky.ontheground,inatree,inthesouth,inthesun,inthebed,onone'swayhome,bythesideof(三)其他各類介詞表除去,如besides,but,except等.表比較,如as,like,above,over等.表反對,如against,with等.表原因、目的,如for,from,with等.表結(jié)果,如to,with,without等.表手段、方式,如by,in,with等.表所屬,如of,with等.表條件,如on,considering,without等.表讓步,如despite,inspiteof等.表對于,如at,for,over,to,with等.表關(guān)于,如about,concerning,regarding,withregardto,asfor,asto等.表根據(jù),如on,accordingto等.表其他,如for(贊成),without(沒有)等.(四)介詞短語有無冠詞的意義區(qū)別attable在進餐,在桌旁吃飯atthetable在桌旁,在桌子邊(＝besidethetable)atdesk在讀書或做作業(yè)atthedesk在課桌旁(邊)atschool在校上學／求學attheschool在學校infrontofthebus在公共汽車的前面(不在車上)inthefrontofthebus在公共汽車的前部(在車上)atsea在航海中atthesea在海邊byday白天bytheday按日,論日behindtime誤期behindthetime落后于時代inclass在上課,在課內(nèi)intheclass在這個班inbed臥床,在睡覺inthebed在床上inred穿著紅色的衣裳inthered負債,虧損inhospital住院(指病人)inthehospital(因事)在醫(yī)院inoffice在辦公,執(zhí)政intheoffice在辦公室里insecret秘密,私下inthesecret參與秘密,參與陰謀inplaceof代替,而不是intheplaceof在······地方incaseof萬一,如果inthecaseof就······來說,至于ofage成年人ofanage同齡人outofoffice離崗ouroftheoffice離開辦公室outofquestion毫無疑問outofthequestion完全不可能,辦不到comeoutofhospital(病好)出院comeoutofthehospital(因事)從醫(yī)院出來comeoutofprison(刑滿)釋放comeoutoftheprison(因事)從牢房出來gotoschool上學gototheschool(因事)去學校gotocollege上大學(求學)gotothe/acollege去一所學院(辦事、上班)gotobed上床睡覺gotothebed去床邊gotohospital去住院gotothehospital(因事)去醫(yī)院Gotosea當海員gotothesea去海濱gotocourt起訴gotothecourt(因事)去法庭gotochurch去做禮拜gotothechurch(因事)去教堂keephouse管理家務(wù)keepthehouse守在家里takeplace發(fā)生taketheplace代替有些介詞短語有無冠詞,意義區(qū)別不大at(the)most至多at(the)first起初、首先all(the)day整天catch(a)cold感冒in(the)future將來in(the)memoryof紀念······goto(the)office上班,去辦公室goto(the)market趕集,去市場on(a)holiday在假期(the)daybeforeyesterday前天(the)mostof大多數(shù)with(a)smilingface面帶笑容五、常用介詞的用法舉例(一)at,in,on表示時間的用法辨析1.at的用法at表示具體的時間點,時刻,常用于表示鐘點及某些詞組中.atdawn在黎明時候atthemoment此刻;目前atnoon在中午atnight在夜間atmidnight在午夜atsixo'clock在6點鐘2.in的用法(1)用于表示世紀、年、月、季節(jié)、在上午／下午／晚上／白天等.in1996在1996inMarch在三月inspring在春季inthemorning在早晨批注:但在某年某月某日的上午／下午／晚上則用on.如:onthemorningofJunelst(2)在陽光下、在燈下、在樹蔭下、穿衣、著裝、冒雨等都要用in.Don'treadindimlight.切勿在暗淡的燈光下看書.inthebrightsunlight在明亮的陽光下thewomaninwhite穿著白色衣服的婦女(3)in+一段時間,意為“在······時間以后”,用于一般將來時.例:Theywillcomebackin10days.他們將10天以后回來.批注:after+時間段,用于一般過去時.如:Hecamebackaftertwodays.他兩天后回來的.3.on的用法(1)用于星期、日期(包括該天的各部分).onSunday在星期天onSaturdaymorning在星期六早晨(2)指具體的某天.onacoldafternoon在一個寒冷的下午onthefirstday在第一天onthenightofOctoberlst在10月1日晚上批注:在today,tomorrow,yesterday等之前不用介詞.this,that,last,next與時間名詞連用作狀語時,不用介詞.(3)用于公共假日前.onTeachers'Day在教師節(jié)onChildren'sDay在兒童節(jié)注意:at,on都可用來表示節(jié)假日,但at側(cè)重指“休假的時節(jié)”,而不是指具體的哪一天;on側(cè)重指具體的時日,與它連用的短語中多含“Day”.atNewYear在新年期間onNewYear'sDay在元旦那天(二)for,since,from表示時間的區(qū)別1.“for+一段時間”意為“已經(jīng)多長時間了”,強調(diào)某動作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多長時間,可與過去、現(xiàn)在、將來等多種時態(tài)連用,謂語動詞只能用延續(xù)性動詞Ihavehadthisbookforalongtime.我持有這本書很長時間了.2.since意為“自從,自······以后”,指從某一時間一直延續(xù)至今,后接過去時間點,通常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用Thefactoryhasbeentheresince1989.那家工廠自1989年就在那里了.批注:since還可以用作連詞,用來引導一般過去時的時間狀語從句.如:Greatchangeshavetakenplacesinceheleft.自從他離開以后,這里發(fā)生了巨大的變化.3.from表示開始的時間,意為“從······”,from...to...“從······到······”,謂語可用過去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r態(tài)StudentsgotoschoolfromMondaytoFriday.學生們周一至周五上學.(三)by,until/till,after,before表示時間的區(qū)別1.介詞before表示“在······之前”,后面一般接時間點Hewon'tcomebackbeforefive.他不會在五點前回來.2.介詞by表示“到······時為止,不遲于······”常用于將來時和完成時中TheworkwillbefinishedbyFriday.工作將于星期五前完成.HowmanyEnglishwordshadyoulearnedbylastterm?你上學期學了多少英語單詞?批注:如果by后跟的是過去的時間點,則與過去完成時連用.3.after意為“在······后”.后跟時間段時表示以過去為起點的某一段時間之后,常用于過去時;后跟時間點時,表示將來的某個時間之后Marygotbackfromthelibraryaftertwohours.瑪麗兩個小時以后從圖書館回來了.ShewillarriveinChinaafter9:00.她將在9點以后到達中國.4.till/until表示“到······為止,直到······之時,直至”,在肯定句中要用延續(xù)性動詞You'dbetterstayinbedtilltomorrow.你最好在床上待到明天.Hewillwaitforyouuntil/tillyoucomeback.他將一直等到你回來.在否定句中,not...until...意為“直到······才······”,謂語動詞用短暫性動詞.Ididn'tgotobeduntilelevenlastnight.昨天晚上直到11點鐘我才睡覺.批注:否定句中until可換成before.(四)in,at,on表示地點和方位的區(qū)別1.in表示地點,意為“在······內(nèi)”,用于內(nèi)部Heputhishandsinhispockets.他把手放進口袋.2.on意為“在······上面”,用于表面接觸,指在一個平面上Therewasacarpetonthefloor.地板上鋪著一塊地毯.3.at表示“在某地”時,at后接小地方,in后接大地方Whendidyouarriveatthestation?你什么時候到車站?HewasborninBeijing.他出生在北京.批注:at還有“在······旁邊”之意.如:atthetable在桌子旁邊(五)in,on,to表示地點和方位的區(qū)別的用法辨析介詞用法例句in表示“在某范圍內(nèi)”,兩者為包含關(guān)系.ChinaisintheeastofAsia.中國在亞洲東部.on表示“毗鄰,接壤”,兩者為并列關(guān)系.GuangdongisontheeastofGuangxi.廣東在廣西東邊.to表示“在某范圍外”,兩者為并列關(guān)系.JapanistotheeastofChina.日本在中國東邊(隔海相望).(六)above,over,under,below的用法辨析介詞用法例句under在······正下方,與over相對Mynewbikeisunderthetree.我的新自行車在樹下.over在······正上方,表示一種垂直懸空的上下關(guān)系Thereisabridgeovertheriver.河上有座橋.below在······的下面;低于,與above相對Pleasedon'twritebelowthisline.請不要在這條線下寫.above“高于······”,與物體表面不接觸,表示相對高度,不一定是在正上方Thereisaclockabovehisbed.他的床上有個鐘表.批注:表示“溫度在······度以上”用above,表示“溫度在······度以下”用below.(七)across,through,past1.across穿過,橫過,即“從一頭到另一頭,從一邊到另一邊”,強調(diào)從表面穿過Shewentacrossthestreettogoshopping.她穿過馬路去購物.2.through“穿過,縱穿”,表示從某一物體空間內(nèi)通過Thesunlightwascominginthroughthewindow.陽光透過窗戶照了進來.3.past“經(jīng)過”,表示從某人／某物的旁邊經(jīng)過IwalkedpasttheBankofChinayesterday.昨天我路過中國銀行.批注:(八)among,betweenamong表示“在三者或三者以上之間”;between表示“在兩者之間”,常用詞組:between...and...Ourteacherissittingamongtheclassmates.我們的老師正坐在同學們中間.Iwillbebackbetweenfiveandsix.我將在5點到6點之間回來.(九)infrontof,inthefrontof的用法辨析infrontof表示“在······之前(范圍外)”;inthefrontof表示“在······的前部(范圍內(nèi))”There'sayoungladyinfrontofthebus.公共汽車的前面站著一位年輕女士.(在車外)There'sayoungladyinthefrontofthebus.公共汽車的前部站著一位年輕女士.(在車內(nèi))批注:infrontof的反義詞是behind.(十)by,in,on表交通方式用by時,交通工具前不用任何限定詞;用on或in時,交通工具前要用限定詞.Tomgoestoschoolbybike.湯姆騎自行車去上學.Mr.Greengoestoworkbycar.格林先生開車去上班.批注:bybike=onabikebycar=inacar(十一)by,in,with表示手段或工具1.with表示“用······”一般指有形的工具／手段／人體器官Ioftendrawpictureswithapencil.我經(jīng)常用鉛筆作畫.2.in表示使用某種語言或使用某種材料,語言、材料前不加冠詞CanyousayitinEnglish?你能用英語說嗎?3.by表示用某種方式或手段,在名詞前不加冠詞,若后接動詞,需將動詞變?yōu)閯用~形式Thishandbagismadebyhand.這個包是手工做的.HestudiesEnglishbylisteningandreading.他通過聽和讀來學英語.好題精練一、用適當?shù)慕樵~填空1.Allthestudentswenthome________school.2.Wemustn'tonlythink________ourselves.3.Hethinksmuch________himselfbutlittle________others.Howcanyouhavehim________yourmonitor?4.________theendoftheroadyou'llfindthebookstore.5.Mysisterwasborn________July25,1975.6.Therewasnohospitalinthistown________thattime.7.Englishiswidelyused________travellersandbusinesspeopleallovertheworld.8.Thelittleboyisafraid________nothing.9.Don'tread________thesun.It'sbad________youreyes.10.Swimmingisthebestsport________summer.11.Mygrandmotherbegantoliveahappylife________1949.12.Marylooks________hermother.13.Mymotherisn't________home.SoIhavetolook________mylittlesister.14.It'safineday________awalk.15.Whenyouget________Shanghai,pleasewrite________me.16.________7:00________themorningwemetattheschoolgate.17.________thefootofthehill,wehadapartyandplayedgames.18.Ioftengoshopping________mymother________Sunday.19.That'sverykind________youtohelpmewithmyEnglish.20.Listen!Whoisknocking________thedoor?21.Hepreferssinging________dancing.22.Heleft________payinghisbill.23.1'msorry________beinglateonMonday.24.Areyouready________yourbreakfast?25.Iaminterested________youridea.26.Iwasafraid________makinghimangry.27.Theyweretired________waiting.28.Ihaven'theard________mysister________alongtime.29.Pleasetellus________yourlifeinChina.30.Theygotoschooleveryday________SaturdayandSunday.答案：1.after2.of3.of,of,as4.At5.on6.at7.by8.of9.in,for10.in11.after12.like13.at,after14.for15.to,to16.At,in17.At18.with,on19.of20.at21.to22.without23.for24.for25.in26.of27.of28.from,for29.about30.except二、補全對話1.Adogis________________(在樹下)2.Don'tread________________(在陽光下)3.Arethereanycows________________(在房屋后面)?4.Arethereanycows________________(在房屋前面)?5.Hewaitedforyouathome________________(直到12點為止)．6.Onedaytwoyoungmenweregoing________________(穿過森林).7.Theywentonworking________________(直到11點鐘)．8.Therearemanytrees________________(沿街).9.I'llbeback________________(4點鐘之后)．10.________________(在暑假期間),hehadagoodtime.答案：1.hesun3.behindthehouse4.infrontofthehouse5.till/untiltwelveo'clock6.throughtheforest7.till/untileleveno'clock8.alongthestreet9.afterfouro'clock10.Duringthesummerholidays三、選擇填空1.Thechildrenliketoswim________summer.A.onB.inC.atD.to2.Therewasabigsmile________herface.A.onB.overC.inD.under3.Taiwanis________thesoutheastofChina.A.inB.toC.onD.at4.IrememberSusanleft________averycoldmorningofJanuary.A.inB.onC.atD.from5.Weusuallyhavesports________school.A.behindBafterC.onD.over6.Whatdoyouusuallyhave________breakfast?A.ofB.forC.byD.at7.WeiFangalwaysgoestobed________halfpasttenintheevening.A.atB.inC.onD.to8.Iusuallyhavebreakfast________7:00everymorning.A.inB.atC.onD.to9.Themotherwithherlittlesonwasatmyhome________thatsnowynight.A.i