HardyandTess托馬斯哈代簡(jiǎn)介和作品賞析

ThomasHardy(1840－1928)ContentsHardy’slife

1.Hardy’s

works2.Featuresofhisnovels3.

TessoftheD’urbervilles4.

DiscussionofTess5.PartIHardy’slife

ThomasHardywasbornatHigherBockhampton,DorsetonJune2,1840,wherehisfatherworkedasabuilder.Fromhisfatherhegainedanappreciationofmusic,andfromhismotheranappetiteforlearningandthedelightsofthecountrysideabouthisruralhome.

ChildhoodHardywasfrailasachild,anddidnotstartatthevillageschooluntilhewas8.OneyearlaterhetransferredtoanewschoolinthecountytownofDorchester.At16hewasapprenticedtoalocalarchitect.

Adulthood

HardylatermovedtoLondontoworkasanarchitect.Hebeganwriting,buthispoemswererejectedbyanumberofpublishers.AlthoughheenjoyedlifeinLondon,Hardy'shealthwaspoor,andhewasforcedtoreturntoDorset.PicturesofHardy

MarriageFirst:in1874----EmmaGifford,sister-in-lawofavicar,diedin1912Second:in1914---FlorenceDugdale,hissecretary,awomanalmost40yearsyoungerthanhim.Death

Afterhisfirstwife’sdeath,Hardywasstrickenwithguiltandremorse,buttheresultwassomeofhisbestpoetry,expressinghisfeelingsforhiswifeof38years.ThomasHardydiedonJan.11,1928athishouseofMaxGateinDorchester.HewishedtobeburiedbesideEmmainStinsfordchurchyard,buthiswisheswereonlypartlyregarded.HisbodywasinterredinPoet'sCorner,WestminsterAbbey,andonlyhisheartwasburiedinEmma'sgraveatStinsford.DidYouKnow?ArumourhaspersistedsinceHardy'sdeaththatitisnottheauthor'sheartthatwasburiedbesideEmma(hiswife).ThestorygoesthatHardy'shousekeeperplacedhisheartonthekitchentable,whereitwaspromptlydevouredbyhiscat.Apparentlyapig'sheartwasusedtoreplaceHardy'sown.Truth?Fiction?Wewillprobablyneverknow.Hardy’slifeHardycouldreadbeforeheenteredthenewschoolatLowerBockhampton.bornontheEgdonHeath,inDorset,nearDorchester.HardywastransferredtoaprivateschoolinDorchester.184018481849:::HardymovedtoLondontotakeupmoreadvancedarchitecturalwork.Hewrotemanypoems,butfailedtogetanypublished.

HardyworkedwithDorchesterarchitectJohnHicks.ReturningtoDorset,HardyassistedHicksinchurchrestorations.1856186218671870:HardytravelledtoSt.Juliottoplantherestorationofthelocalparishchurch;herehemetEmmaLaviniaGifford

1879:

HardyatworkonTheTrumpetMajor.1881:HardymovedtoWimborne.1874:

ThomasHardymarriesEmmaGifford1883:theHardysmovedtoDorchester,decidingtobuildahousethere1896:HisgrowingfinancialindependenceledHardytoreturntohisfirstlove,poetry

1912:EmmaHardydied1884:HardywasworkingonTheMayorofCasterbridge

1914:marriedtoyoungFlorenceDugdale1928:HardydiesatMaxGate

Question:WhatishispositiononthehistoryofEnglishLiterature?

OneofthemostimportantnovelistsintheVictorianEraandthefirstimportantpoetinthe20thcentury.Englishpoetandregionalnovelist,whoseworksdepicttheimaginarycounty"Wessex"(Dorset).Inmanyrespects,Hardywastrappedinthemiddlegroundbetweenthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturies,betweenVictoriansensibilitiesandmoremodernones,andbetweentraditionandinnovation.

PartIIHardy’s

works

Hardy'scareeraswriterspannedoverfiftyyears.HisearliestbooksappearedwhenAnthonyTrollope(1815-82)wrotehisPalliserseries,andhepublishedpoetryinthedecadeofT.S.Eliot'sTheWasteLand.

Hardy'sworkreflectedhisstoicalpessimismandsenseoftragedyinhumanlife.

Question:Whatarehisrepresentativeworks?Tessofthed'Urbervilles…...JudetheObscure

FarFromtheMaddingCrowdUndertheGreenwoodTreeDesperateRemediesNovelsfirstnovelaboutcountrylifefirstpublishednovelfirstmasterpieceTheWessexThomasHardywasborninDorset,aruralregionofsouthwesternEnglandthatwastobecomethefocusofhisfiction.TheWessexofThomasHardy’snovelsandpoems:AboutWofaplace2.naturalsceneryofWessex3.writingstyleoflocal-color4.figuresinWessex5.imaginativeWessexWessexPoemsWessexPoems,1898PoemsofthePastandPresent,1901TheDynasts,PartFirst,1904TheDynasts,PartSecond,1906TheDynasts,PartThird,1908Time'sLaughingstocks,1909SatiresofCircumstance,1914MomentsofVision,1917LateLyricsandEarlier,1922HumanShows,1925WinterWords,1928WessexnovelsInhisWessexnovels,thereisanapparentnostalgictouchinhisdescriptionofthesimpleandbeautifulthoughprimitiverurallife,whichwasgraduallydeclininganddisappearingasEnglandwasmarchingfastintoanindustrialcountry.Andwiththosetraditionalcharactershewasalwayssympatheticandmournsovertheirfailureandmisfortune.Hardy'sworkreflectedhisstoicalpessimismandsenseoftragedyinhumanlife.TheMayorofCasterbridgeHardy’sMajorworksPoetry:1898:Hardypublishedhisfirstbookofverse,WessexPoems

1902:TheDynasts,indramaticblankverse,waspublished1914:AChangedManandOtherTaleswaspublishedNovels:1871:HardypublishedthesensationnovelDesperateRemedies

1872:UndertheGreenwoodTreewaspublished1873:APairofBlueEyeswaspublished1874:FarFromtheMaddingCrowdwaspublished1875:TheHandofEthelbertawaspublished1878:TheReturnoftheNativebeganinserial1880:TheTrumpet-Majorbeganinserial1882:TwoonaTowerwaspublished1885:TheMayorofCasterbridgewasfinished1891:TessoftheD'Urbervillesbeganitsserialrun1894:Life'sLittleIronieswaspublished1895:JudetheObscurewaspublishedinbookform1897:TheWell-BelovedwaspublishedStories:1865:HowIBuiltMyHouse---Hardy'sfirstpublishedworkandfirstshortstory---appearedinChamber'sJournal,18March.1883:TheThreeStrangerswaspublished1887:TheWitheredArmwaswrittenAccordingtoHardy’sownclassification,hisnovelsdivideintothreegroups:Novelsofcharactersandenvironment:人物與環(huán)境小說TessoftheD’Urbervilles

德伯家旳苔絲 JudetheObscure

無名旳裘德FarfromtheMaddingCrowd

遠(yuǎn)離塵囂ThereturnoftheNative

還鄉(xiāng)TheMayorofCasterbridge

卡斯特橋市長(zhǎng)UnderthegreenwoodTree

綠蔭樹下Thewoodlanders

林地居民RomancesandFantasies:傳奇與幻想APairofBlueEyes

一雙藍(lán)眼睛TheTrumpet-Major

號(hào)兵長(zhǎng)AGroupofNobleDames

一群貴婦人TwoonaTower

塔上兩個(gè)人NovelsofIngenuity:別出心裁小說TheDesperateRemedies

計(jì)出無奈TheHandofEthelberta

埃塞爾伯塔旳手Otherworks:WessexPoems

最終一朵菊花.docTheDynastsDiscussion:CharacteristicsofThomasHardy’sNovelsThedominantthemeofHardy’snovelsisthathumanbeingsarehelplessvictimsofhisfate,chanceandenvironment.HardybelievesthateverythingintheuniverseisdeterminedbytheImmanentWillwhichispresentinallpartsoftheuniverseandisimpartiallyhostiletohumanbeings.Thereforeitisuselessforhumanbeingstostruggleagainsthisfateorenvironment.Thispessimisticviewsoflifeperhapsaccountsforthetragicendingsofmanyofhisnovels.SomecriticspointoutthatHardy’snovelsaretheproductsofthecombinationofnaturalismandsymbolism.Hardyisveryskillfulindescribingnature.Inhiswriting,natureisfulloflife,colour,moodandmystery.MostofHardy’scharactersareordinaryworkingpeoplewhodoubttheirownpositionandsocialproblems.Thestructureofhisnovelsisalwayscompact,theplotiscomplicatedandthestoryisinteresting.Lovingtherightpersonatthewrongtime,

Havingthewrongpersonwhenthetimeisright,

Andfindingoutyoulovesomeonerightafterthatpersonwalksoutofyourlife.Thestory

Thenovelcentersaroundayoungwomanwhostrugglestofindherplaceinsociety.Whenitisdiscoveredthatthelow-classDurbeyfieldfamilyisinrealitythed'Urbervilles,thelastofafamousbloodlinethatdatesbackhundredsofyears,themothersendshereldestdaughter,Tess,tobegmoneyfromrelationswiththeobviousdesirethatTesswedtherichMr.d'Urberville.Thusbeginsataleofwoeinwhichawealthymancruellymistreatsapoorgirl.TessistakenadvantageofbyMr.d'Urbervilleandleaveshishouse,returninghometohavetheirchild,whosubsequentlydies.

Throughouttherestofthisfascinatingnovel,Tessistormentedbyguiltatthethoughtofherimpurityandvowstonevermarry.SheistestedwhenshemeetsAngel,thecleversonofapriest,andfallsinlovewithhim.Afterdaysofpleading,TessgivesintoAngelandconsentstomarryhim.AngeldesertsTesswhenhefindstheinnocentcountrygirlhefellinlovewithisnotsopure.Tessisabandoned,andfinallydriventomurderforwhichsheishanged.

CharacterstructureTessofthed'Urbervilles

RisingActionTess’sfamily’sdiscoverythattheyareancientEnglisharistocracy,givingthemallfantasiesofahigherstationinlife;Tess’saccidentalkillingofthefamilyhorse,whichdriveshertoseekhelpfromthed’Urbervilles,wheresheisseducedanddishonored.Tessofthed'Urbervilles

ClimaxTess’snewhusbanddiscoversherearlierseductionbyAlecanddecidestoleaveher,goingofftoBrazilandnotansweringherletters,andbringingTesstodespair.

Tessofthed'Urbervilles

FallingActionTess’slast-ditchdecisiontomarryAlec,whoclaimstoloveher;Angel’sreturnfromBraziltodiscoverTessmarriagetoherformerseducer,andhismeetingwithTess;Tess’smurderofAlecandshort-livedescapewithAngelbeforebeingapprehendedandexecuted.TheRiverFroom--TessoftheD'UrbervillesBramhurst--TessoftheD'UrbervillesTheRiverFroom--TessoftheD'UrbervillesTheBlackmoorVale--TessoftheD'UrbervillesDiscussion:

theThemesofTessTheinjusticeofexistenceChangingIdeasofSocialClassinVictorianEnglandMenDominatingWomenThemes：TheInjusticeofExistenceUnfairnessdominatesthelivesofTessandherfamilytosuchanextentthatitbeginstoseemlikeageneralaspectofhumanexistenceinTessofthed’Urbervilles.ChangingIdeasofSocialClassinVictorianEnglandTessofthed’Urbervillespresentscomplexpicturesofboththeimportanceofsocialclassinnineteenth-centuryEnglandandthedifficultyofdefiningclassinanysimpleway.MenDominatingWomenOneoftherecurrentthemesofthenovelisthewayinwhichmencandominatewomen,exertingapoweroverthemlinkedprimarilytotheirmaleness.Discussion:ThecharactersofTessD’UrbervillesAnalysisofTessD’UrbervillesTessisayoungwomanwhotendstofindherselfinthewrongplaceatthewrongtime.Tessisasimple,innocentandfaithfulcountrygirl.Shefinallybecomesthevictimofthemodernsociety.TessButTessisalsoastrongwomanthroughoutthenovel.Shestandsupforherselfandrefusestocrumbleunderpressure.ShechastisesherselfforherweaknessafterhersexualescapadewithAlec.Sheclaimsthatthisindiscretionisamomentofweakness.Tess’sfighttothemoribundsociety(腐朽社會(huì)).

WhenAlecrequiresTessstayathisside,Tessrespondshimfirmly."Never,never!ImadeupmymindassoonasIsaw--whatIoughttohaveseensooner,andIwon'tcome."

ThisprovethatTessresistwithmoribundsocialevilforce.Shewouldn’twaitimpatientlytosaveherselffromsocietyfully,shewouldratherrelyonherowneffortstobeimpracticalonevilforceunderthefoot.(2)Tess’sresistancetothetraditionalmoralconcept.

Onherweddings’night,Tessdaresayingherownpastbold,butbetweensheandtraditionalresistanceofmoralconcept,shebelieveswhetherawomanispureornot,isnottolookchastity,themoreimportantthingisthesoulandquality,Tesshasnotbeendefeatedaftersufferingmisfortune.(3)Tess’sresistancetotheunfortunatemarriage.sheagainandagainaskAngel:“Ithought,Angel,thatyoulovedme--me,myveryself!IfitisIyoudolove,Ohowcanitbethatyoulookandspeakso?Itfrightensme!Havingbeguntoloveyou,Iloveyouforever--inallchanges,inalldisgraces,becauseyouareyourself.Iasknomore.Thenhowcanyou,Omyownhusband,stoplovingme?”

ThisproveTess’sunfortunatefightofmarriage.Shethinksthelosingofthevirgin'schastitydoesnotmeanlosingthepurityofthelove.ConclusionInaword,Tesshasshownapowerfulwoman'simagetocommonpeoplewithherunyieldingspiritofrevolt.She,tothemoribundsociety,traditionaloldmorals,hypocriticalreligion,capitalistmarriagesystem,hascarriedonthestrongestrevealingandcriticism.Herkindheartedenlightenment,nobleemotion,strongpersonality,andherresistanceinimbuingallrootedintheheartsofthepeopleforever,worthsavoring.

AngelClare

AfreethinkingsonbornintothefamilyofaprovincialparsonanddeterminedtosethimselfupasafarmerinsteadofgoingtoCambridgelikehisconformistbrothers,Angelrepresentsarebelliousstrivingtowardapersonalvisionofgoodness.AngelClareHisloveforTessmaybeabstract,asweguesswhenhecallsher“DaughterofNature”or“Demeter（希臘谷物女神得墨特爾）.”Tessmaybemoreanarchetypeoridealtohimthanafleshandbloodwomanwithacomplicatedlife.Angel’sidealsofhumanpurityaretooelevatedtobeappliedtoactualpeople.

“TessoftheD’urbervilles”isThomasHardy’smostfamousnovel.UnderHardy’spen,theheroineTessiscreatedasanattractiveandwarm-heartedpurewoman,whohasthequalityofenduranceandself-sacrifice.TesshaslongbeenregardedasthemostexceptionalwomancharacterinEnglishliteraryhistory.However,thelifeofthispurewomanistragic.Sheisfirstlyseduced,thenabandonedandfinallydriventomurderforwhichsheishanged.Whatisresponsibleforhertragicfate?Whatisthereasonforapurewomantobecomeamurderer?Wecouldn’thelpthinkingoverthesequestionsagainandagain.FromthetragicstoryofTess’shortlife,wecanseeinadeepersensethatitisthecapitalistsocietyofthetimethathasruinedher.LivinginasocietyoverwhelmedbycapitalistLaw,religionandstateapparatus,Tess,apoorpeasant,inevitablyleadsatragiclifeandfinallygoestohercollapse.WhokilledTess?Discussion:Thepoverty?Alec'swickedness?Angel'sconventionalideas?Tess'scharacter?the