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初三英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)定語(yǔ)從句是由關(guān)系代詞和引導(dǎo)的從句,其作用是作定語(yǔ)修飾主句的某個(gè)名詞性成分,定語(yǔ)從句分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種。1.(一)限定性定語(yǔ)從句限定性定語(yǔ)從句1.that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它們?cè)趶木渲凶髦髡Z(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)??墒÷躁P(guān)系詞,which在從句中作賓語(yǔ)則不能省略。而且,如果which在從句中作“+”的介詞的賓語(yǔ),注意介詞不要丟掉,而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊,但有的則放在它原來(lái)的位置2.which作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),根據(jù)先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系,先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟3.代表物時(shí)多用which,但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which,這些詞包括all,anything,much等,這時(shí)的that常被省略4.who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來(lái)修飾人,分別作從句中的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),whom作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),要注意它可以作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)也可以作介詞的賓語(yǔ)5.where是關(guān)系副詞,用來(lái)表示地點(diǎn)的定語(yǔ)從句6.when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間[注]值得一提的是,表示時(shí)間“time”一詞的定語(yǔ)從句只用when引導(dǎo),有時(shí)不用任何關(guān)系代詞,當(dāng)然也不用that引導(dǎo)BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedtherefortwoweeks.IstillrememberthefirsttimeImether.Eachtimehegoestobusinesstrip,hebringsalotoflivingnecessities,suchastowers,soap,toothbrushetc.7.whose是關(guān)系代詞,修飾名詞作定語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格8.當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語(yǔ)是some,any,no,somebody,anybody,nobody,something,anything,everything或nothing時(shí),常用thereis來(lái)引導(dǎo)
2.(二)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的作用是對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明,通常和主句間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立1.which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)說(shuō)明前面整個(gè)句子的情況或主句的某一部分2.在引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),that有時(shí)相當(dāng)于inwhich,atwhich,forwhich或atwhichAttitudestowardsdaydreamingarechanginginmuchthesamewaythat(inwhich)attitudestowardsnightdreaminghavechanged.人們對(duì)白日做夢(mèng)的態(tài)度正在改變,這與人們對(duì)夜間做夢(mèng)的看法的變化有非常相似之處。Ilikethemusicfortheveryreasonthat(forwhich)hedislikeit.我出于某種原因喜歡這種音樂(lè),而他恰恰與我相反。Wearrivedthedaythat(onwhich)theyleft.剛好我們到的那天他們走了。3.有時(shí)as也可用作關(guān)系代詞4.在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中,不能用that,而用who,whom代表人,用which代表事物.
3.一.定語(yǔ)從句及相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)1.定語(yǔ)從句:修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句稱(chēng)為定語(yǔ)從句,一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。2.:引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞成為關(guān)系詞關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;關(guān)系副詞有where,when,why等。關(guān)系詞常有3個(gè)作用:1,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。2,代替先行詞。3,在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。
4.二.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句指人,在從句中做(1)
TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.(2)
YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.2.whom指人,在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ),??墒÷?。(1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.(2)Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee.注意:關(guān)系代詞whom在口語(yǔ)和非正式語(yǔ)體中常用who代替,可省略。(3)Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.3.which指物,在定語(yǔ)從句中做或者賓語(yǔ),做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略(1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.(2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.如果在從句中做賓語(yǔ),就用whom或who.比如:Heisthemanwhom/whoItalkto.如果是在從句中作主語(yǔ)就只能用who.比如:HeisthemanwhohasanEnglishbook.4.that指人時(shí),相當(dāng)于who或者whom;指物時(shí),相當(dāng)于which。在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ),做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。(5)Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.(6)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.(2)Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.whose指物時(shí),常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替(3)
Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.(4)
Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.(5)
Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?(6)
Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow?
5.三.介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)(1)
Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.(2)
Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.(3)
TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazine(that/which)youaskedfor.(4)
TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked.(5)
We’llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/that/who)wehaveoftentalkedabout.(6)
We’llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.注意:1.含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)一般不拆開(kāi)使用,如:lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等(1)
Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.
(T)(2)
ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.
(F)2.若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前,關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom,不可用who或者that;指物時(shí)用which,不能用that;關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose(1)Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.
(T)(2)Themanwho/thatyoutalkedwithismyfriend.
(F)(3)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.
(T)(4)TheplaneinthatweflewintoCanadaisverycomfortable.
(F)3.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代詞或者數(shù)詞(1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.(2)Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.(3)Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.
6.四.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句1.when指時(shí)間,在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(1)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.(2)Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame.2.where指地點(diǎn),在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)(1)ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.(2)ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.3.why指原因,在定語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ)(1)Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.(2)Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.注意:關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換(1)
Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear,(2)
Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.(3)
Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich./whereIwasborn.
7.五.限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句限制性定語(yǔ)從句
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句形式上不用逗號(hào)和主句隔開(kāi)用逗號(hào)和主句隔開(kāi)意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語(yǔ),不能刪除是對(duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,刪除后意思仍完整譯法上翻譯成先行詞的定語(yǔ),“…的…”通常翻譯成主句的并列句關(guān)系詞的使用上A.做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略B。可用thatC.可用who代替whom
A.不可省
B。不用thatC。不用who代替whom限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例:(1)
TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.(2)
Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例:(1)
Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.(2)
China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.要注意區(qū)分以下幾個(gè)句子的不同(1)
Hisbrotherwhoisnowadoctoralwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.他那當(dāng)醫(yī)生的哥哥常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué)。(他還有其他的哥哥)(2)
Hisbrother,whoisnowadoctor,alwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.他的哥哥是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的,常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué)。(他只有一個(gè)哥哥)
8.六、判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞方法一:用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ),就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如:ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.I'llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.判斷改錯(cuò)(注:先顯示題,再顯示答案,橫線;用不同的顏色表示出。)(錯(cuò))ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.(錯(cuò))IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.(對(duì))Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.(對(duì))I'llneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside.習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞where,when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。方法二:準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。例1.Isthismuseum___youvisitedafewdaysage?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone例2.Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld.A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone答案:例1D,例2A例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢hismuseumis___youvisitedafewdaysago.例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢hisisthemuseum___theexhibitionwasheld.在句1中,所缺部分為賓語(yǔ),而where,that,onwhich都不能起到賓語(yǔ)的作用,只有theone既做了主句的表語(yǔ),又可做從句的賓語(yǔ),可以省略關(guān)系代詞,所以應(yīng)選D。而句2中,主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語(yǔ)表地點(diǎn),既可用副詞where,又因inthemuseum詞組,可用介詞in+which引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。而此題中,介詞on用的不對(duì),所以選A。關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語(yǔ)時(shí),選擇關(guān)系代詞(who,whom,that,which,whose);先行詞在從句中做狀語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞(where地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),when時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),why原因狀語(yǔ))。
9.七、各種具體事項(xiàng)注意+關(guān)系詞1)介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。2)that前不能有介詞。3)某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間,地點(diǎn)或原因狀語(yǔ)的“介詞+關(guān)系詞”結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when和where互換。ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?先行詞和關(guān)系詞二合一1)Whoeverspitsinpublicwillbepunishedhere.(Whoever可以用anyonewho代替)2)Theparentswillusewhattheyhavetosendtheirsontotechnicalschool.(what可以用allthat代替)as,which非限定性定語(yǔ)從句由as,which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,as和which可代整個(gè)主句,相當(dāng)于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首,which在句中。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.典型例題1)Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,___cameasasurprise.A.itB.thatC.whichD.he答案C.此為非限定性從句,不能用that修飾,而用which.,it和he都使后句成為句子,兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子不能單以逗號(hào)連接。況且選he句意不通。2)Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,___wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,而what不可。That不能用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,it不為連詞,使由逗號(hào)連接的兩個(gè)句子并在一起在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法上行不通。3)Itrainedhardyesterday,____preventedmefromgoingtothepark..A.thatB.whichC.asD.it答案B.as和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),這兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達(dá)的整個(gè)意思,且在定語(yǔ)從句中都可以作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。但不同之處主要有兩點(diǎn):(1)as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可置于句首,而which不可。(2)as代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句中的謂語(yǔ)必須是系動(dòng)詞;若為行為動(dòng)詞,則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which.。在本題中,prevent由于是行為動(dòng)詞,所以正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)為B。As的用法例1.thesame…as;such…as中的as是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu),和……一樣……。Ihavegotintothesametroubleashe(has).例2.as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句,常帶有'正如'。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.Asisknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.As是關(guān)系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語(yǔ);例2中,它充當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞know要用被動(dòng)式。關(guān)系代詞that的用法1)不用that的情況a)在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。(錯(cuò))Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.b)介詞后不能用。Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.2)只能用that作為定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況a)在therebe句型中,只用that,不用which。b)在不定代詞,如:anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little等作先行詞時(shí),只用that,不用which。c)先行詞有theonly,thevery修飾時(shí),只用that。d)先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí),只用that。.e)先行詞既有人,又有物時(shí)。舉例:Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.所需的只是供油問(wèn)題。Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。難點(diǎn)分析(一)限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能用that的幾種情況1.當(dāng)先行詞是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代詞時(shí),或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修飾時(shí)(1)HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?(2)Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.(3)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.(4)ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.注意:當(dāng)指人時(shí),偶爾也可以用who(4)
Anymanthat/.whohasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing.2.當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾(1)ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3.當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞修飾時(shí)(1)ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.4.當(dāng)形容詞被thevery,theonly修飾時(shí)(1)ThisistheverygooddictionarythatIwanttobuy,(2)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí),偶爾也可以用who(3)WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting/5.當(dāng)先行詞前面有who,which等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)(1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?(2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6.當(dāng)先行詞既有人,也有動(dòng)物或者物體時(shí)(1)Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?(二)關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,有相同之處也有不同之處。具體情況是:1.As和which都可以在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ),代表前面整個(gè)句子。(1)Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.(2)Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.2.as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一個(gè)主句;which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后。另外,as有“正如……,正像……”的意思(1)Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.(2)Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent.(3)John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.(4)HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdon’tbelieve.注意:當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí),常用which(5)Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.3.當(dāng)先行次受such,thesame修飾時(shí),常用as(1)Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.(2)Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.(3)ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.注意:當(dāng)先行次由thesame修飾時(shí),偶爾也用that引
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