2021-2022年四川省樂山市大學(xué)英語6級大學(xué)英語六級真題(含答案)

2021-2022年四川省樂山市大學(xué)英語6級大學(xué)英語六級真題(含答案)學(xué)校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

Ifyouwanttohavethesamekindoflivingasaretiree,youmayspend20%lessmonthlythanyoudonowbecause______.

A.olderpeopletendtobemorefrugal

B.expensesinvolvedinworkaresaved

C.publictransportationwillbecheaperthen

D.olderpeoplecandotheirowncleaningthen

2.

Thepassagemanlyrefutesthewrongideasabouttheeconomicinteractionbetweenrichandpoorcountries.

A.YB.NC.NG

3.

Travelingusedtobesoexpensivethatmanymiddle-classpeoplecouldnotaffordit.

A.YB.NC.NG

4.AU.S.scientificreportconcludedthatsometrendsofclimatechangewerecausedby______.

5.

Geneticmedicinesarenewerandmoreexpensive.

A.YB.NC.NG

6.Muchoftoday'sscienceofphysicsisbasedonNewton'sdiscoveryofthethreelawsofmotionandhistheoryofgravity(引力).Newtonalsodevelopedoneofthemostpowerfultoolsofmathematics.Itisthemethodwecallcalculus(微積分).Lateinhislife,Newtonsaidofhiswork:"IfIsawfurtherthanothermen,itwasbecauseIstoodontheshouldersofgiants."OneofthosegiantswasthegreatItalianscientist,Galileo.GalileodiedthesameyearNewtonwasborn.AnotherofthegiantswasthePolishscientistNicholasCopernicus.HelivedahundredyearsbeforeNewton.Copernicushadbegunascientificrevolution.Itledtoacompletelynewunderstandingofhowtheuniverseworked.GalileocontinuedandexpandedtheworkofCopernicus.IsaacNewtonbuiltontheideasofthesetwoscientistsandothers.Hefoundandprovedtheanswersforwhichtheysearched.

Atthattime,adeadlyplaguewasspreadingacrossEngland.Toescapethedisease,Newtonreturnedtothefamilyfarm.Hedidmorethinkingthanfarming.Indoingso,hefoundtheanswerstosomeofthegreatestmysteriesofscience.Newtonusedhisgreatskillinmathematicstoform.abetterunderstandingoftheworldandtheuniverse.Heusedmethodshehadlearnedasaboyinmakingthings.Heexperimented.Thenhestudiedtheresultsandusedwhathehadlearnedtodesignnewexperiments.Newton'sworkledhimtocreateanewmethodinmathematicsformeasuringareascurvedinshape.Healsousedittofindhowmuchmaterialwascontainedinsolidobjects.Themethodhecreatedbecameknownasintegralcalculus.

IsaacNewtonwasborninWoolsthorpe,England,onDecembertwenty-fifth,sixteenforty-two.Hewasbornearly.Hewasasmallbabyandveryweak.Nooneexpectedhimtosurvive.Buthesurprisedeveryone.Hehadoneofthemostpowerfulmindsinhistory.Andheliveduntilbewaseighty-four.Newton'sfatherdiedbeforehewasborn.Hismothermarriedagainafewyearslater.SheleftIsaacwithhisgrandmother.Theboywasnotagoodstudent.Yethelikedtomakethings,suchaskitesandclocksandsimplemachines.

Newtonalsoenjoyedfindingnewwaystoanswerquestionsorsolveproblems.Asaboy,forexample,hedecidedtofindawaytomeasurethespeedofthewind.Onawindyday,hemeasuredhowfarhecouldjumpwiththewindathisback.Thenhemeasuredhowfarhecouldjumpwiththewindinhisface.Fromthedifferencebetweenthetwojumps,hemadehisownmeasureofthestrengthofthewind.Strangely,Newtonbecameamuchbetterstudentafteraboykickedhiminthestomach.Theboywasoneofthebeststudentsintheschool.Newtondecidedtogetevenbygettinghighermarksthantheboywhokickedhim.Inashorttime,Newtonbecamethetopstudentattheschool.

Newtonleftschooltohelponthefamilyfarm.Itsoonbecameclear,however,thattheboywasnotagoodfarmer.Hespenthistimesolvingmathematicalproblems,insteadoftakingcareofthecrops.Hespenthornsvisitingabookstoreintown,insteadofsellinghisvegetablesinthemarket.AnuncledecidedthatNewtonwoulddobetterasastudentthanasafarmer.SohehelpedtheyoungmanenterCambridgeUniversitytostudymathematics.Newtoncompletedhisuniversitystudiesfiveyearslater,insixteensixty-five.Hewastwenty-twoyearsold.

Oneday,sittinginthegarden,Newtonwatchedanapplefallfromatree.Hebegantowonderifthesameforcethatpulledtheappledownalsokeptthemooncirclingtheearth.Newtonbelieveditwas.Andhebelieveditcouldbemeasured.Hecalledtheforce"gravity".Hebegantoexamineitcarefully.Hedecidedthatthestrengthoftheforcekeepingaplanetinorbitaroundthesundependedontwothings.Onewastheamountofmassintheplanetandthesun.Theotherwashowfaraparttheywere.

Newtonwasabletofindtheexactrelationshipbe

A.YB.NC.NG

7.

Americans'shortcomingsinsciencearevast,andunfortunately______ismakingeffortstodefeatthem.

8.

Oneoftheadvantagesofapeace-keepinglieisaimedatavoidingtroubleorargument.

A.YB.NC.NG

9.

AccordingtoHonda,______are,themajorfactorsthatledtothesuccessofHondacompany.

10.Peoplecanpasssuperstitionsdownfromgenerationtogenerationbecauseof______.

A.thepowerofluck

B.thepowerofGod

C.thepowerofbelief

D.thepowerofintelligence

11.

WhetherBeijing2008issuccessfulornotcanbeascertainedby______onBeijingafteritisover.

12.

InTheTaleofTwoPebbles,withthecreativewayofthinking,thegirleventuallyreversedtheunfavorableconditionandgained______.

13.

Besidesgenes,______factorsalsoplayaroleinourfate.

14.

Thepassagetellsuswhybathsandmassagesbenefitusintermsofmood.

A.YB.NC.NG

15.

SomepeoplethoughtthatNASAactedouttheApolloprograminmoviestudiospartiallybecausethepicturestransmittedfromthemoondonotinclude______.

16.PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

CodinTrouble

A.In1992,thedevastatingcollapseofthecodstocksofftheeastcoastofNewfoundlandforcedtheCanadiangovernmenttotakedrasticmeasuresandclosethefishery.Over40,000peoplelosttheirjobs,communitiesarestillstrugglingtorecoverandthemarineecosystemisstillinastateofcollapse.Thedisintegrationofthisvitalfisherysoundedawarningbelltogovernmentsaroundtheworldwhowereshockedthatarelatively-sophisticated,scientifically-basedfisheriesmanagementprogram,notunliketheirown,couldhavegonesowrong.TheCanadiangovernmentignoredwarningsthattheirfleetswereemployingdestructivefishingpracticesandrefusedtosignificantlyreducequotascitingthelossofjobsastoogreataconcern.

B.Inthe1950sCanadianandUSeastcoastwatersprovidedanannual100,000tonsincodcatchesrisingto800,000by1970.Thisoverfishingledtoacatchofonly300,000tonsby1975.CanadaandtheUSreactedbypassinglegislationtoextendtheirnationaljurisdictionsovermarine-livingresourcesoutto200nauticalmilesandcatchesnaturallydeclinedto139,000tonsin1980.HowevertheCanadianfishingindustrytookoverandrestartedtheoverfishingandcatchesroseagainuntil,from1985,itwastheCanadianswhowerelandingmorethan250,000tonsofnortherncodannually.Thisexploitationravagedthestocksandby1990thecatchwassolow(29,000tons)thatin1992(121/2000tons)Canadahadtobanallfishingineastcoastwaters.Inafisherythathadforoveracenturyyieldedaquarter-milliontoncatches,thereremainedabiomassoflessthan1700tonsandtheFisheriesDepartmentalsopredictedthat,evenwithanimmediaterecovery,stocksneedatleast15yearsbeforetheywouldbehealthyenoughtowithstandpreviouslevelsoffishing.

C.Thedevastatingfishingcamefrommassiveinvestmentpouredintoconstructinghuge"draggers".Draggershaulenormousnetsheldopenbyacombinationofhugesteelplatesandheavychainsandrollersthatploughtheoceanbottom.Theydragupanythingintheway,inflictingimmensedamage,destroyingcriticalhabitatandcontributingtothedestabilizationofthenortherncodecosystem.Thedraggerstargetedhugeaggregationsofcodwhiletheywerespawning,atimewhenthefishpopulationishighlyvulnerabletocapture.Excessivetrawlingonspawningstocksbecamehighlydisruptivetothespawningprocess,andecosystem.Inaddition,thetrawlingactivityresultedinaphysicaldispersionofeggsleadingtoahigherfertilizationfailure.Physicalandchemicaldamagetolarvaecausedbythetrawlingactionalsoreducedtheirchancesofsurvival.ThesedraggersarenowbannedforeverfromCanadianwaters.

D.Canadianmediaoftenciteexcessivefishingbyoverseasfleets,primarilydrivenbytheCapitalistethic,astheprimarycauseofthefishingoutofthenorthAtlanticcodstocks.ManynationstookfishoffthecoastofNewfoundlandandalluseddeep-seatrawlers,andmanyoftenblatantlyexceededestablishedcatchquotasandtreatyagreements.Therecanbelittledoubtthatnon-North-American-fishingwasacontributingfactorinthecodstockcollapse,andthatthecapitalistdynamicsthatwereatworkinCanadawerealltoosimilarfortheforeignvesselsandcompanies.But

A.Themassunemployment.

B.Thecollapseofmarineecosystem.

C.Thecodcollapse.

D.Thefleets'destructivefishingpractices.

17.TheSciencethatImitatesNature'sMechanisms

AEuropeanindustrialistnotlongagobecameverysuspiciousaboutAmericanpurposesandintentionsincertainareasofscientificresearch.HelearnedbychancethattheUnitedStateswassigningcontractswithscientistsinEngland,France,Italy,Germany,Belgium,Sweden,Uruguay,Chile,Argentina,Australia,andothercountries,callingforresearchintosuchmattersasthefunctionofthefrog'seyeandthelearningabilityoftheoctopus.

Itseemedtotheindustrialistthatsuchstudiescouldnotpossiblyhaveanypracticalvalue.HeseriouslybelievedthattheUnitedStateswasemployingtheforeignscientiststodomeaninglessworkandoccupytheirtime,whileAmericanscientistswerebusyinthereallyimportantareasofscience.HewasunawareofthefactthattheUnitedStateswasspendingmuchmoremoneyathomethanabroadforsimilarstudies.

Naturedoesthingsbetterthanpeople

Actually,theresearchhequestionedinvolvesafieldofsciencesonewthatmostpeoplehaveneverheardofit.Namedbionicsin1960,thisscienceisthestudyoflivingcreatures,astudyinsearchofprincipleapplicabletoengineering.Naturehasoperatedavastlaboratoryfortwobillionyears,andbionicsprobesthesecretsofthemarvelous"special-purpose"mechanismsthathavedeveloped.

Takethefrog'seyeforexample.Afrogeatsonlyliveinsects,anditseyeinstantlyspotsamovingflywithinreachofitstongue.Youcansurroundafrogwithdead(thereforemotionless)flies,anditwillneverknowtheyarethere.

Ifwecancompletelyunderstandthemechanicofthefrog'seye,wecandevelopa"mapreadingeye"formissilesanda"pattern--recognitioneye"forourbasicairdefensesystemcalledSAGE(semi-automaticgroundenvironment).SAGEisbadlyoverworked.Itsinternationalnetworkofradar"EYES"suppliesatremendousmassofunimportantdetailsaboutmeteorites,clouds,flightsofducks,geese,andfriendlyplanes,anditsometimesgetsconfused.Untilwecanbuildamechanicalfrog'seyeintoSAGE,itwillremainsomewhatinefficient.

Militaryandcivilianuses

Thefrog'seyeholdspromiseincivilianlife,too.Forexample,atmostmajorairportstheairtrafficproblem--with20millionflightsperyeartohandle--hasreachedacriticalstage.Wemustdevelopbetterdevicesformonitoringandcontrollingairtraffic.

Special-purposemechanismasexcitingasthefrog'seyecanbefoundthroughoutnature.Thebatisunderstudybecausethebat'ssonarismuchmoreefficientthanman-madesonar.Bybouncingsupersonicsqueaksoffobjectsaroundhim,thebatfliesaboutwithremarkableskills.Abatcanflythroughadarkroomstrungwithdozensofpianowiresandnevertouchasinglewire.

ThemosquitoisunderstudybecauseweneedtosolvetheproblemofStaticthatlessenstheefficiencyofourcommunicationssystems.Amosquito,simplybyvibratingitswings,cansetupahumthatwillcutthroughanyinterferingnoise(manornaturecancreateloudwhistlesorthunder,forinstance)andgiveamessagetoanothermosquito150feetaway.

Electricalsystem

Theoreticallyatleastweshouldbeabletocopythesemechanismsfoundinnature,forallbiologicalorganisms-frommosquitotofrogtoman--areinpartactuallyelectricalsystems.Thesenseorgansthat"connect"allanimalstotheoutsideworldaremerelytransducers--instrumentslikeamicrophone,TVcamera,orphonographpickuparm--whichconvertoneform.ofenergyintoanother.Amicrophone,forexample,convertssoundintoelectricalsignalswhicharecarriedtoaloudspeakerandconvertedbackintosoundwaves.Similarly,thenervecellsofaman'searconvertacryforhelpintoelectricalpulseswhicharespedoverhisnervoussystemtothebrain.Thebrainreceivesthes

A.YB.NC.NG

18.

Adswithcoloredphotospostedwillusuallygetmoreresponsesthanthosewithblackandwhitephotos.

A.YB.NC.NG

19.______aretwoexamplesoffindingcreativewaystokeepingupservicesfortherapidlyagingpopulationinruralEurope.

20.

HurricaneAndrewwasthesecondcostliestnaturaldisasterintheUnitedStates.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.(18)

A.Shehastoreadalotofliteraturebooks.

B.Shehasfailedtomeetthedeadlineforherreadingassignmentagain.

C.TheEasternLiteraturebooksaretoodifficulttounderstand.

D.Shefeelsregretfulthatshehasbeentakingawrongcourse.

22.(22)

A.Theycanmeetformallyatfirst.

B.Theycandatealongwithhimandhisgirlfriend.

C.Theycangotoseeaplaytogether.

D.Theycanmakeaphonecallfirst.

23.(36)

A.Negative.B.Worried.C.Indifferent.D.Positive.

24.聽力原文：W:Mikesaidthatheislookingforajobinthebookstore.

M:Really?IfIrememberright,hehadachancetoworkthere,butheturneditdown.Ithoughthedidnotlikethejob.

Q:WhatcanbeinferredaboutMike?

(16)

A.Hewasn'tofferedthejobinthebookstore.

B.Hereallywantstoworkinthebookstore.

C.Hedidn'tknowwherethebookstorewas.

D.Hedeclinedthebookstorejobonce.

25.

【B3】

26.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽力原文：Oneimportantthingaboutartmovementsisthattheirpopularitycanbeaffectedbysocialconditions,whicharethemselvesoftenaffectedbyhistoricalevents.Asanexample,lookatwhathappenedintheUnitedStatesearlyinthe20thcentury,aroundthetimeoftheGreatDepression,theartmovementknownastheRegionalismhadbegunintheUnitedStatesevenbeforetheDepressionoccurred.Butitreallyflourishedinthe1930s,duringthedepressionyears.Why?Well,manyartistswhobadbeenlivinginbigcitieswereforcedbytheeconomiccrisistoleavethosebigcitiesandmovehacktotheirsmalltownsinruralAmerica.Someoftheseartistscametotrulyembracethelifeinsmalltownsandtorejectcitylifeinso-called"sophisticatedsociety".Theseartistsorspecificallycertainpaintersreallybuilttheregionalistmovement.Theycreatedthingsineverydaylifeinsmalltownsorfarmingareas.Andtheirstyle.wasnotallneutral,reallybigglorifiedorromanticizedcountrylife,showingitstable,wholesome,andembodyingimportantAmericantraditions.Andthisstyle.becameverypopular,inpartbecauseoftheeconomicconditionsofthetime.Yousee,theDepressionhadcausedmanyAmericanstobegintodoubttheirsociety.ButregionalismartistspaintedscenesthatglorifiedAmericanvalues,scenesthatmanyAmericanscouldeasilyidentifywith.Sothemovementhelpedstrengthenpeople'sfaithintheircountry,faiththathadweakenedastheresultofthedepression.Butinthe1940s,beforeandaftertheSecondWorldWar,Americanculturebegantotakeonatouchmoreinternationalspirit,andRegionalism,withitsfocusonsmalltownlife.well,itlostatotofpopularity,asAmericansocietychangedonceagain.

(27)

A.Howhistoricaleventsaffectedanartmovement.

B.Howartistscaninfluenceeconomicconditions.

C.Whyacertainartmovementfailedtobecomepopular.

D.Howvaluablepaintingswerelostduringwartime.

27.

【B7】

28.聽力原文：Advertisementcanbethoughtofas"themeansofmakingknowninordertobuyorsellgoodsorservices".Advertisementaimstoincreasepeople'sawarenessandarouseinterest.Ittriestoinform.andtopersuade.Themediaareallusedtospreadthemessage,suchas,thepress,thecinemaandcommercialradio,televisionandsoon.Otherwaysofincreasingconsumerinterestarethroughexhibitionsandtradefairsaswellasdirectmailadvertisement.

Therecanbenodoubtthatthegrowthinadvertisementisoneofthemoststrikingfeaturesofthewesternworldinthiscentury.Manybusinessessuchasthosehandlingfrozenfoods,liquor,tobaccoandmedicineshavebeenbuiltuplargelybyadvertisement.

Wemightaskwhopayforthecostofadvertisement,theproducerorthecustomer?Sinceadvertisementformspartofthecostofproduction,whichhastobecoveredbythesellingprice,itisclearthatitisthecustomerwhopaysforadvertisement.

Itisdifficulttomeasureexactlytheinfluenceofadvertisementonsales.Whenthemarketisgrowing,advertisementhelpstoincreasedemand.Whenthemarketisshrinking,advertisementmaypreventabiggerfallinsalesthanwouldoccurwithoutitssupport.Whatisclearisthatbusinesswouldnotpaylargesumsforadvertisementiftheywerenotconvincedofitsvaluetothem.

(30)

A.Arousinginterest.

B.Cheatingcustomers.

C.Increasingcost.

D.Pushingthesale.

29.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

Themoretimeswehavewalkedaroute,thelongerwejudgeittobe,aUKresearcherhasconfirmed.His【B1】______couldhelpexplainwhydaily【B2】______cangrowtoseeminterminablylong.

Neuroscientistshavelongknownthatourbrainsarepooratestimatingaset【B3】______suchasakilometre.Butmoststudiesofthis【B4】______havebeencarriedoutinsimpleartificial【B5】______where,forexample,peoplewalkalongpathstapedoutinagymnasium.

AndrewCromptonatManchesterUniversity,UK,wantedtoseehowgoodweareat【B6】______distancesintherealworld.Heasked140【B7】______studentsintheirfirst,secondandthirdyearsofstudyto【B8】______thedistancefromtheuniversity'sstudent-unionbuildingtofamiliardestinationsalongastraightroad,【B9】_______________________________.

【B10】_______________________.Firstyearstudents,forexample,estimatedamile-longpathtobearound1.24milesonaverage,whilethirdyearstudentsstretcheditto1.45miles.CromptonpublishedhisresultsinEnvironmentandBehavior.

【B11】_____________________."Itseemstofitinwithanemergingtheme,"saysaprofessorwhohascarriedoutsuchexperimentsathisuniversityinCanada.

【B1】

30.(43)

31.(26)

A.GotoseeCirqueduSoleilintown.

B.Goshopping.

C.Gotomeetthemagician.

D.GotoseeCirqueduSoleilwiththewoman.

32.

【B8】

33.聽力原文：Architectureistobuildingasliteratureistotheprintedword.Thebestbuildingsareoftensowellconstructedthattheyoutlasttheiroriginaluse.Theythensurvivenotonlyasbeautifulobjects,butasdocumentsofthehistoryofcultures.Theseachievementsareneverwhollytheworkofindividuals.(29)Architectureisasocialart.

Therevivalofclassicalculturebroughtaboutanentirelynewage,notonlyinphilosophyandliteraturebutinthevisualartsaswell.Inarchitecture,theprinciplesandstylesofancientGreeceandRomewerebroughtbacktolifeandreinterpreted.Theyremaineddominantuntilthe20thcentury.

Manykindsofstoneareusedasbuildingmaterials.(30)Stoneandmarblewerechosenforimportantmonumentsbecausetheyarenotburnableandcanbeexpectedtoendure.Stonearchitecturewasoftenblendedwithstonesculpture.Theuseofstonehasdeclined,however,becauseanumberofothermaterialsaremoreadaptabletoindustrialuse.

(31)Thecomplexityofmodernlifecallsforavarietyofbuildings.Morepeopleliveinmasshousingandgotoworkinlargeofficebuildings;theyspendtheirincomeinlargeshoppingcentres,sendtheirchildrentomanydifferentkindsofschools,andwhentheyaresicktheygotospecializedhospitalsandclinics.Allthesedifferenttypesofbuildingsaccumulatedexperiencesneededbytheirdesigners.

(31)Bythemiddleofthe20thcentury,modernarchitecture,whichwasinfluencedbynewtechnologyandmassproduction,wasdealingwithincreasinglycomplexsocialneeds.Importantcharacteristicsofmodernarchitecturalworksareexpansesofglassandtheuseofreinforcedconcrete.

(30)

A.Agovernmentdocument.

B.Aliterarywork.

C.Asocialart.

D.Anindividual'screation.

34.聽力原文：W:Youwantedtoseeme,Mr.Gray?

M:Yes,MissWright.You'llhavetostartgettingtoworkontimeoryourservicewillnolongerbeneededhere.

Q:WhathappenedtoMissWright?

(17)

A.Shewasgivenanewposition.

B.Shewasgivenaraise.

C.Shewascriticizedforbeinglate.

D.Shewaspraisedforherservice.

35.

【B2】

36.(35)

A.Bonestructure.

B.Smellability.

C.Birthmode.

D.Recoverabilityagainstdisease.

37.

【B4】

38.

【B6】

39.聽力原文：M:Hi,Kate.MindifIjoinyou?

W:No,notatall,haveaseat,Jack.

M:Haveanyplansfortheweekend?

W:Yah,I'mreallyexcited.I'mgoinguptoNewYorkcityforacoupleofdays.

M:That'sacoincidence.Myroommate'sgoingtoNewYorktoo.Areyoudriving?Maybeyoutwocouldridetogether.

W:No,I'mgoingtotaketraintothePlainStation.I'vealreadygotmyticket.

M:SowhatareyougoingtodoinNewYork?

W:I'mvisitingafriendImetlastsummeratthelastmusiccamp.RememberIwenttoamusiccampinVermont?IsharedacampwithLauraandshe'sjustmovedtoManhattan.SoI'mgoinguptoseehernewplace.

M:Youtwoprobablyhavealottotalkabout?Didn'tyoutellmeyouwerefromNewYork?

W:No,I'mfromCalifornia.I'veneverbeentoNewYorkbefore,I'llgiveyouthreeguesseswhatwearegoingtodoSaturdaynight.

M:Somethingtodowithmusic,Ibet.

W:Right,wearegoingtoheartheNewYorkPhilharmonicatLincolnCenter.

M:Wow,IwishIweregoingwithyou.

(20)

A.Bydriving.B.Bytrain.C.Byair.D.Bybus.

40.

【B10】

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.(56)

42.

InwhatwayarmedrobberiesareAmericanizedinBritain?

A.Handgunsinsteadofshotgunsareusedinarmedrobberies.

B.Conveniencestoresbecomethetargetsatnightandthecriminalsarenotprofessional.

C.BritishpolicefinditisverydifficulttocrackthecrimeasAmericanpolice.

D.ThereisasharpriseofrobberiescommittedbyAmericansinBritain.

43.

【C5】

44.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Duringthe1970'sand1980'spoliticalextremismandterrorismfrequentlyfocusedon'nationalliberation'andeconomicissues.ThecollapseoftheSovietUnion,andtheendingofitscovertfundingandencouragementofterrorismledtoadeclineinthemilitantandviolentleft-wingterroristgroupsthatwereafeatureoftheage.

The1990’shaveseenthedevelopmentofa'newterrorism'.Thisisnottosaythatstate-backedterror-ismhasceased,butratherthatthespectrumofterrorismhaswidened,Thisnewextremismfrequentlydrivenbyreligiousfervor,istransnational,sanctionsextremeviolence,andmayoftenbemillennialism.Thenewterrorismmayseekoutmilitaryorgovernmenttargets,butitalsoseeksoutsymbolicciviliantargets,andthevictimshavemostlybeeninnocentcivilians.Growingconcernaboutthisnewterrorismhasbeenparalleledbyconcernabouttheemploymentofthenewinformationandcommunicationtechnologies(ICT's).ICT'sofferanewdimensionforpoliticalextremistsandterrorists.Theyallowthediffusionofcommandandcontrol;theyallowboundlessnewopportunitiesforcommunication,andtheyallowtheplayerstotargettheinformationstores,processesandcommunicationsoftheiropponents,Thesophisticationofthemodernnation-state,anditsdependencyoncomputer-basedICT's,makethestateevermorevulnerable.

TheuseofICT’stoinfluence,modify,disruptordamageanationstate,itsinstitutionsorpopulationbyinfluencingthemedia,orbysubversion,hasbeencalled'net-war'.Thefullrangeofweaponsinthecyberspacearmorycanbeemployedinnet-war;frompropagandacampaignsatoneleveltointerferencewithdatabasesandnetworksattheother.Whatparticularlydistinguishesnet-warfromotherformsofwaristhatittargetsinformationandcommunications,andmaybeusedtoalterthinkingordisruptplannedactions.Inthissenseitcanbedistinguishedfromearlierformsofwarfare-economicwarsthattargetthemeansofproduction,andpoliticalwarsthattargetleadershipandgovernment.

Net-waristhereforeofparticularinteresttothoseengagedinnon-militarywar,orthoseoperatingatsub-statelevel.Clearlynationstatesmightalsoconsiderit,asanadjuncttomilitarywarorasanoptionpriortomovingontomilitarywar.Sofar,however,itappearstobeofgreaterinteresttoextremistadvocacygroupsandterrorists.Becausetherearenophysicallimitsorboundaries,net-warhasbeenadoptedbygroupswhooperateacrossgreatdistances