船舶與海洋工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)

專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯學(xué)TheFamilyTreeofMerchantShips商船分類(lèi)Group1:OceanGoingShips Subgroup1: Passengerships Passenger Passengerandcargo Subgroup Cargocarryingships(tramporGeneralcargo Multipurpose(generalpurpose)ship Bulkcarrier 散裝貨船,withthespecialforms:Combinationcarrier 兼用船；Collier Orecarrier 礦砂船；OBO Timbercarrier ,dividedCrudeoilcarrier 巨型油船；ULCC 化學(xué)品船= Productcarrier Containerships,including:Conventionalcontainership Hatchcoverlesscontainership Liquifiedgascarrier,including: 液化石油氣船；LNG Refrigerationcargoship(reefer) RoRoship Barge 載駁船； 載駁船； 升降式載駁Group2:Seaandcoastalships,inlandwaterwayships (Cross-channel)ferries(forpassengers,cars,orboth) Passengerships,withthefollowingforms:Conventional HovercraftaircushionvehicleACV)騰氣艇、氣墊船Cargovessels,thesubdivisionismuchthesameasabove.Cargo-passengerships貨客船Pleasureboats Group Subsidiary Workingships 拖輪；Floating 浮吊； 挖泥Salvageship 打撈船；Drillingvessel 鉆井船；Pile-driver Pipelinelayer 敷管船；cablelayer 布纜船；Dikelayer 破冰船；Firefightingship 消防船；buoytender Researchship 船、研究船；Splithopperbarge Fishingvessel,including: 拖網(wǎng)漁船；Fishfactory 魚(yú)品加工船 Supplyshipwaterfuel Training NavyShipsNavyArmamentGun/heavy 槍、；Depthbomb/ 深水 水雷 彈道 Armed 飛Group Subgroup Surfacecombatant Patrol 巡邏艇 Gun Torpedo 艇 Guidedmissile 彈道Submarinehunter 獵潛艇； Helicoptercarrier 直升機(jī)；Aircraftcarrier Subgroup Undersea Submarine,dividedConventionalpowered Nuclearpowered Group NavalAuxiliaryLandingship(boat) Minehunter(mine-sweeper) Combatstoresship Ammunitionship Surveyingship Commuterboattraffic 課文閱PartThedevelopmentofshiptypesovertheyearshasbeendictatedverylargelybythenatureofthecargo.Thevariousdesignscan,tosomeextent,bedividedintogeneralcargo,bulkcargoandpassengervessels.Thegeneralcargocarrierisaflexibledesignofvesselwhichwillgoanywhereandcarryanything.Specialformsofthegeneralcargocarrierincludecontainerships,roll-on/roll-offshipsandbargecarriers.Bulkcargomaybeliquid,solid,orliquefiedgasandparticulardesignsofvesselexistforthecarriageofeach.Passenger-carryingvesselsincludecruiselinersandferries.Manyspecialtypesofvesselexistwhichperformparticularfunctionsoraredevelopmentsofparticularaspectsoftechnology.Theseincludemulti-hullvessels,hydrofoilandhovercraft.ThesevariousshiptypeswillnowbeexaminedinfurtherGeneralcargoships常規(guī)雜貨Thegeneralcargoshipshaveseverallargeclearopencargo-carryingspacesorholds.Oneormoreseparatedecksmaybepresentwithintheholdsandareknownas“tweendecks”.Theseprovideincreasedflexibilityinloadingandunloadingandpermitcargosegregationaswellasimprovedstability.Accesstotheseholdsisbyopeningsinthedeckknownashatches.Hatchesaremadeaslargeasstrengthconsiderationspermitinordertoreducetheamountofhorizontalmovementofcargowithintheship.Hatchcoversare,nowadays,madeofsteelalthougholdervesselsusedwood.Thehatchcoversmustbewatertightandrestuponcoamingsaroundthehatch.Thecoamingsoftheupperorweatherhatchesareareasonableheightabovethedecktoreducetheriskoffloodinginheavy。只要強(qiáng)度方面允許，艙口升得盡可能大，以減少貨物在船內(nèi)的水平運(yùn)動(dòng)的幅度艙。Someformofcargohandlingequipmentisalwaysfittedwhichmaytaketheformofderricksandwinchesordeckcranes.Deckcranesarefittedtomanyvesselssincetheyreducecargohandlingtimesandmanpowerrequirements.Someshipshaveaspecialheavy-liftderrickfittedwhichmayserveoneormoreholds.Adoublebottomisfittedalongtheship’slengthandisdividedintovarious. maybeusedforfuelorlubricatingoil,freshwaterorballastseawater.Foreandaftpeak arealsofittedandmaybeusedtocarryballastortosuitablytrimtheship.Deep areoftenfittedandcanbeusedtocarryliquidcargoesorwaterballast.ThewaterballastmaybefilledwhentheshipisonlypartiallyThereisusuallyoneholdaftthe modationandmachineryspace.Thisarrangementimprovesthetrimofthevesselwhenitispartiallyloaded.Therangeofsizeforgeneralcargoshipsiscurrentlyfrom2,000to15,000discementtoneswithspeedsfrom12to18knots.2000150001218節(jié)。RefrigeratedcargoshipsTherefrigeratedcargoshipdiffersfromthegeneralcargoshipinthatitcarriesperishablegoods.Arefrigerationsystemisthereforenecessarytoprovidelowtemperatureholdsforthesecargoes.Theholdsandthevarious‘tweendecksareinsulatedtoreduceheattransfer.Thecargomaybecarriedfrozenorchilledandvariousholdsmaybeatdifferenttemperaturesaccordingtothecargorequirements.Thistypeofvesselisusuallyfasterthanageneralcargoship,havingspeedsupto22knots.Itisessentiallyacargolinerhavingsetschedulesandsailingbetweenfixedterminalports.Uptotwelvepassengersmaybecarriedonsomeofthesevessels.這種船通常比雜貨船快，具有高達(dá)22節(jié)的航速。它基本上是一種定船，有既定的12名的旅客。Containerships集裝Acontainerisare-usableboxof2,435mmby2,435mmsection,withlengthsofeither6,055,9,125or12,190mm.Containerarenowusedformostgeneralcargoesandliquid-carryingversionsalsoexist.Refrigeratedversionsarealsoinusewhichmayhavetheirownindependentrefrigerationntorbedwithcooledairfromtheship’srefrigerationsystem.2435mmX2435mm6055，9125或12190mm三種?，F(xiàn)在集裝箱船用于裝載大多數(shù)雜貨，而且也有液體的集裝箱。冷藏Thecargo-carryingsectionoftheshipisdividedintoseveralholdseachofwhichhasahatchopeningthefullwidthandlengthofthehold.Thecontainersarerackedinspecialframeworksandstackedoneupontheotherwithintheholdspace.Cargohandlingisthereforeonlytheverticalmovementofthecontainerbyaspecialquaysidecrane.Containersmayalsobestackedontheflushtophatchcovers.Speciallashingarrangementsareusedtosecurethisdeckcargo.Thevariouscargoholdsareseparatedbyadeepweb-framedstructuretoprovidetheshipwithtransversestrength.Theshipstructureoutboardofthecontainerholdsoneithersideisabox-likearrangementofwingwhichprovideslongitudinalstrengthtothestructure.Thesewingmaybeusedforwaterballastandcanbearrangedtocountertheheelingoftheshipwhendischargingcontainers.Adoublebottomisalsofittedwhichaddstothelongitudinalstrengthandprovidesadditionalballastspace. modationandmachineryspacesareusuallylocatedafttoprovidetheumlengthoffull-bodedshipforcontainerstowage.Cargo-handlingisrarelyfitted,sincetheseshipstravelbetweenspeciallyequippedterminalstoensurerapidloadinganddischarge.Containershipsizesvaryconsiderably,withcontainercarryingcapacitiesfrom1,000to2,500TEU’sormore.Thetwentyfootequivalentunit(TEU)representsa20ft(6,055mm)“standard”container.Containershipsaremuchfasterthanmostcargoships,withspeedsupto30knots.Theyoperateaslinersonsetschedulesbetweenfixedports.（6055mmRoll-onroll-offships滾裝Thisvesselwasoriginallydesignedforwheeledcargo,usuallyintheformoftrailers.Thecargocouldberapidlyloadedandunloadedbysternorbowrampsandsometimessideportsforsmallervehicles.Thelossofpubliccapacityduetoundercarriagesandclearanceshasresultedinmanyroll-onroll-offvesselsbeingalsoadaptedtocarrycontainers.Thecargo-carryingsectionoftheshipisalargeopendeckwithaloadingrampusuallyattheafterend.Internalrampsleadfromtheloadingdecktotheother‘tweendeckspaces.Thecargomaybedrivenaboardunderitsownpowerorloadedbystraddlecarriersorforklifttrucks.Oneormorehatchesmaybeprovidedforcontainersorgeneralcargoandwillbeservedbyoneormoredeckcranes.Arrangementsmaybeprovidedondeckforstowingcontainers.Someroll-onroll-off(Ro-Ro)vesselsalsohavehatchcoverstoenableloadingoflowerdeckswithcontainers.Wherecargo(withorwithoutwheels)isloadedanddischargedbycranesthetermlift-onlift-off(Lo-Lo)isused.（LO-Theship’sstructureoutboardofthecargodecksisabox-likearrangementofwingtoprovidelongitudinalstrength.Adoublebottomisalsofittedalongthecompletelength. modationislocatedaftandalsothelow-heightmachineryOnlyanarrowmachinerycasingactuallypenetratestheloadingdeck.Sizesrangeconsiderablywithabout16,000dwt(28,000discementtonne)beingquitecommon.Highspeedsintheregionof18~22knotsareusual.板。尺度變化很大，16000載重噸（28000排水噸）1822Bargecarrier載駁Thistypeofvesselisavariationofthecontainership,insteadofcontainers,onceunloaded,aretowedawaybytugsandreturncargobargesareloaded.Minimalorevennoportfacilitiesarerequiredandthesystemisparticularlysuitedtocountrieswithvastinlandwaterways.Twoparticulartypeswillbedescribed,theLASH(LighterAboardShip)andtheSEABEE.TheLASHshipcarriesbarges,capableofholdingupto00tonneofcargo,whichare18.75m(61.5ft)long,9.5m(31ft)beamand3.96m(13ft)deep.Abouteightybargesarecarriedstackedinholdsmuchthesameascontainerswithsomeasdeckcargoontopofthehatchcovers.Thebargesareloadedandunloadedusingatravelinggantrycranecapableofliftingover500tonne.Actualloadinganddischargetakescebetweenextended“arms”attheafterendoftheship.Theshistructurearoundthebargesissimilartothecontainership.The modationislocatedforwardwhereasthemachineryspaceisoneholdspaceforwardofthestern.LASHshipsarelarge,intheregionof45,000deadweighttones,withspeedsintheregionof18knots.載駁船載運(yùn)駁船能裝40018.75m(61.5ft)9.5m(31ft)3.96m(13ft)。8只駁船放在貨艙內(nèi)，一些作為甲板貨物放在艙口蓋上面。用一臺(tái)舉4500018節(jié)左右。TheSEABEEissomewhatlargerthantheLASHshipandcarriesthirty-eightbarges.Eachbargemaybeloadedwithupto1,000tonneofcargoandis29.72mlong,by10.67mbeamand3.81mdepth.Thebargesareloadedonboardbyanelevatorlocatedatthestern.Theyarethenwinchedforwardalongthevariousdecks.Deckhatchopeningdoesnotexistandthedecksaresealedattheafterendbylargewatertightdoors.Two‘tweendecksandtheweatherdeckareusedtostorethebarges.Themachineryspaceandvariousbunkerarelocatedbeneaththese‘tween存放駁船。機(jī)艙和各種艙位于這些間甲板下方。Themachineryspacealsoextendsintothebox-likestructureoutboardofthebargesoneithersideoftheship.The modationisalsolocatedheretogetherwithseveralballast.Abargewinchroomislocatedforwardofthebargedecksandprovidesthemachineryforhorizontalmovementofthebarges.TheSEABEEisphysicallyaboutthesamesizeastheLASHshipbutwithaslightlysmallerdeadweightof38,000tonnes.Thespeedissimilarlyintheregionof18knots.3800018節(jié)左右。DespitetheirbeingspecialistvesselsbothLASHandSEABEEcanbeusedforothercargoes.EachcanbeusedtocarrycontainersandtheSEABEEwillalsotakeRo-Rocargo.Othervariationsofbargecarriershavebeenproposedsuchasthebargecarryingcatamaranvessel(BACAT).Tug-bargesystemshavealsobeenconsideredwherethe“Ship”isactuallyanumberoflinkedbargeswithaseparablepropulsionBACTOil油Thedemandforcrudeoilisconstantlyincreasing.Oil ,inparticularcrudecarriers,havesignificantlyincreasedinsizeinordertoobtaintheeconomiesofscale.DesignationssuchasULCC(UltraLargeCrudeCarrier)andVLCC(VeryLargeCrudeCarrier)havebeenusedforthesehugevessels.Crudeoil withdeadweighttonnagesinexcesshalfamillionhavebeenbuiltalthoughthecurrenttrend(1985)isforsomewhatsmaller(100,000~150,000dwt)vessels.Afterthecrudeoilisrefinedthevariousproductsobtainedaretransportedinproductcarriers.Therefinedproductscarriedinthesevesselsincludegasoil,aviationfuelandkerosene.諸如UL（和VL（（198（Thecargocarryingsectionoftheoilisdividedintoindividualbylongitudinalandtransversebulkheads.ThesizeandlocationofthesecargoisdictatedbytheInternationalMaritimeOrganizationConventionMARPOL1973/78.ThisConventionanditsProtocolof1978furtherrequirestheuseofsegregatedballast(SBT)andtheirlocationsuchthatprovideabarrieragainstaccidentaloilspillage.Anoilwhenonaballastvoyagemustuseonlyitssegregatedballastinordertoachieveasafeoperatingcondition.油船載貨區(qū)域用艙壁分割成各個(gè)液艙。這些艙的尺寸和位置由國(guó)際海事組織公約MARPOL1973/78所規(guī)定這一公約及其1978年協(xié)議進(jìn)一步要求采用壓載水（SBT）和其位置必須能提供一道屏障以抵御油泄漏事故油船在壓載航行時(shí)必須只使用它的壓Thearrangementofa105,000dwtcrudeoil whichsatisfiestheserequirementsisasfollows.Thecargocarrying includethesevencentre,fourpairsofwing andtwoslop.Thesegregatedballast includealldoublebottombeneaththecargo,twopairsofwingandtheandaftpeak.Thecargoisdischargedbycargopumpsfittedintheaftpumproom.Eachhasitsownsuctionarrangementwhichconnectstothepumps,andanetworkofpidischargesthecargotothedeckfromwhereitispumpedashore.。105，000載重噸原油船，其總布置如下。載貨的液艙包括七個(gè)中央艙、四對(duì)邊艙和兩個(gè)污油艙壓載水艙包括貨油艙下的全部雙層底液艙、兩對(duì)邊艙以。Considerableamountsofpiarevisibleonthedeckrunningfromtheafterpumproomtothedischargemanifoldspositionedatmidships,portandHose-handlingderricksarefittedportandstarboardnearthemanifolds.Themodationandmachineryspacesarelocatedaftandseparatedfromtheregionbyacofferdam.Therangeofsizeforcrudeoil isenormous,beginningatabout20,000dwtandextendingbeyond500,000dwt.Speedsrangefrom12to16在甲板上可以看到大量管路從后泵房位于左右舷船中的卸油分配閥箱軟管搬運(yùn)吊1216節(jié)。Productcarrieratoilwhichcarrytherefinedproductsofcrudeoil.ThecargoarrangementisagaindictatedbyMARPOL73/78.Individual“parcels”ofvariousproductsmaybecarriedatanyonetimewhichresultedinseveralseparateloadinganddischargingpisystems.Thesurfaceisusuallycoatedtopreventcontaminationandenableahighstandardofcleanlinesstobeachieveddischarge.Thecurrentsizerangeisfromabout18,000upto75,000dwtwithspeedsofabout14~16knots.18000750001416節(jié)。Bulkcarriers散貨Theeconomiesofscalehavealsobeengainedinthebulkcarriageofcargoessuchasgrain,sugarandore.Abulkcarrierisasingle-deckvesselwiththecargocarryingsectionsoftheshipdividedintoholdsor.Theholdorarrangementsvaryaccordingtotherangeofcargoestobecarried.Combinationcarriersarebulkcarrierswhichhavebeendesignedtocarryanyoneofseveralbulkcargoesonaparticularvoyage,e.g.oreorcrudeoilordrybulkcargo.Inageneral-purposebulkcarrier,onlythecentralsectionoftheholdisusedforcargo.Thepartitionedwhichsurroundtheholdareusedforballastpurposeswhenonballastvoyages.Theupper,orsaddle, maybeballastedinordertoraisetheship’scentreofgravitywhenalowdensitycargoiscarried.Thisholdshapealsoresultsinaself-trimmingcargo.Duringunloadingthebulkcargofallsintothespacebelowthehatchwayandenablestheuseofgrabsorothermechanicalunloaders.Largehatchwaysareaparticularfeatureofbulkcarrierssincetheyreducecargohandlingtimeduringloadingandunloading.Anorecarrierhastwolongitudinalbulkheadswhichdividethecargosectionintowingportandstarboardandacenterholdwhichisusedforore.Adeepdoublebottomisaparticularfeatureoforecarriers.Ore,beingadensecargo,wouldhaveaverylowcentreofgravityifcedintheholdofanormalship.Thiswouldleadtoanexcessofstabilityinthefullyloadedcondition.Thedeepdoublebottomservestoraisethecentreofgravityoftheverydensecargo.Thebehaviourofthevesselisthusmuchimproved.Onballastvoyagesthewingandthedoublebottomsballastcapacity.Thecross-sectionwouldbesimilartothatforanore/oilcarrier.；礦砂船有兩道縱壁，從而將載貨區(qū)域分隔成左右舷的邊艙和一個(gè)貨艙艙用語(yǔ)；Anore/oilcarrierusestwolongitudinalbulkheadstodividethecargosectionintocentreandwingwhichareusedforthecarriageofoilcargoes.Whenacargooforeiscarried,onlythecentresectionisusedforcargo.Adoublebottomisfittedbutisusedonlyforwaterballast.Thebulkheadsandhatchesmustbeoiltight.礦/油船用兩道縱壁將載貨區(qū)域分隔成貨艙和左右邊艙，邊艙用來(lái)裝油。當(dāng)裝載礦Theore/bulk/oil(OBO)bulkcarrieriscurrentlythemostpopularcombinationbulkcarrier.Ithasacargocarryingcross-sectionsimilartothegeneralbulkcarrier.Thestructureis,however,significantlystronger,sincethebulkheadmustbeoiltightandthedoublebottommustwithstandthehighdensityoreload.Onlythecentralorholdcarriescargo,theotherareasbeingballast-onlyspaces,exceptthedoublebottomwhichmaycarryoilfuelorfreshwater.或貨艙裝卸貨物，但雙層底除外，它可裝燃油或淡水。Largehatchesareafeatureofallbulkcarriers,inordertofacilitaterapidsimplecargohandling.Manybulkcarriersdonotcarrycargo-handlingequipment,sincetheytradebetweenspecialterminalswhichhavespecialequipment.Wherecargohandlinggearisfitted(gearedbulkcarriers),thisdoesmakethevesselmoreflexible.Combinationcarriershandlingoilcargoeshavetheirowncargopumpsandpisystemsfordischargingoil.TheywillalsoberequiredtoconformtotherequirementsofMARPOL73/78.Deadweightcapacitiesrangefromsmalltoupwardsof200,000tonnes.Speedsareintherangeof12~16knots.MARPOL73/781216節(jié)。PartB（節(jié)選Liquefiedgascarriers液化天然Thebulktransportofnaturalgasesinliquefiedformbeganin1959andhassteadilyincreasedsincethen.Specialistshipsarenowusedtocarrythevarioustypesofgasesinavarietyofsystems,combinedwitharrangementsforpressurizingrefrigeratingthe大宗液態(tài)形式的天然氣始于1959年，從那時(shí)起一直穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)?，F(xiàn)在用船將各Naturalgasisfoundandreleasedasaresultofoil-drillingoperations.Itisamixtureofmethane,ethane,propane,butaneandpentane.Theheaviergases,propaneandbutane,aretermed“petroleumgases”.Theremainder,whichconsistslargelyofmethane,isknownas“naturalgas”.Theproperties,andthereforethebehaviour,ofandstorageduringtransportation.為“天然氣。這兩個(gè)基本組合的性質(zhì)，進(jìn)而性能，變化相當(dāng)大，于是在過(guò)程中要求用Passengerships客Passengershipscanbeconsideredintwocategories,theluxurylinerandtheocean-goingferry.Theluxurylinerisdedicatedtotheluxurioustransportofitshuman“cargo”.Theocean-goingferryprovidesanecessarylinkinatransportsystembetweencountries.Itoftencarriesroll-onroll-offinadditiontoitspassengers.Luxurypassengerlinersarenowadaysconsideredtobecruiselinersinthattheyprovideluxurioustransportbetweeninterestingdestinationsinpleasureclimates.Thepassengerisprovidedwithasuperiorstandardof modationandleisurefacilities.Thisresultinlargeamountofsuperstructureasaprominentfeatureofthevessel.Themanytiersofdecksarefittedwithlargeopenlounges,ballrooms,swimmingpoolsandpromenadeareas.Aestheticallypleasinglinesareevidentwithwell-rakedclipper-typebowsandunusualfunnelshapes.Stabilizersarefittedtoreducerollingandbowthrustersareusedtoimprovemaneuverability.Thecruiselinerrangesinsizeuptopassenger-carryingcapacitiesofaround1,200(45,000gt)althoughafewolderlargevesselsareinservice.Speedsareusuallyhighintheregionof22knots.1200人（45000總噸22節(jié)左右。Ocean-goingferriesareacombinationofroll-onroll-offandpassengervessels.Thevesselisthereforemadeupinthreelayers,thelowermachineryspace,thecardecksandthepassenger bowprovidingaccessforthewheeledcargotothevariousdeckswhichareconnectedbyramps.Thepassenger modationwillvaryaccordingtothelengthofthejourney.Forshort-haulorchannelcrossingspublicroomswithaircraft-typeseatswillbeprovided.Forlongdistanceferriescabinsandleisurefacilitieswillbeprovidedwhichmaybeuptothestandardofcruiseliners.Stabilizersandbowthrustersarealsousuallyfittedtoocean-goingferries.Sizewillvaryaccordingtoroutrequirementsandspeedsarehighataround20~22knots.2022節(jié)左右。Unit ShipLecture TheTreatmentof/專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯學(xué)SpacesAboardZone1: AfterEnd(aftpeak&.Poop)Aftballast尾壓載艙Freshwater淡水Steeringgearroomtiller Zone MachinerySpace(engineE.R.doublebottom,withthefollowingsubdivision:Fuel燃油艙；Lube滑油艙 艙；Voidspace Sea 海；Shaft 軸E.R.grating 機(jī)艙踏格；E.R.Flats Centralcontrolroom 集控室；Workshop Enginecasing 機(jī)艙棚；Funnel 煙囪Zone Cargo IncaseofTK/ canbeused 壓載艙 污水艙，污油Double IncaseofCargo Upper Lowerhopper/ Incaseof ,canbedivided 抗扭箱； 壓載 Zone4: ForeEnd(forepeak &forecastle)Bowthrusterroom(ifany) Chainlocker Foreballast Forecastle,canbesubdividedinto:首樓Paintroom Store(boatswain’s Zone Upper Deck Hatchcoaming Winchcontrolroom Zone6: modation(livingquarters) Poopdeck,generallywith: Provisionroom Reefer Crew’smess modationdeck,generallywith:Airconditioningroom Crew’sroom Officer’smessroom Officer’sroom Boatdeck,generallywith:救生甲板Captain’sroom Gyro Navigationdeck(bridgedeck Radio Chart Compass TermsofShipBuoyancyFloatingconditionsEvenkeel正?。籘rim縱傾Trimbythebowstem首傾Trimbythesternstern尾傾/list橫傾CentersCenterofgravity重心；Centerofbuoyancy浮心Centeroffloatation漂心；Metacenter StabilityTransverse/ l 橫穩(wěn)性；Longitudinal 縱穩(wěn)Initialmetacentric Stabilityatlargeanglesof Intact Damaged/impairedfloodedstability阻力Wave-making興波阻力；Viscous粘性阻力Friction摩擦阻力；Eddy-making旋渦阻力Wave-breaking破波阻力；Appendage附體阻力Wind(age)風(fēng)阻力MotionShip:Threetranslation:Surging縱蕩；Swaying橫蕩；HeavingThreerotationWave:Headsea345~15 Bowsea15~75,

Athwartsea(75~105,255~285) Quarteringsea(105~165,195~255) Sternsea(165~195degrees) 尾浪 Coursekee航向保持性；Sea-kee耐波性 課文閱PartHydrostatic 靜水力曲Ithasbeenshownhowthediscementofashipandthepositionofthecentreofbuoyancycanbecalculatedandalsohowthepositionofthemetacentresandthecenteroffloatationcanbedetermined.Itiscustomarytocalculateallthesetiesforaboutsixorsevenwaterlinesparalleltothebaseandspacedonemetre(3or4ft)apart.Theresultssoobtainedareplottedinadiagramwithdraughtmeasuredvertically.Thecurvesdrawninthiswayarecalled“hydrostaticcurves”.習(xí)慣上所有這些數(shù)據(jù)都按六至七條水線(xiàn)來(lái)計(jì)算，這些水線(xiàn)與基線(xiàn)平行且相隔一米（34Twocurvesofdiscementareshown.Oneiscalledthe“mouldeddiscement”anditisthediscementobtainedtothemouldedlineoftheshipbetweenperpendiculars.Toobtaintheextremediscementitisnecessarytoaddontothissdiscement,thediscementofthecruisersternandbulbforward,iffitted,andinthecaseofmultiplescrewshipsthediscementofthebossingenclosingtheshafting.Sometimesthediscementoftherudderandpropellerandshaftingareincludedintheextremediscement.Itisalsoimportanttocorrectthepositionofthecentreofbuoyancyfortheseitems,andthiswouldapplyparticularlytothelongitudinalpositionofthecentreofbuoyancysincethevolumeofsuchitemsasbossingcanhaveamajoreffect.Withregardtothediscementofthes,thisisdeterminedbyfirstofallcalculatingthewettedsurfacearea.Thisareawhenmultipliedbythemeanthicknessofthestingwillgivethevolumediscedbythes.Thewettedsurfaceareaisnoteasytocalculatesincetheoutsidesurfaceofashiphasdoublecurvature.ItcanbeapproximatedtobytakinggirthsroundthevarioussectionsandthenapplyingSimpson’sruletofindthearea.Theprocedureignoresthecurvatureofthehullsurfaceintheforeandaftdirection(the“obliquityeffect”asitissometimescalled),butthisisoftennotofgreatmagnitude.Sdiscementrepresentsonlyasmallpercentageofthetotaldiscementofashipbutisofsufficientmagnitudetojustifyitsinclusioninthecalculationofthediscement.Inalargemodernvesselitcouldamounttomanyhundredsoftonnes.Thereisacurvewhichgivestheincreaseindiscementforunitincreaseindraught.IfAistheareaofthewaterneatwhichtheshipisfloating,thenforunitincreaseindraughtthevolumeaddedisAx1assumingtheshiptobewallsidedintheneighbourhoodofthewaterline.Itfollowsthatincreaseindiscement=ρgA.Whenimperialunitareusedtheweightperunitvolumeofseawaterisgivenas1/35ton/ft3,sothatincreaseindiscement=A/35,andAinsquarefeet,whichmaybecalledthe“tonperfootimmersion”.Asthisisquitealargetyitwasusuallydividedby12togive“tonperinchimmersion”.Therefore:TPI=A/420forseaWhenusingSIunitsitisprobablymoreconvenienttoleavethistyintheformgivenabove,i.e.,ρgAwhereρisthedensityinkg/m3,gistheaccelerationduetogravityandAisthewaterneareainm2.Forρ=1025kg/m3andg=9.81Increaseindiscementpermetreincreasein=1025X9.81X1XA=10055=0.010055AFor1cmimmersionthis e0.000,100,55AA是船舶漂浮處的水線(xiàn)面面AX1，假設(shè)船舶水線(xiàn)附近的舷側(cè)是直壁狀的。于是排水量增加=ρgA1/35ton/ft3，那么排A/35A的單位是平方英尺，這一增量稱(chēng)作“浸水英噸/A/420ρgA，式中：ρ是密度單位為kg/m3，gAm2g9.81m/s21米時(shí)排水量增加=1025X9.81X1XA10055ANTheincreaseindiscementperunitincreaseindraughtisusefulinapproximatecalculationswhenweightsareaddedtotheship.Theweightaddeddividedbythistygivestheparallelsinkageoftheship.Thecalculationisonlyreasonablycorrectfortheadditionofrelativelysmallweights,sincetheincreaseindiscementperunitincreaseofdraughtvarieswiththedraught.Hydrostaticcurvesaremostusefulinworkingouttheenddraughtsandthestabilityofashipasrepresentedbymetacentricheightinvariousconditionsofloading.Thisisdoneforallthecalculationswhichhavebeendiscussed.Theinputdatarequiredconsistofordinatesatvariouswaterlinesdefiningtheformofaship.Whenthisisputintothecomputertheprogramcalculatesallthetiesnecessaryforplottinghydrostaticcurves.Itcanbedoneinaveryshortspaceoftime,whereasinthedaysofhandcalculationstheproductionofasetofhydrostaticcurvesrequiredabouttwomanweeks. 船舶阻Ashipwhenatrestinstillwaterexperienceshydrostaticpressureswhichactnormallytotheimmersedsurface.Ithasalreadybeenstatedwhendealingwithbuoyancyandstabilityproblemsthatthesgeneratedbythesepressureshaveaverticalresultantwhichisexactlyequaltothegravitationalactingonthemassoftheship,i.e.,isequaltotheweightoftheship.Ifthesduetothehydrostaticpressureareresolvedintheandaftandthetransversedirectionsitwillbefoundthattheirresultantsinbothofthesedirectionsarezero.ConsiderwhathappenswhentheshipmovesforwardthroughthewaterwithsomevelocityV.Theeffectofthisforwardmotionistogeneratedynamicpressuresonthehullwhichmodifytheoriginalnormalstaticpressureandifthesarisingfromthismodifiedpressuresystemareresolvedintheforeandaftdirectionitwillbefoundthatthereisnowaresultantwhichopposesthemotionoftheshipthroughthewater.Ifthesareresolvedinthetransversedirectiontheresultantiszerobecauseofthesymmetryoftheshipform.置于靜水中的船舶經(jīng)受著靜水壓力，它垂直作用于船體的浸濕表面。早已經(jīng)，在0V在水中前進(jìn)時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生什么。0。Anothersetof shastobeconsideredwhentheshiphasaheadmotion.Allfluidspossesstogreaterorlessextentthepropertyknownasviscosityandthereforewhenasurfacesuchastheimmersedsurfaceofashipmovesthroughwater, saregeneratedwhichwhensummedupproducearesultantopposingthemotionoftheship.Thetwosetsof sbothnormalandtangentialproduceresultantswithactinadirectionoppositetothedirectioninwhichtheshipismoving.Thistotal istheoftheshiporwhatissometimescalledthe“drag”.Itissometimesconvenienttosplitupthetotalintoanumberofcomponentsandassignvariousnamestothem.However,whatevernamest