昆蟲群落的學(xué)習(xí)材料

昆蟲群落的學(xué)習(xí)材料第1頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)HabitatsandCommunitiesMarinesystems:threemajorzonesOffshoreoropenseaNeriticornearshoreIntertidal–alternatelysubmergedandexposedFewinsectssomeofgreatinterest–discusslaterDevoidofinsects第2頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)HabitatsandCommunitiesEstuaries:brackishwaterEcotonebetweeninlandwaterandtheseaRicheraquaticinsectfaunathanmarine第3頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)HabitatsandCommunitiesLotic:inlandrunningwaterCrenal–springfedheadwatersRhithral–streamsandsmallriversPotamal–largeriversHighestdiversityofaquaticinsects第4頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)HabitatsandCommunitiesLentic:inlandstandingwaterLacustrine–lakesandpondsPalustrine–marshesandswampsShallowhabitatsEcotonesbetweenaquaticandterrestrialGreatestinsectdiversityassociatedwithvegetation第5頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)HabitatsandCommunitiesSubterraneanwaters:HypogeanTroglal–cavesStygal–groundwaterRelativelysparseinsectcommunitiesexceptweremergingwithsurfacewaters第6頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)HabitatsandCommunitiesBioticCommunity:Comprisesallpopulationsinagivenhabitat--includingeverythingfrombacteriatovertebratesandhigherplants第7頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)HabitatsandCommunities“PlanktonicCommunity”Plankton–organismsthatremainsuspendedAdaptationsforverticalmigrationand/ortoremainatcertaindepthsFewinsectsadaptedtoplanktonicexistence第8頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)HabitatsandCommunities“NektonicCommunity”Nekton–Strongswimmersnotatthemercyofthecurrents.Fewinsectrepresentatives第9頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)HabitatsandCommunities“PleustonicCommunity”Pleuston–Organismsatair-waterinterfaceAtmosphericbreathersthatrequireaqueousmediumforotherneeds第10頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)HabitatsandCommunities“BenthicCommunity”Benthos–organismsassociatedwithsubstratumBottommaterials,plantbeds,logsorothersolidsurfaces第11頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LenticFreshwatersLakesprovidediversehabitatsforaquaticinsectsEnvironmentalconditionsDistinctspatialgradientsTemporalchangespronouncedAquaticinsectcommunitieschangew/gradientsinlakesandbetweenlaketypes第12頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeZonationLimneticZone–openwaterdevoidofrootedvegetationLittoralZone–shallowmarginalareascharacterizedbyrootedvegetationSublittoralZone–transitionbetweenwell-illuminatedupperstrataandProfundalZoneProfundalZone–lightinsufficientforphotosynthesis第13頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeZonation第14頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesPleuston:organismsassociatedwithsurfacefilmEpipleuston–uppersurfaceWaterstridersHypopleuston–lowersurfaceMeropleuston–notcontinuousresidentMosquitolarvae第15頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesPleuston:AdaptationsforsurfaceresidenceSmallsizeFurculaCollembolaHydrophobiccuticleGyrinidshavehydrophobicdorsumandwettableventer第16頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesPleuston:ThreefamiliesofHemiptera=stridersHydrometridae–elongatebodyandlegsWatermeasurerGerridaeandVeliidaeSupportedbyfulllengthoftarsiTarsicoveredwith“hairpiles”Secretesubstancethatlowerssurfacetension第17頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesPleuston:DipteralimitedtomosquitoesHydrophilidbeetles“walk”invertedonundersideofwatersurface第18頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesPlankton:InsectspoorlyrepresentedChaoboridaeonlyplanktonicinsect第19頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesChaoboridae:WorldwideLakesandpondsNearlytransparentPrehensileantennaeFeedonzooplanktonandmosquitoes第20頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesChaoborus:TrachealsystemreducedtokidneyshapedairsacsOnepairthoracic;anotherinabdomenUsethese“hydrostaticorgans”toadjustbuoyancy第21頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesChaoborus:2typesofverticalmigrationFull–generallyinlakespeciesResideinbottommudduringdayFeedinwatercolumnatnightReduced–predominatelyinpondspecies=Remaininepilimnion第22頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesChaoborus:Limitedmigrationofsomespeciesmayexplainwhytheyaremissingfromlakeswithfish(C.americanus)Otherscoexistwithfishes(full),andarefoundinfishlesslakes(reduced;C.flavicans)第23頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesChaoborus:DifferentlarvalinstarsexhibitdifferentmigratorybehaviorC.trivittatus1stand2ndinstarsrestrictedtosurfacewater3rdand4thmovetodeeperwaterduringdaySmallestatsurface,sizewithdepth第24頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesChaoborus:RegulardepthdistributionofsizeclassesapparentlyrelatedtofoodsizedistributionandpredationLargeritemsgenerallydeeperGreatervulnerabilitytovisualpredation第25頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesChaoborus:Light=entrainingagentBenthic&planktonicphasescanbeartificiallyreversedinlabinstarsreactdifferently第26頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesChaoborus:Oxygen=entrainingagentHigh021%migratedLow0230%migrated第27頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesChaoborus:HorizontalmigrationSpringmigrationoflarvaetolittoralzoneAdaptationenablingexposuretowarmwaterpriortopupation第28頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)/CFBkey/html/movies.html#第29頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesChironomidae:1stinstaradaptedtoplanktonicexistencefordispersalLarvaepositivelyphototactic1-3daysVerticalmigrationscommonw/diellightAslarvaematureshiftfromphotophiloustophotophobic第30頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesChironomidae:LateinstarsmayagainenterplanktonMovetowell-aeratedwaterInsomespecies,lateinstarindividualsfollowpatterndescribedfor1stinstars第31頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesRanatramontezuma:

HemipteranNocturnalplanktonicbehaviorAslightdropsbelow100lux,movefromlittoraltolimneticzoneFeedonHyalellamontezuma,returntolittoralzoneduringday第32頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesNekton:Nektondistinguishedfromplanktonbydirectionalmobility;frombenthosbyassociationwithopenwaterAlthoughmanyaquaticinsectsswim,theyareassociatedwithhardsubstrate第33頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesNekton:TrulynektonicspeciesrestrictedtoafewhemipteransandcoleopteransHemipteranektonicspeciesincludeNotonectidae,CorixidaeandBelostomatidae第34頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesNekton:AnisopsandBuenoa(Notonectidae)usehemoglobintocontrolbuoyancyPreyonsmallarthropodsinopenwatercolumn第35頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesNekton:RelationshipbetweenhabitatandlegstructureBuenoa–openwaterHindlegsfor

rapidpursuitForelegsandmidlegsforpreycapture第36頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesNekton:RelationshipbetweenhabitatandlegstructureNotonecta–undersideofsurfacefilmFeedonmovingpreyaswellasthosecaughtinsurfacefilmLegstructureisintermediate第37頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesNekton:CorixidaeElongate,flattened,hair-fringedhindlegsMostrestrictedtowater<1mPlanktivorousspp.arenektonic第38頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesNekton:BelostomatidaeMostaresitandwaitpredatorsLethocerus=nektonColeopteraOnlylargestDytiscidaeandHydrophilidae第39頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesBenthos:MajorityofinsectsinlentichabitatsarebenthicCollectively,aquaticinsectsmakeupto90%oftotalbenthicfauna第40頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesBenthos:SeveralordershavehighestdiversityandabundanceinlentichabitatsOdonata(dragonflies)HemipteraColeopteraDiptera(somefamiliesexclusivelylentic)HymenopteraLepidopteraNeuroptera第41頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesBenthos:Thecompositionandrelativeabundanceofaquaticinsectsisintegratedalongdepthprofiles第42頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesBenthos:Hutchinson-insectfaunaoflakesfallintothreedepthcategoriesAquaticadultsthatneverdevelopedgillsHemipteransandcoleopteransRarelyoccurinwaterdepthmorethan3mMostsurfaceforair第43頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesBenthos:Hutchinson-insectfaunaoflakesfallintothreedepthcategoriesAllotherorderswithexceptionofDipteraAmphibiotic(aquaticlarva,terrestrialadult)ExtractO2fromwaterRestrictedtorelativelyshallowwater第44頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesBenthos:Hutchinson-insectfaunaoflakesfallintothreedepthcategoriesOnlycertaindipteranshavecolonizedprofundalzoneAmphibioticChaoboridaeChironomidae第45頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)LakeCommunitiesTaxonomicrichnessofbenthicinsectcommunitiesdeclineswithdepthMaxrichnessatdepthsof1-2m第46頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)Examtopics第47頁(yè)/共53頁(yè)Hoeinghausetal.2007Whichriverconceptexplainsenergysourcesin10tribsofParana’river?Low-gradient,highgradient,reservoirsC,Nisotopesforfishes,molluscs,plants,det