國(guó)概課后習(xí)題整理

Canada

Page250

ExplainthefactorswhichinfluencetheclimateofCanada.

Canadaisacountryofvastcoastlinesanddiverseweather.Thecountryis

borderedbythePacificOceantothewest,theArcticOceantothenorth,

andtheAtlanticOceantotheeast.Frozenmorethanhalfoftheyear,

Hudson'sBaygreatlyinfluenceseasternCanada'sclimate,facilitatingthe

southwardpenetrationofcoldarcticair.TheGulfStreammakesthe

southeastofCanadawarmer,butitseffectsarelimited.TheicyLabrador

Currentdramaticallyreducesthetemperatureinthenortheastofthe

country.

DiscusstheimpactofimmigrantsonCanadiansocietyandculture.

Owingtothediversityoftheimmigrants,Canadatodayhasmorethan

100ethnicgroups.AlthoughCanadianpeopleareethnicallydiverse,

CanadiansocietyisstilldominatedbythepeopleofBritishandFrench

origin.

TheEnglishethnicityprovidesnotonlythestatusofbeingafounding

racebutaninfluentialelementinmanyaspectsofCanadiansociety.

Inthefieldoflaw,thecivillawinnineofCanada?sprovinces(except

Quebec)isbasedontheEnglishcommonlaw;theprivateschoolisbased

ontheEnglishpublicschool;theRoyalCanadianMountedPolice(皇家

騎警)ofCanadawasoriginallymodeledcloselyonBritishlightcavalry

units（輕騎兵）.

EnglishculturalactivitieshavepermeatedCanadathroughthedominance

oftheEnglishlanguage.

TheeliteofBritishCanadiansarewhiteAnglo-SaxonProtestantswho

dominatethebusinessandindustryofeveryprovince,evenQuebec.

TheFrenchwerethefirstEuropeanstoestablishpermanentmilitaryand

tradingsettlementsinwhatistodayCanada.

ThemajorityofFrenchCanadiansliveinQuebec,wheretheymakeup

about80percentofthepopulation.

FrenchimmigrantshailedfromallpartsofFrance,andnooneregional

dialecttookhold.Intimethedialectsfusedtogethertoformasingle

dialect,CanadianFrench,whichisdistinctfromtheFrenchspokenin

France.

Germens,Ukrainians,Dutch,Polish,andScandinavianswereamong

thoseimmigrantswhohelpedsettletheCanadianWestduringtheearly

decadesofthe20thcentury.

Asianimmigrantswhohavegainedlegalentrancetothecountryareoften

highlyeducated.

ExplainthecauseoftheconflictbetweenFranceandBritainin

Canada.

NewFrancewasinconflictwiththeEnglishcoloniestothesouth.Partly

thiswasaresultofnumerouswarsbetweentheparentcountries,England

andFrance.Partlyitresultedfromcompetitionforthewealthofthefur

tradeintheNorthwest(present-dayManitobaandbeyond).

Howisaresponsiblegovernmentdefined?

Agovernmentsysteminwhichthegovernmentisresponsibletothe

people,andthePrimeMinisterandtheCabinetareresponsibletothe

Parliament.

WhatweretheeffectsoftheGoldRush?

First,asimmigrantsfromtheUSandothercountries,theunpopulated

prairielandsinWesternCanadawerefurtherexploredandcultivated.

Second,itledtothediscoveryofothermineralsintheCanadianwilds.

ExplainthecausesoftheconflictbetweenFranceandBritainin

Canada.

Partly,thiswasaresultofnumerouswarsbetweentheparentcountries,

EnglandandFrance;

Partly,itresultedfromcompetitionforthewealthofthefurtradeinthe

Northwest(present-dayManitobaandbeyond).

Page260

ExplainthereasonswhythedifferentcoloniesinCanadawereunited

intoaconfederationin1867.

AnewcallforreformaroseinProtestantCanadaWestfor"representation

bypopulation,"ledbytheeditoroftheTorontoGlobe,GeorgeBrown.

ThispolicywouldgiveCanadaWest,whichnowoutnumberedtheEast,

moreseats.TheFrenchinCanadaEastnaturallyrejectedthisscheme.

Frustrated,Brownproposedfederalism:CanadaEastandWestwould

becomeseparateprovinces,eitherinalooseunionbetweenthemorina

federationofallofBritishNorthAmerica.InOctober1864,33delegates

fromCanada,NewBrunswick,NovaScotia,PrinceEdwardIsland,and

NewfoundlandmetatthisQuebecConferenceapprovedtheSeventy-two

Resolutions,whichwereadraftconstitutionforConfederation.OnJuly1,

1867,theDominionofCanada,withfourprovinces一Quebec(formerly

CanadaEast),Ontario(formerlyCanadaWest),NewBrunswick,and

NovaScotia一cameintobeing.

WhatistheCanadianforeigntradepattern?Whoarethemajor

tradingpartnersofCanada?

Canadianimportsexceeditsexport.Therefore,Canadianservicetrade

balance,calledthebalanceofpaymentsisnegative(貿(mào)易逆差).

Majorpartners:theUnitedStates,Japan,theUnitedKingdom,Germany,

SouthKorea,theNetherlandsandChina.

DiscussthesignificanceofforeigntradeintheCanadianeconomy.

First,Canadahasjust0.6percentoftheworld'spopulation,butaccounts

for4percentoftotalexportinworldtrade.

Second,aftertheSecondWorldWar,petroleumandnaturalgasaccounted

foralargeproportionofCanada'sexport.Withtheincreaseoftheshare

ofautomobilevehiclesinexport,thetechnologyofautomobile

manufacturingisalsogreatlyenhanced.However,primaryproducts,

includingagriculturalgoods,miningandenergyproducts,stillhaveabog

shareinthetotalexportvolume.

Third,Canadahasoneoftheworld'shightestratiosofgoodsexported

toGDP33.6percent.

Inboththegoodssectorandtheservicesector,Canada'simportsexceed

itsexports.

Page270

FederalGovernmentOrganisation

TheCanadiangovernmentisdividedinto:

thefederalgovernment:sharesmanyoftheprovincialgovernmentJs

features.

theprovincialgovernment:alieutenantGovernorrepresentstheKingor

Queenineachprovince;theirdutiesaresimilartothoseoftheGovernor

General.

territorialgovernment:threeterritorieshavetheirowngovernmentsbut

withlesspowerthanthoseoftheprovince.

WhatistheCanadianParliamentcomposedof?

It'sthelegislativebranchofCanada,madeupofthreebranches,which

makethelawsofCanada.TheyaretheGovernorGeneral,anelected

HouseofCommons,andanappointedSenate.ThePrimeMinisterand

theCabinetarethemembersofParliament,usuallyoftheHouseof

Commons.

WhatarethemajorpoliticalpartiesinCanada?

threemainpoliticalparties:theLiberalParty,theConservativeParty,

andtheNewDemocraticParty

Howisonepartyruledefined?

Canada'ssystemofpoliticalischaracterisedbyone-party-rule.Itmeans

thatonemajorpartyusuallycanwinmanyelectionsanddominate

Canadianpoliticsforsolongthatitbecomesthemainrulingparty.

Page282

Howisbilingualismdefined?

BothFrenchandEnglishweretobeofficiallanguagesthroughoutCanada.

ThisisnotmeanthateveryCanadianhastobefluentinbothlanguages,

butitdoesmeanthatallfederalofficesandcourtsmustbeabletoaffer

servicesinbothlanguages.

Howisthemulticulturalismdefined?

In1971,thefederalgovernmentgavethenamemulticulturalismtoits

policy,recognizingthecustomsandcontributionofCanada'sethnic

groups.Whenannouncingthepolicy,PrimeMinisterPierreTrudeau

said:"thegovernmentwillsupportandencouragethevariousculturesand

ethnicgroupsthatgivestructureandvitalitytooursociety.Theywillbe

encouragedtosharetheirculturalexpressionandvalueswithother

Canadiansandsocontributetoaricherlifeforallofus."

Canadaclimate

Becauseofitssize,Canadahasagreatvarietyofclimaticconditions.

Generallyspeaking,theclimateinCanadaisunfavorablebecausemuch

ofthecountryhaslongandcoldwinterswithdeepsnow.

Australia

Page292

Someeffects

officialname:CommonwealthofAustralia

capital:Canberra

headofstate:QueenElizabethIIrepresentedbyGovernor-General

formofgovernment:Constitutionalmonarchy

ports:Sydney,Melbourne,Brisbane

longestriver:Murray(2,740km)

naturalresources:coal,zink,nickel,gold,wool

nationalholiday:AustralianDay,26January(1788)

money:basicunit-Australiandollar

nationalsymbols:KangarooandEmu

nationalanthem:"WaltzingMatilda”

HowisAustraliageographicallydivided?

TheAustraliacontinentcanbedividedintothreephysicallydistinct

regions:theWesternPlateaus,theCentralLowlands,andtheEastern

Highlands.

WhatarethedistinctivefeaturesofAustralianclimate?

TheinteriorofAustraliahasahotanddryclimatewhilethecoastalareas

haveamaritimeclimate.

Whydowesay"thereisnooneIndigenousculture**?

AustraliaIndigenouspopulationiscomposedofaboriginalpeoplesand

TorresStraitIslanders.WiththeEuropeansettlementinAustralia,asa

result,theywereforcedassimilation.Theyhavetheirgeographic

locationsbecomemorewidespread,buttheirlifestylesandculturalvalues

havegrownincreasinglymodem.ThereisnooneIndigenousculture,

insteadamixtureofthemodemandthetraditional.

TheeffectsoftheGoldRush

greatimmigrants

First,immediateandlong-termchangestotheeconomy

Second,politicalandsocialattitudes

Third,damagetoenvironment

TheeffectsofEuropeansettlementontheAborigines

First,Aboriginalcultureandsocietywastotallydisrupted.

Second,largenumbersofAborigineswereshot

Third,manydiseaseswerebrought

reasonsforFederation

First,Thepeopleofthecolonieshadmanythingsincommon.

Second,Itwasabsurdforthemtohavesixdifferentapproachesto

commonissues.

Third,Economywerebeingweakenedbecauseoftraderestrictionsand

tariffbarriers.

ReasonsfortheBritishcolonizationofAustralia

First,Theestablishmentofapenalcolonytoalleviatepressureontheir

overburdenedprisons.

Second,IndustrialRevolutionpopulationgrewpoverty一

一criminaloverburdenedprisons

Third,TosetupanavalbaseforexploitsintheIndianOceanandthe

PacifictocounterotherEuropeancountriessuchasFrance.

Page306

WhatwerethemajortrendsinAustralia'sdevelopmentfromthe

1860stothe1890ssincetheGoldRush?（引申為政治，經(jīng)濟(jì)，文化影

響來(lái)理解）

First,bringimmediateandlong-termchangestotheeconomy;

Second,changingpeople'spoliticalandsocialattitudes;

Third,promotingtheformationofamiddleclassinAustralia;

Fourth,causinggreatimmigration.

Whywerethe1960sknowas**theProtestYears11inAustralia?

TheissuesofAustralia'sinvolvementintheVietnamWar,relationswith

Americaandconscriptiondividedthesociety.Abroadeningsectionofthe

societywascriticalofthegovernmentforAustralia'sinvolvementinthe

VietnamWarandforconscriptingyoungmen.Toagreatextent,such

criticismsrepresentedchangesinmanypeople'svaluesastheylookedfor

answerstoawiderangeofsocialproblems.Forinstance,manypeoplein

thecommunityhadbeguntoprotestaboutwomen'sinequality,racial

prejudicesandthelackofwelfareforneedygroups.

Explainthecauseofthedefeatofthe1999referendum.

First,thelackofpublicengagement;

Second,thereexistedmoresignificantfactors,suchasasplitbetween

"minimalist"republicansandmore"racial'republicans.

Page316

Australiaisanexport-orientedeconomy.Compareitwiththatof

Canada.

ExportshavebeenimportanttobothAustraliaandCanada'seconomy

butthere'redifferencesintheirexportpatterns.

First,themineralindustryhasbeenAustralia?slargestexportearner,

accountingforoverhalfofthenationaltotalexportwhilemanufacturing

industriesproducemorethanhalfofCanada'sexports.

Second,serviceexportscurrentlyrepresentmorethantwentypercentof

Australia'stotalexports.Personaltravelandpassengerservicesexports

accountforabouttenpercentofAustraliaJstotalexportearnings.In

recentyears,educationservicesexportinAustraliahasgrownsteadily.In

contrast,inboththegoodssectorandtheservicesector,Canada*s

importsexceeditsexports.

Canada'sservicetradebalanceisnegative:totalimportsexceededtotal

exportsbyC$39.9billionin2006.Thelargestcomponentsofthissector

areinterestpaymentsondebt,thetransferofprofitsofforeign-owned

corporations,andspendingbyCanadiantouristsabroad.

Page327

HowistheAustraliaCabinetformed?Whatareitschief

responsibilities?

ThePrimeMinisterappointsthemostseniorMinistertoformtheCabinet,

whichisoftenreferredtoastheengine-roomofgovernment.Allthe

CabinetmembersmustbeMembersofParliament,andmostoften,the

PrimeMinisterwouldappointleadingMembersinordertoexert

influenceontheParliament.ThePrimeMinisterhasthepowertoappoint

newCabinetmembersifnecessary.

ThemostimportantprincipleofCabinetGovernmentiscollective

responsibilities,whichrequirestheministerstospeakwithonevoice,

evenifdivisionsoccuramongthem,andtoacceptresponsibilitiesforthe

actionsoftheirdepartments.IfanyCabinetmemberfailstokeeptothis

principle,heorshemustresign.

WhatarethemajorpoliticalpartiesinAustralia?

TheAustraliaLabourparty(ALP),themodemLiberalPartyofAustralia,

theCountryPartiesofAustralia,theAustraliaDemocrats.

ComparethefederalsystemoftheU.SandAustraliagovernments,

nothingtheirdifferencesandsimilarities.

Similarities:

Adivisionofpowerbetweenthefederalandstategovernmentsinthe

Australianfederalsystem:eachgovernmentcontrolsacertainfieldof

activity.

theAustralianConstitutionalsodividesthefederalpoweramongthree

branchesofthefederalgovernmenttheFederalParliament,the

Administration,andtheFederalCourt.Thethreebrancheshavethe

federallegislative,administrativeandjudicialpowersrespectively,and

cancheckthepowersofeachother,whichissimilarintheorytouchecks

andbalancesvaspracticedintheU.S.government.

Differences:

Australia?ssystemofparliamentarygovernmentismodeledonthe

BritishWestminstersystem,thepoliticalpartythatwinsmostseatsinthe

HouseofRepresentativesintheGeneralElectionwillformthe

AdministrationandtheheadofthepartywillbecomePrimeMinister.

Underthissystem,theAdministrationcandissolvetheParliamentand

reorganizethegeneralelection.WhileintheU.S.,GeneralElectionfor

PresidencyandCongressionalelectionsareseparateandthePresident

doesn'thavethepowertodissolvetheCongress.

Inaddition,theFederalCourtinAustraliahasthepowerofimpeachment

againstmembersofParliamentandAdministrationwhileintheU.S.,itis

theCongressthatmaybringchargesofimpeachmentagainstthe

AdministrationandtheSupremeCourtistodeterminewhetherornotthe

lawsandactsofthetwootherbranchesareinaccordancewiththe

Constitution.

Page336

Discussthepowerstructureofthefederalandstategovernments

undertheAustralianConstitution.

TheAustralianConstitutiondividesthepowersofgovernmentbetween

thenationalandstategovernments,basedontheconceptof”dual

federalism”,whereeachgovernmentwouldcontrolacertainfieldof

activity.

TheFederalorCommonwealthGovernmentisresponsiblefornational

affairs.Itsresponsibilitiesalsoincludetrade,commerce,