2022-2023年四川省攀枝花市大學英語6級大學英語六級模擬考試(含答案)

2022-2023年四川省攀枝花市大學英語6級大學英語六級模擬考試(含答案)學校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)

Directions:Inthispartyouwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1～7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8～10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

SoundEffects

Snorers(打鼾的人)havealwaysbeenmadejokes.Incartoons,theirnasal(鼻子的)roarliftstheroofoffhouses.Insituationcomedies,there'sthewifewhorollshereyesathersnoringbedmate.Butinreality,it'snotallthatfunny.Infact,snoringcanbeanightmareforsnorersandtheirtroubledpartners,whomaywakeupseveraltimesanighttopoke,andmaybehoistlovedonesontotheirsidesforalittlerelief.

RisksofSnoringProblems

Butthenightlyracketismorethanapotentialrelationshipstrain.Accordingtothelatestresearch,anincreasinglyolderandheavierpopulationmaymakethisconditionanevengreaterahealthriskthanwepreviouslythought.ForMaggieMoss-Tucker,successfultreatmentforalongtimesnoringproblemcamealmostbyaccident.Onefallmorningin2005,shesawasignatherlocalgymseekingsnorersasvolunteersforastudyatBoston'sBrigham&Women'sHospital.Moss-Tucker,now56,wasintrigued.Shehadstartedsnoringnearlyadecadeearlier."I'dtriedeverythingtostop,"shesays,fromsleepinguprighttousingnosestripsoramouthguard.Buttoherandherhusband'sdismay,nothingworked.WhenshesignedupforthestudyandspentanightatasuburbanBostonsleeplab,shefoundoutwhy.

Afterreviewinghersleeppatternsandoxygenlevels,researcherstoldherthathersnoringwasactuallyanindicationofsomethingworse.Shesufferedfromasleepapnea(呼吸暫停),aconditioninwhichpatientsstopbreathingrepeatedlyastheysleepandcanwakeupasmanyas100timesanightoftenwithoutrememberingit.Thatkindofrevelationhasledtodoctorsre-evaluatingaconditiononcetreatedaslittlemorethananuisance."Inthepast,snoringhasbeentreatedlikeajokingmatter;younevertalkedaboutitwithyourdoctor,"saysDr.DavidRapoport,medicaldirectoroftheSleepDisordersCenteratNewYorkUniversityMedicalCenter."Butwhenitbecomesveryprominentorsuchthatitwakesyouuporinterfereswithbreathing,itcanbeaproblem."

Sleepapnea,inwhichtheairwaybecomesblockedor,lessoften,thebrainfailstoproperlycontrolbreathingduringsleeping,canbeviewedasoneextremeofthesnoringspectrum.Softsnoring,whichisnotgenerallyconsideredahealthhazard,wouldbeattheotherend.Asthesoundandpersistenceofapatient'ssnoringgrows,sodothehealthconcerns.AstudypublishedintheMarch1issueofthejournalSleepfoundthatloudsnorershada40percentgreaterriskthannon-snorersofsufferingfromhighbloodpressure,34percentgreateroddsofhavingaheartattackanda67percentgreaterchanceofhavingastroke.

That'saproblemgiventhenumberofnoisysleepersoutthere.InarecentpollbytheNationalSleepFoundation,aboutonethirdofUSworkingadultsreportedsnoringatleastafewnightsinthepreviousmonth.Snoringgenerallyworsenswithagesotherateisevenhigheramongtheelderly.And,contrarytocommonperceptions,it'snearlyascommoninwomenasmen.Menopause(更年期)appearstobeafactor,asisweight.Beingoverweightcancausethicknessintheairwaytube,holdingbacktheflowofoxygen.

TreatmentofSnoringProblems

Yetmanywhoregularlysnoredon'trealizethatitcouldbebadfortheirhealth.Theresearchlinkinghypertension,cardiacproblemsandloudsnoringisrelativelynew.Andthoughawarenessofs

A.thecausesofsnoringproblems

B.thetreatmentsofsnoringproblems

C.therisksofsnoringproblems

D.thehazardsandthetreatmentsofsnoringproblems

2.

Web-basedapplicationsareprogramsthatsit______andtalktoyouthroughaWebbrowser.

3.Thereleaseoflargequantitiesofthegreenhousegasmethaneaspermafrostmeltswillspeedup______.

4.Ingeneral,whenitcomestotheissueofpopsingers'ethics,averagelistenersare

5.

Tocurethesnoringproblems,surgerycanbeusedtoimprove______.

6.

RuthJarvisrecommendsridingonahorseasmuchaspossiblebecauseitgivesyoumoreopportunitiestodiscoverthelocalcultureandgetasenseofacity'slayout.

A.YB.NC.NG

7.

WhenWilcoxlivedinthevalley,hewassatisfiedwiththefactthattheremainsof______wasundisturbed.

8.

Hedonicadaptationmeanspeoplealwaysreturntotheirusuallevelofhappinessafterthetemporarysatisfaction.

A.YB.NC.NG

9.

Consumershavebeenirritatedforyearsby______.

10.

Amongdevelopedcountries,______spendsthegreatestshareofGDPonthepublicbroadcasting.

A.USgovernment

B.Britishgovernment

C.Germangovernment

D.Frenchgovernment

11.

Ifonehasthedesiretoimprovehisreadingspeed,themotivationtopracticeand,hemayimprovehisreadingspeed.

12.

OneoftheeducationalactivitiesinEastHarlemHealthyHeartProgramis______.

13.

ThedemographicchangeinruralEuropewillhaveanegativeeffectoneveryaspectofthelocaleconomyfromtouristindustryincometoagriculturaloutputs.

A.YB.NC.NG

14.

BoththetechnologyWal-Martadoptedanditsfrugalcultureservethecompany'scentralgoalof______aslowaspossible.

15.

MitaliDayalthinksthelastgeneration'sbeliefonhowtogetlove______.

16.PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

CodinTrouble

A.In1992,thedevastatingcollapseofthecodstocksofftheeastcoastofNewfoundlandforcedtheCanadiangovernmenttotakedrasticmeasuresandclosethefishery.Over40,000peoplelosttheirjobs,communitiesarestillstrugglingtorecoverandthemarineecosystemisstillinastateofcollapse.Thedisintegrationofthisvitalfisherysoundedawarningbelltogovernmentsaroundtheworldwhowereshockedthatarelatively-sophisticated,scientifically-basedfisheriesmanagementprogram,notunliketheirown,couldhavegonesowrong.TheCanadiangovernmentignoredwarningsthattheirfleetswereemployingdestructivefishingpracticesandrefusedtosignificantlyreducequotascitingthelossofjobsastoogreataconcern.

B.Inthe1950sCanadianandUSeastcoastwatersprovidedanannual100,000tonsincodcatchesrisingto800,000by1970.Thisoverfishingledtoacatchofonly300,000tonsby1975.CanadaandtheUSreactedbypassinglegislationtoextendtheirnationaljurisdictionsovermarine-livingresourcesoutto200nauticalmilesandcatchesnaturallydeclinedto139,000tonsin1980.HowevertheCanadianfishingindustrytookoverandrestartedtheoverfishingandcatchesroseagainuntil,from1985,itwastheCanadianswhowerelandingmorethan250,000tonsofnortherncodannually.Thisexploitationravagedthestocksandby1990thecatchwassolow(29,000tons)thatin1992(121/2000tons)Canadahadtobanallfishingineastcoastwaters.Inafisherythathadforoveracenturyyieldedaquarter-milliontoncatches,thereremainedabiomassoflessthan1700tonsandtheFisheriesDepartmentalsopredictedthat,evenwithanimmediaterecovery,stocksneedatleast15yearsbeforetheywouldbehealthyenoughtowithstandpreviouslevelsoffishing.

C.Thedevastatingfishingcamefrommassiveinvestmentpouredintoconstructinghuge"draggers".Draggershaulenormousnetsheldopenbyacombinationofhugesteelplatesandheavychainsandrollersthatploughtheoceanbottom.Theydragupanythingintheway,inflictingimmensedamage,destroyingcriticalhabitatandcontributingtothedestabilizationofthenortherncodecosystem.Thedraggerstargetedhugeaggregationsofcodwhiletheywerespawning,atimewhenthefishpopulationishighlyvulnerabletocapture.Excessivetrawlingonspawningstocksbecamehighlydisruptivetothespawningprocess,andecosystem.Inaddition,thetrawlingactivityresultedinaphysicaldispersionofeggsleadingtoahigherfertilizationfailure.Physicalandchemicaldamagetolarvaecausedbythetrawlingactionalsoreducedtheirchancesofsurvival.ThesedraggersarenowbannedforeverfromCanadianwaters.

D.Canadianmediaoftenciteexcessivefishingbyoverseasfleets,primarilydrivenbytheCapitalistethic,astheprimarycauseofthefishingoutofthenorthAtlanticcodstocks.ManynationstookfishoffthecoastofNewfoundlandandalluseddeep-seatrawlers,andmanyoftenblatantlyexceededestablishedcatchquotasandtreatyagreements.Therecanbelittledoubtthatnon-North-American-fishingwasacontributingfactorinthecodstockcollapse,andthatthecapitalistdynamicsthatwereatworkinCanadawerealltoosimilarfortheforeignvesselsandcompanies.But

A.Themassunemployment.

B.Thecollapseofmarineecosystem.

C.Thecodcollapse.

D.Thefleets'destructivefishingpractices.

17.______areappliedinconventionalfarmingforweedcontrol.

18.AccordingtotheWHO,increasesinmalaria,water-bornediseaseandmalnutritioncouldthreaten______.

19.

Itcanbeinferredfromthispassagethattheauthor'sideaabouthowtosolveIran'snuclearissuecarcomparedtoaChinesesaying:"Notbothendsofthesugarcane______”.

20.

BobandJessicawereon______toLondon.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.聽力原文：W：ThereportsaysallthedepartmentsaremakingaprofitexcepttheAsianDepartment．

M：Well，Mr.Smithseemstobethewrongpersontoheadthatdepartment.Onemorestepwrongandhewouldberemovedfromtheoffice．

Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?

(19)

A.Mr.Smithwillbereplacedifhemakesanothermistake.

B.Mr.SmithisanadmirablechiefoftheAsianDepartment.

C.Mr.Smith'sdepartmentismoresuccessfulthanalltheothers.

D.Mr.Smithisseldominhisoffice.

22.(21)

A.Becausepeoplecandoitanytimeandanywhere.

B.Becauselaughterisbetterthanaregularfitnessprogram.

C.Becauselaughterismoreeffectivethansomemedicines.

D.Becausepeopledon'thavetolearnhowtolaugh.

23.(35)

A.Theraidhadbeenphotographedbyhiddencameras.

B.Somewatchmenhadseentheraid.

C.ThebanktellerprovedthatJoewastherobber.

D.Somemonitorshadbeeninstallednearby.

24.聽力原文：W:Iamreallygladthebiologyclassisover.ItwassotediousthatIcouldhardlystayalert.

M:Howcoulditbe?ImustadmitIhaveneverheardinagesanythingsointeresting.

Q:Whatistheman'sattitudetothebiologyclass?

(14)

A.Heisalsogladthattheclassfinallycametoaclose.

B.Heisnotimpressedbytheclass.

C.Heisfascinatedbythebiologyclass.

D.Heagreeswiththewoman.

25.

【B2】

26.【B7】

27.(31)

A.Theicewascutandhandledwiththehelpofsomespecialtools.

B.Theicewastakenfromtheflowingfiverwithhooksandcardedbysledstoicehouses.

C.Theicewascarriedonthefrozensurfaceofthepondorriver.

D.Theicewassawedintoevenblocksbyworkers.

28.(18)

A.Shehastoreadalotofliteraturebooks.

B.Shehasfailedtomeetthedeadlineforherreadingassignmentagain.

C.TheEasternLiteraturebooksaretoodifficulttounderstand.

D.Shefeelsregretfulthatshehasbeentakingawrongcourse.

29.(36)

A.RentorBuy?

B.ANewWayofGettingHomeFurnishings.

C.FurnishedApartments.

D.ANewIdea.

30.

【B8】

31.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽力原文：Ladiesandgentlemen,(30)whenwetalkaboutgettingonlinewemeanbeingconnectedtotheinternet,agiantnetworkofcomputersthatconnectspeopleandinformationallovertheworld.Theinternethasalotincommonwithotherformsofcommunication.LiketheUSpostalservicetheinternetallowsanyonewhoknowsyourinternetaddresstosendyouanelectronicmailoremail.Likethetelephonetheinternetallowsyoutochatwithotherpeoplebyparticipatinginonlinediscussiongroups.Likethelibrarytheinternetcontainsinformationonalmostanytopicyoucanimagineinmanyformats,includingbooks,articles,videos,andmusicrecordings.Inadditiontowords,onepartoftheinternet,(31)theworldwidewebisespeciallyinterestingtopeoplebecauseitincludespicturesandsounds.Theinternetbeganinthe1960sasaUSdepartmentofdefensecommunicationnetwork.Soonafteruniversityresearchersandprofessorsbegantouseittocommunicatewithothersintheirfields.Internetusereallytookoffintheearly1990swiththearrivaloftheweb,whichmadeiteasiertofindandviewinformationonline.(32)Noone,nocountry,organization,orcompanyisinchargeoftheinternet.It'sgrowinganditsform.andcontentisbeingchangedbyitsuserseveryday.Acomputerthatisconnectedtotheinternetallowsyoutoturnyourhome,communitycenter,locallibrary,orschoolintoaplaceofunlimitedinformationandcommunication.

(27)

A.Theinternetaddress.

B.Agiantnetworkofcomputers.

C.Anelectronicmail.

D.TheUSpostalservice.

32.【B3】

33.聽力原文：AnenvironmentalgroupcalledtheFoodCommissionisunhappyanddisappointedbecauseofthesaleofbottledwaterfromJapan.Thewaterisangrilyarguedinpublic,hastraveled10,000"foodmiles"beforeitreachesWesterncustomers."transportingwaterhalfwayacrosstheworldissurelytheextremelystupiduseoffuelwhenthereisplentyofwaterintheUK."ItisalsoworriedthatwearewastingourfuelbybuyingpramsfromIndonesia(7,000foodmiles)andcarrotsfromSouthAfrica(5,900foodmiles).

Countingthenumberofmilestraveleddonebyaproductisastrangewayoftryingtotellthetruesituationoftheenvironmentaldamagedonebyanindustry.Mostfoodistransportedaroundtheworldoncontainershipsthatareextremelyenergyefficient.Itshouldbenotedthatatonofbuttertransported25milesinatrackproducttransportedhundredsofmilesbysea.Besides,theideaof"miles"ignorestheamountoffuelusedintheproduction.ItispossibletocutdownyourfoodmilesbybuyingtomatoesgrowninBritainratherthanthosegrowninGhana;thedifferenceisthattheBritishonewillhavebeenraisedinheatedgreenhousesandtheGhanaianonesintheopensun.

Whattheideaof"foodmiles"doesprovide,however,isthechancetocutoutThirdWorldCountriesfromFirstWorldfoodmarkets.Thenumberofmilestraveledbyourfoodshould,asIseeit,beregardedasasignofthesuccessoftheglobaltradesystem,notasignofdamagetotheenvironment.

(33)

A.Becausesomeimportedgoodscauseenvironmentaldamage.

B.BecauseUKwastesalotofmoneyimportingfoodproducts.

C.Becausepeoplewasteenergybuyingfoodfromothercountries.

D.Becausegrowingcertainvegetablescauseenvironmentaldamage.

34.(34)

A.Once.B.Twice.C.Threetimes.D.Never.

35.

【B7】

36.聽力原文：M:Well,Ijustwonderwhoputsthecandiesintotheboxes?

W:Itisclonebyamachine,whichisabletocountthecandiesautomatically.Please,thisway.I'llshowyourightaway.

Q:Wheredoesthisconversationprobablytakeplace?

(13)

A.Inanoffice.

B.Inarestaurant.

C.Inadepartmentstore.

D.Inafactory.

37.聽力原文：W:ItseemsgoodbutIamnotsureaboutitsstability.

M:Ourcompanyhasbeeninthislineformanyyearsandenjoyshighreputation,soyoucanbereassuredwithitsquality.

Q:Whatdowelearnaboutthemanfromtheconversation?

(19)

A.Heismakingapublicadvertisement.

B.Heistryingtosellsomethingtothewoman.

C.Hedoesnotagreewiththewoman.

D.Heismakingareport.

38.(14)

A.She'llchangeseatswiththeman.

B.She'llremainwheresheis.

C.Sheissufferingfrombronchitis.

D.Sheprefersawindowseat.

39.

【B10】

40.(28)

A.Thelargegapbetweentherichandthepoor.

B.Thedevelopmentofcapitalism.

C.TheRenaissance.

D.Thereligiousreform.movement.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrueaccordingtoparagraph2?

A.ThetimeandplaceofthefilmisnearlybasedonCoens'background.

B.Themorethemanhassuffered,themoreheistiredofhislife.

C.Themoreweknowaboutthefilm,themorewefeelitisnotaboutacomedy.

D.Whenthepainturnstobereal,thelaughterbecomesouronlychoice.

42.WhatdoweknowaboutextracurricularactivitiesinAmericanhighschools?

A.Studentsareunitedandworktoreachthesamegoal.

B.Therestillexistsprejudiceandracediscrimination.

C.Studentsfromdifferentraceshaveequalaccess.

D.TheyareorganizedaccordingtoAllport'sTheory.

43.

【C6】

44.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Ourworldisfilledwithsoundsweneverhear.Thehumanauditory(聽覺的)rangeislimitedtobeginwith:ifwecouldhearsoundslowerthan20vibrationspersecond,wewouldbedrivenmadbytherumblingsandcreakingofourmuscle,intestinesandheartbeats;everystepwetakewouldsoundlikeanexplosion.Butevenwithourauditoryrangeweselect,focus,payattentiontoafewsoundsandblotouttherest.Wearesoassaulted(困擾)bysoundthatwecontinually"turnoff".Buthitheprocessweshutouttheglorioussymphony(交響樂)ofsoundinwhichthelivingworldisbathed.

Thesoundtormentedcitydwellerwhohabitually"turnsoffhisaudio"losesadimensionofsocialreality.Somepeople,forexample,possesstheabilitytoenteracrowdedroomandfromthesoundsencounteredknowimmediatelythemood,paceanddirectionofthegroupassembled.Everythingbecomesmorerealwhenheardaswellasseen.Itis,infact,quitehardreallytoknowapersonbysightalone,withoutbeatinghisvoice.Anditisnotjustthesoundofthevoicethatinforms.Eventherhythmoffootstepsrevealsageandvariationsofmood--delight,depression,anger,joy.

Hearingcanalsosootheandcomfort.Thesnappingoflogsinthefireplace,thegossipywhisperofabroom,theinquisitivewheezeofadraweropeningallaresavoredsoundsthatmakeusfeelathome.Inawelllovedhome,everychairproducedadifferent,recognizablecreak,everywindowadifferentclick,groanorsqueak.Thekitchenbyitselfisasourceofmanypleasingsounds.Everyplace,everyeventhasasounddimension.

Thesenseofhearingcanperhapsberestoredtomodemmanifhebetterurulerstandsitsworthandhowitwinks.Mostpeoplewouldbesurprisedtodiscoverhowfarthesensecanbepushedbycultivation.Atafriend'shouserecently,mywifeopenedherpurseandsomecoinsspilledoutonealteranother,ontothefloor"Threequartets,twodimes,anickelsandthreepennies"saidourhostashecroneinfromthenextroomAndasanafterthought"Oneofthequartersissilver."Hewasfight,downtothelastpenny"Howdidyendoit?."weasked."Tryityourself."hesaid.Wedidandwithalittlepracticewefounditeasy.

Curiously,evidenceindicatesthatpeopleneedsound.Whenwearelustinthought,weinvoluntarilydrumwithourfingersortapwithapencil--aremirulerthatwearestillsurrouruledbyaworldoutsideourselves.Justcuttingdownreflectedsoundcanproducesomeoddresults.Thenearestthingonearthtothesilenceofouterspace,forexample,isthe"anechoic(消聲的)chamber"attheBellTelephoneLaboratorieshiBurrayHills,N.J.,whichislinedwithmaterialthatabsorbs99.98%ofallreflectedsoundMenwhohaveremainedintheroomformorethananhourreportthattheyfeelnervousandoutoftouchwithreality.

AccordingtoParagraph1,welearnedthatweblotoutthesoundswedon'twanttohearbecause______.

45.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Lowself-esteempopsupregularlyinacademicreportsasanexplanationforallsortsofviolence,fromhatecrimesandstreetcrimestoterrorism.Butdespitethepopularityoftheexplanation,notmuchevidencebacksitup.InarecentissueofPsychologicalReview,threeresearchersexaminethisliteratureatlengthandconcludethatamuchstrongerlinkconnectshighself-esteemtoviolence."Itisdifficulttomaintainbeliefinthelowself-esteemviewafterseeingthatthemoreviolentgroupsaregenerallytheoneswithhigherself-esteem."writeRoyBaumeisterofCaseWesternReserveUniversityandLauraSmartandJosephBodenoftheUniversityofVirginia.

Theconventionalviewisthatpeoplewithoutself-esteemtrytogainitbyhurtingothers.Theresearchersfindthatviolenceismuchmoreoftentheworkofpeoplewithunrealisticallyhighself-esteemattackingotherswhochallengetheirself-image.Underthisumbrellacomebullies,rapists,racists,psychopathsandmembersofstreetgangsandorganizedcrime.

Thestudyconcludes:Certainformsofhighself-esteemseemtoincreaseone'spronenesstoviolence.Anuncriticalendorsementoftheculturalvalueofself-esteemmaythereforebecounterproductiveandevendangerous.Thesocietalpursuitofhighself-esteemforeveryonemayliterallyendupdoingconsiderableharm."Asforprisonprogramsintendedtomakeviolentconvictsfeelbetteraboutthemselves,"perhapsitwouldbebettertotryinstillingmodestyandhumility."theresearcherswrote.

InaninterviewwiththeBostonGlobe,Baumeistersaidhebelievedthe"self-promotingestablishment"wasstartingtocrumble."Whatwouldworkbetterforthecountryistoforgetaboutself-esteemandconcentrateonself-control."hesaid.Intheschools,thiswouldmeanturningawayfrompsychicboosterismandemphasizingself-esteemasaby-productofrealachievement,notasanendinitself.Theself-esteemmovement,stillentrenchedinschoolsofeducation,isdeeplyimplicatedinthedumbingdownofourschools,andinthedisguisedequalitybehindtheideathatitisaterriblepsychicblowifonestudentdoesanybetteroranyworsethananother.Let'shopeitisindeedcrumbling.

Theresearchersfindthattherearestrongerconnectionsbetween______.

A.lowself-esteemandviolence

B.lowself-controlandviolence

C.highself-imageandviolence

D.highself-controlandviolence

46.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetradition,customs,beliefs,andwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthissense,everygrouphasaculture,howeversavage,undeveloped,oruncivilized,itmayseemtous.

Totheprofessionalanthropologist,thereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranother,justastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsichierarchy(等級,階層)amonglanguages.

Peopleoncethoughtofthelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavage,undevelopedformsofspeech,mistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.Whileitispossiblethatlanguageingeneralbeganasaseriesofgrantsandgroans,itisafactestablishedbythestudyif"backward"languagesthatnospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesofuncivilizedgroupsare,byourmostseverestandards,extremelycomplex,delicate,andingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.TheyfallbehindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyarefiftyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflectstheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.Eveninthisdepartment,however,twothingsaretobenoted:1.Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansion,eitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2.Theobjectsandactivitiesrequitingnamesanddistinctionsin"backward"languages,whiledifferentfromours,areoftensurprisinglynumerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagedistinguishedmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness("this"and"that");somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeaker,ortothepersonaddressedorremovedfromboth,oroutofsight,orinthepast,orinthefuture.

Thisstudyoflanguage,inturn,castsanewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturearetobeviewedindependently,andwithoutideasofrankorhierarchy.

ThelanguagesofuncivilizedgroupsascomparedtoWesternLanguagesarelimitedin______.

A.grammaticalstructures

B.soundpatterns

C.vocabularies

D.hierarchy

47.

Evelynwas______whensheperformedintheconcert.

48.ArecentcaseinAustraliashowshoweasilyfearcanfrustrateaninformant'sgoodintentions.InDecember,awomanwroteanonymouslytothecountry'santitrustwatchdog,theACCC,allegingthatheremployerwascolludingwithothersinbreachoftheTradePracticesAct.HerevidencewassufficienttosuggesttotheACCCthatfinesof10milliondollarscouldbeimposedon"alargecompany".Buttheagencyneededmoredetails.SojustbeforeChristmasitadvertisedextensivelytotryandpersuadethewomantocomeforwardagain.SomedayslaterherhusbandrangtheACCC,buthehungupbeforedisclosingvitalinformation.Nowtheagencyistryingtocontactthecoupleagain.

InAmerica,thereissomeevidencethattheeventsofSeptember11thhavemadepeoplemorepublic-spiritedandmoreinclinedtoblowthewhistle.TheGovernmentAccountabilityProject,aWashington-basedgroup,received27reproachesfrompotentialinformantsinthethreemonthsbeforeSeptember11th,and66inthethreemonthsafter.Manyofthesecomplaintswereaboutsecurityissues.TheyincludedaFederalAviation