采礦環(huán)境的客觀評論Translate---Environmental-Review-of-Minin-g-in-Perspective

ENVIRONMENTALREVIEWOFMININGINPERSPECTIVE采礦環(huán)境的客觀評論By:DEPARTMENTOFENERGYANDMINERALRESOURCES發(fā)布者：能源和礦產資源部Environmentalmanagementforsustainabledevelopmentisonealternativetoovercomeunderdevelopmentandhighpopulationgrowthrate.Ontheotherhand,theimplementationwouldrequiretheprocessingofnaturalresourcesasaninputtodevelopmentwillultimatelyhaveanimpactonitssurroundingenvironment.環(huán)境管理的可持續(xù)發(fā)展是克服經濟不發(fā)達及人口高速增長問題的一個選擇。另一方面，可持續(xù)發(fā)展的環(huán)境管理的實施需要對自然資源作出加工處理，這最終將會對周圍環(huán)境產生影響。Thishappenswhentheimplementationofdevelopmenteffortsarenotbasedonachievementofobjectivesandthenatureofenvironment.當發(fā)展的努力不再以實現目標及環(huán)境性質為基礎實施的時候，這種情況就會發(fā)生了。Lawno.23of1997,impactisdefinedastheinfluenceofhumandevelopmentactivitiesontheenvironment.Thisisunderstandablebecausethepurposeoftheselawsintendedtoprotecttheenvironmentagainstunwisedevelopment.1997年第23號法律將影響定義為人類發(fā)展活動對環(huán)境產生的影響。這是可以理解的，因為制定這些法律的目的就是為了防止盲目發(fā)展從而實現對環(huán)境的保護。Intheoutlinesofstatepolicy(GBHN)ofRepublicof印度尼西亞共和國國家政策概述中陳述了可持續(xù)發(fā)展是一項基本國策?？沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展強調對環(huán)境的發(fā)展，其發(fā)展觀是利用自然資源和環(huán)境以監(jiān)測環(huán)境的平衡，維護其功能和能力，因此當可持續(xù)發(fā)展為現代人的發(fā)展和福利提供很大的好處同時也有益于孫后代。Oneofthesectorsthatinfluencesuchdevelopmentistheminingsector.Miningsectorisasectorwhichderivesfromproductionactivitiesusageofthenaturalresources.采礦部門是影響可持續(xù)發(fā)展的一個部門。他是源于利用自然資源進行生產活動的部門。Theminingsectorshouldhavethegoalsofdevelopmentwhichare:采礦部門的發(fā)展目標如下：Increasedinvestmentintheexpansionofminingemploymentandbusinessopportunities.在礦業(yè)就業(yè)和商業(yè)機會增長的背景下增加投資；Increasedproductionandaddedvalueofminingproduction.2．擴大生產規(guī)模及提升礦產品的價值；Transferoftechnologyandworkforcecompetence.3．技術轉讓及人員競爭力；Increasedhealthandsafetyofmining.4．增進采礦的健康和安全；Thedeclineofillegalminingactivities.5．杜絕違規(guī)采礦活動。Whiledevelopmenttargetsfortheenvironmentalsectorare:環(huán)境部門發(fā)展的目標是：Controllablewaterqualitythroughanintegratedapproachbetweenthepolicyofconservationlandandseaareas.在土地保護政策和海域之間通過整合的方法實現可控的水質；Increasingpublicawarenessoftheimportanceofmaintainingnaturalresourcesandtheenvironment.2．增加公眾對自然資源及環(huán)境保護重要性的意識。Withoutleavingsustainabledevelopmentobjectivesandwithreferencetotheobjectivesofsustainabledevelopment,miningactivitiesareexpectedtohavenegativeandpositiveimpactsontheenvironment.Theentireactionplanwillbecarriedoutindetailedconsiderationandassessmentinthelightofthebenefitstotheinitiators,communityandnation.不舍棄可持續(xù)發(fā)展的目標并考慮到可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標，采礦活動對環(huán)境可能產生積極和消極的影響。根據對發(fā)起者、集體及國家的利益的需要，整個行動規(guī)劃將在周密考慮及評估的基礎上的實施。Miningfeasibilitystudycanbedescribedas:EconomicfeasibilityEconomicfeasibilityFeasibilityStudyTechnicalfeasibilityFeasibilityStudyTechnicalfeasibilityEnvironmentalFeasibilityEnvironmentalFeasibility經濟可行性開采的可行性研究可以被描述成：經濟可行性可行性研究技術可行性可行性研究技術可行性環(huán)境可行性環(huán)境可行性Impactsthatcanariseasaresultofminingactivities:EnvironmentEnvironmentThebalancebetweenenvironmentalcomponentsThebalancebetweenenvironmentalcomponentsChangesthatoccurononecomponentoftheenvironment,fromboththeresultofnaturaleventsandhumanactivitiesChangesthatoccurononecomponentoftheenvironment,fromboththeresultofnaturaleventsandhumanactivitiesEnvironmenthaslimitedcapacityandcarryingcapacity,aswellastherecoveryfromtheincomingpollutantloadEnvironmenthaslimitedcapacityandcarryingcapacity,aswellastherecoveryfromtheincomingpollutantloadDisturbedbalanceDisturbedbalancePrevention/managementEnvironmentaldamageEnvironmentalPollutionPrevention/managementEnvironmentaldamageEnvironmentalPollutionPreventionOperationPreventionOperation采礦活動產生的影響：環(huán)境環(huán)境環(huán)境環(huán)境各因素間的平衡源于自然事件源于自然事件和人類活動結果的環(huán)境因素的變化環(huán)境有有限能力和承載能力，同時具有從傳入的污染負荷中恢復環(huán)境有有限能力和承載能力，同時具有從傳入的污染負荷中恢復的。打亂平衡打亂平衡預防/管理環(huán)境預防/管理環(huán)境損害環(huán)境污染預防操作預防操作Characteristicsofminingactivitiesare:采礦活動具有如下特點：Underground在地下；Restrictedinplaceontheearth’ssurface局限于地球表層的某個地方；Progressionstages運行步驟：Generalsurvey綜合評述；Exploration探測；Exploitation開采；Post-Mining采礦作業(yè)后期；Non-renewableresources不可再生資源；Capitalintensive,technologyandrisk資本密集、科技和風險；Canfunctionasanactivatorofdevelopment起發(fā)展催化劑的作用；Canprovidealargemultipliereffect提供一個大的乘數效應；Verylargefinancialrisk較大的金融風險。Severallawsandregulationsgoverningtheenvironment:適用于環(huán)境的法律法規(guī)如下：GovernmentRegulationNo.27/1999regulatestheAnalysisofEnvironmentalImpact(EIA)1999年第27號政府規(guī)章對環(huán)境影響分析作了規(guī)定Article2paragraph(1)Analysisofenvironmentalimpactsispartoftheactivitiesofbusinessplansfeasibilitystudiesand/oractivities.第2條第1段環(huán)境影響分析是經營計劃可行性研究活動和或活動的一部分。Article2paragraph(2)EIAresultsareusedasregionaldevelopmentplanningmaterials.第2條第2段環(huán)境影響分析的結果被用作地區(qū)發(fā)展規(guī)劃的材料。EnvironmentalProtectionsettingsafterEnvironmentalAct1997andActNo.32of20041997年環(huán)境法頒布后的環(huán)境保護及2004年第32號法案Act23of1997onenvironmentalmanagement1997年第23號環(huán)境管理法Act32of2004onlocalgovernment2004年第32號地方政府法案GovernmentRegulationof1999ontheEIA1999年政府規(guī)章之環(huán)境影響分析GovernmentRegulation18/1999jo單詞是不是拼寫錯誤？85/1999單詞是不是拼寫錯誤？1999年第18號政府規(guī)章及1999年第85號政府規(guī)章GovernmentRegulation25of2000ontheauthorityofgovernment2000年第25號政府規(guī)章之政府權力GovernmentRegulationNo.75of2001regardingthesecondchangeofgovernmentregulationNo.32of19692001年政府規(guī)章關于1969年第32號政府規(guī)章的第二次修訂問題GovernmentRegulationno.82of2001onwaterpollutioncontrol2001年第82號政府規(guī)章之水污染控制DecisionoftheMiningandEnergyMinister1453.Kand1457.Kyear20002000年礦產和能源部長1453.K及1457.K決策Environmentminister'sdecisionNo.40of2000(theRegionalEIACommissionUKL-UPL->CircularDirectorateGeneralofGeologyandMineralResourcesno.972/40.01/DJG/2004)2000年第40號環(huán)境部長決策（地區(qū)性的環(huán)境影響分析委員會UKL-UPL->地址總局和第972/40.01/DJG/2004礦產資源）ShareddecisionsbytheMinisterofEnergyandMineralResourcesandtheHeadofStateFinanceNo.1247.K/70/MEM/2002-No.17of2002onGuidelinesminesinspectorfunctionalpositionandnumberofcredit能源和礦產資源部長和國家財政部長共享No.1247.K/70/MEM/2002-No.17of2002關于指引礦山督查者的功能定位和信貸數量的決策。RegulationoftheMinisterofEnergyandMineralResourcesNo.18year2008onthereclamationandmineclosure2008年第18號能源和礦產資源部長規(guī)章之開墾和閉礦CurrentconditionsCurrentconditionsLawno.23of1997joGovernmentregulationNo.27of1999andthelaw32of2004MiningMining Article9ofLawNo.23of1997EnvironmentalManagementEffortsEnvironmentalManagementEfforts/EnvironmentalMonitoringEfforts(UKL/UPL)VitalimpactArticle15ofLaw NONo.23of1997Article3(4)ofGovernmentRegulationEIAcommissionprovinceArticle11(1)ofGovernmentRegulationno.27of1999EIAcommissionprovinceArticle11(1)ofGovernmentRegulationno.27of1999Members:Technicalteamcounty/cityTechnicalteamprovincialminingagenciesArticle11(1)ofLawEnvironmentAgencyEIANo.32of2004EnvironmentAgencyEIAArticle19(1)ofLawNo.23of1997Article8(1)ofCrossProvinceYES GovernmentRegulationCrossProvinceNo.27of1999Article9(1)ofEIAcommissionprovinceArticle11(2)ofGovernmentRegulationno.27of1999EIAcommissionprovinceArticle11(2)ofGovernmentRegulationno.27of1999Members:TechnicalteamprovincialminingagenciesTechnicalteamcounty/cityEIAcommissiondistrict/cityMembers:TechnicalteamprovincialminingagenciesDepartmentofEnergyandmineralresourcestechnicalteamNo.27of1999 NOCrossCounty/CityCrossCounty/City YES NOArticle10(1)ofGovernmentRegulationNo.27of1999現狀現狀1997第23號法案、1999年第27號政府規(guī)章及2004年第32號法案采礦重要影響采礦采礦重要影響采礦 1997年第23號法律第9條重要影響環(huán)境管理努力/重要影響環(huán)境管理努力/環(huán)境監(jiān)測努力(UKL/UPL)1997年第23號法律第15條 1999年第27號政府規(guī)章第3條第4款外部效應 2004年第32號法律第11條第1款1997年第23號法律第19條第1款環(huán)境機構環(huán)境危害分析環(huán)境機構環(huán)境危害分析政府規(guī)章第8條第1款 跨省跨省 省環(huán)境影響評估委員會1999年第27號政府規(guī)章第11條第1款會員：縣/市技術組省環(huán)境機構技術組省環(huán)境影響評估委員會1999年第27號政府規(guī)章第11條第1款會員：縣/市技術組省環(huán)境機構技術組 11999年第27號政府政府規(guī)章第9條第1款省環(huán)境影響評估委員會1999年第27號政府規(guī)章第11條第2款會員：省環(huán)境機構技術組縣/市技術組省環(huán)境影響評估委員會1999年第27號政府規(guī)章第11條第2款會員：省環(huán)境機構技術組縣/市技術組區(qū)/市環(huán)境評估委員會會員：:省環(huán)境機構技術組能源和礦產資源部技術組跨縣/市是 否1999年第27號政府規(guī)章第10條第1款Thereforeenvironmentalmanagementshouldbe:因此，環(huán)境管理應該：Wiseandcareful,becausenon-renewableandhaveanimpacttotheenvironment.因為不可再生及對環(huán)境的影響，環(huán)境管理應明智且慎重；EncourageminingactivitiestodoBetterMiningPractices2．鼓勵采礦活動做的更好；Developasystemofpartnership3．發(fā)展合作關系網Toanticipatethepossibilityoftheunwantedconsequences,anyactivityplanshouldbeprecededbyenvironmentalsurvey,inthiscaseEnvironmentImpactAnalysis(EIA).鑒于預見有害后果的可能性，任何活動計劃應該在環(huán)境調查之后進行，這就是環(huán)境影響評估（EIA）。EVALUATIONOFTHEIMPACTOFMININGONTHEENVIRONMENT采礦對環(huán)境的影響評估EIA/EnvironmentalManagementEIA/EnvironmentalManagementEfforts/EnvironmentalMonitoringPlan(UKL/UPL)SignificantimpactevaluationChangesinthelandscape/topographyChangesinsurfacewaterflowpatternsThegeneraldeclineinwaterquality(muddyandshallow)Changesinthelandscape/topographyChangesinsurfacewaterflowpatternsThegeneraldeclineinwaterquality(muddyandshallow)IncreasederosionofopenpitPhysicalPhysicalDecreaseinsurfacewaterpH/acidminewaterDecreaseinsurfacewaterpH/acidminewaterIncreasedconcentrationsofheavymetalsinwatersIncreasedlevelsofoilandgreaseinwatersIncreasingconcentrationsofcolibacteriaDecreaseinsoilfertilityChemicalChemicalDisruptionofwildlifehabitatDecreaseinthenumberandtypesoffloraandfaunaoflandandwatersDisruptionofwildlifehabitatDecreaseinthenumberandtypesoffloraandfaunaoflandandwatersBiologyLocalcommunityconcernsovertheissueoflandcompensationLocalcommunityconcernsovertheissueoflandcompensationLocalcommunityconcernsovertheissueofemploymentopportunitiesLocalcommunityconcernsovertheissueofculturalimpactLocalcommunityconcernsovertheissueofsocialinequalitySocialSocialEconomicandculturalENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT環(huán)境影響評估/環(huán)境影響評估/環(huán)境管理努力/環(huán)境監(jiān)測計劃(UKL/UPL)重大影響的評估景觀/地勢上的變化地表水流動形態(tài)的變化水質下降景觀/地勢上的變化地表水流動形態(tài)的變化水質下降(淤泥和淺灘)露天礦的加速侵蝕物理的物理的地表水地表水pH值/酸性礦水的下降水中重金屬濃縮物的減少水中油脂等級的降低大腸桿菌濃聚物的增加土壤肥力的下降化學的化學的野生生物環(huán)境的破壞陸地和水中動植物群數量和種類的減少野生生物環(huán)境的破壞陸地和水中動植物群數量和種類的減少生物學的本地社區(qū)對土地補償問題的關注本地社區(qū)對土地補償問題的關注本地社區(qū)對就業(yè)機會問題的關注本地社區(qū)對文化沖擊問題的關注本地社區(qū)對社會不平等問題的關注社會經濟和文化的社會經濟和文化的環(huán)境管理環(huán)境管理EvaluationofenvironmentalimpactcanalsobedistinguishedintheEnvironmentcomponentaffected,namely:受環(huán)境影響要素在環(huán)境影響評估中可作如下分類：Abioticenvironmentalcomponents1．非生物的環(huán)境元素Theseabioticenvironmentalcomponentsincludeelementsofphysicalandchemicalenvironmentinthisregardinclude:就這一點而言，非生物的環(huán)境元素包括如下物理及化學環(huán)境元素：Climateandairquality氣候和空氣質量Physiography自然地理學Hydrology水文地理學Hydrooceanography,and水利海洋學Landdevelopment土地開發(fā)BioticenvironmentalcomponentsThesebiologyenvironmentalcomponentsincludeelementsofflora,faunaortheenvironment,whetherlivingonlandandwholiveinthewaters2．生物環(huán)境元素生物環(huán)境元素包括陸生和水生的植物群、動物群或環(huán)境，CulturalenvironmentalcomponentsEnvironmentalcomponentofthiscultureincludessocio-demographyelements,socio-economic,socio-culturalandpublichealth3.文化環(huán)境元素文化環(huán)境元素包括社會人口統(tǒng)計學因素、社會經濟學、社會文化及公共衛(wèi)生。Thethreecomponentsmentionedabovearethingsthatneedhandlingorenvironmentalmanagementoneveryjoborminingactivities.在每一件工作或采礦活動中，上面提到的三個元素都需要治理或者環(huán)境管理。MININGENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT采礦環(huán)境管理Thereareseveralstagesofminingenvironmentalmanagementare:采礦環(huán)境管理分為如下階段：PlanningTechnicalplanningofacomprehensiveminingandfollowthestandardDeterminationofreservesthroughexplorationstudyLicensing(licensingstage,typeofpermit)FeasibilityStudyMiningenvironmentalprotection(EIAdocument)Identifythepotentialforacidminewater規(guī)劃綜合開采的技術規(guī)劃和標準探測研究后儲量的測定申請許可證（申請許可證的步驟及許可證的類型）可行性研究采礦的環(huán)境保護（環(huán)境影響評估文件）識別酸性礦水的潛能OperationalApplyingtheappropriatetechnologyandminingandfollowthetechnicalstandardsbasedonaffectivityandefficiencySlopestabilityPit/ExpitRockpilecapErosionandsedimentationcontrolLiquidwastemanagementandtailingsManagementofhazardouswasteandtoxicmaterialsAcidminewatermanagementReclamationRecoveryfunctionoflandsurfacePreventfloods/landslidesB.操作運用適宜技術采礦、在情感及效率的基礎上遵守技術標準坡面穩(wěn)定性礦井/場外巖石柱承臺侵蝕及沉降控制液狀廢物的管理和尾槳危險廢物及有毒物質的管理酸性礦水的管理開墾地表功能的恢復洪水/滑坡的預防MonitoringQualityofminingsurfacewaterrunoffQualityofrecipientwaterbodiesAirQualitySlopestabilityanderosionratesSoilqualityFloraandfaunaThesuccessofex-mininglandreclamationPublicperceptionC.監(jiān)測采礦地表水徑流的質量受體的水體質量空氣質量坡面穩(wěn)定性及侵蝕率土質動植物群采礦前土地的成功開墾公眾意識MineClosureandReclamationRefillingtheformerminingStockpileoutsidetheminingareaFormerminingroadSedimentationpondOthersupportingfacilitiesRe-vegetationRefillingtheformerminingRefillingoutsidetheminingareaPost-minereclamationthroughthemineclosureplanningD.閉礦及開墾回填已采礦山采礦區(qū)外側的堆積已采礦山的道路沉降池其它的配套設施重新種植回填已采礦山礦區(qū)外部的回填閉礦規(guī)劃之采礦后的土地開墾Theestimatedimpactsarisingfromminingactivities:采礦活動可能產生的影響：Landscapechanges1．景觀的變化Slopestabilitydisturbance2．坡面穩(wěn)定性擾動Thedeclineofphysical-chemicalqualityofwater,soil,andai是不是拼寫錯了？是不是拼寫錯了？3．水、土壤及ai的理化質量的下降Landerosionincreases4．土壤侵蝕的加大Disturbanceoffloraandfaunahabitat5．對植物群棲息地的干擾Changesinlandallotment6．土地分配上的變化Socialunrest7．社會動蕩Toanticipatetheemergenceofenvironmentaldegradation,preventioneffortsmustbeplannedinallcomponents,including:鑒于可能出現環(huán)境惡化的問題，各個部門需做好的預防工作規(guī)劃如下：GovernmentDeterminationoflegislation,preparationoftechnicalguidelines,etc.Improvinghumanresourcesinvariousinstitution.Counseling,guidance,training,socialization.Monitoringandevaluation政府立法決策、技術指南的制備等等；提高各部門的人力資源水平；咨詢、指導、培訓、社交；監(jiān)測及評估。Thetaskofgovernmentis:政府職責：Evaluatingminingcompaniesincarryingouttheprovisions/regulations,supervisetheperformanceofminingcompaniesintheimplementationofeffectiveandefficientmining.評估礦業(yè)公司對規(guī)定/法規(guī)的實施情況,并對礦業(yè)公司有效及高效的開采情況進行監(jiān)督。Proponent(Obligationstobeperformedbefore,duringandtowardstheendofactivities)Feasibilitystudy(technical,economical,environmental)PlanactivitiesbasedontheresultsofadetailedexploitationMineclosureplanReporting建議人（活動前、活動中及活動接近尾聲時義務的履行）可行性研究（技術、經濟、環(huán)境）精細開采基礎上的計劃活動閉礦計劃報告Liabilityinitiatorbefore,during,andtowardstheendofthisactivitymanifestedintheformof:TechnicalAnnualWorkPlanandEnvironmentalManagement(RKTTL)Fieldworkimplementationreportquarterlyandannually.Thelanduseforexploitation.Every5-yearreclamationplanReclamationGuaranteeReportontheimplementationofreclamationEnvironmentalincidentresponsereports發(fā)起人在活動前、活動中及活動接近尾聲時的責任形式：科技年工作計劃及環(huán)境管理(RKTTL)現場工作季度及年度報告的制定開采土地的使用5年一次的開墾計劃開墾保證開墾計劃的實施報告環(huán)境事件響應報告Community3．社區(qū)Inthiscasealsothecommunity'sroleisexpectedamongothersare:UnderstandandconsiderthebenefitsofinvestmentParticipateinthemaintenanceandsupervisionintheframeworkofenvironmentalprotection在此種情況下，社區(qū)在其中的作用是：了解及考慮投資收益；參與環(huán)境保護框架的維護及監(jiān)管Inaddition,thegovernmentthroughtheMinisterofEnvironmentissuesadecreewhichregulateaboutguidelinesforthemanagementofcasesofpollutioncomplaintsand/ordestructionoftheEnvironment(DecreeoftheMinisterofEnvironmentNo.19of2004).Thatwaythepublicexpectedtobeawareandparticipatetomonitoringtheenvironmentaroundher.此外，政府應通過環(huán)境部長發(fā)布規(guī)范污染投訴和或破壞環(huán)境案件管理的指導方針（環(huán)境部長2004年第19號令）。那樣，公眾會期望了解及參與對周邊環(huán)境的監(jiān)督。Therefore,thegovernmentdevelopsagencyforSettlingComplaintsandDisputeupontheEnvironmentundertheProvincialandCounty/CityEnvironmentManagement.因此,政府在省級、縣/市環(huán)境管理下體制下設置環(huán)境投訴及爭端解決機構。EnvironmentalManagementEffortsandEnvironmentalMonitoringPlan(UKL-UPL)areenvironmentalassessmentofbusinessplans/activitieswithasmallerscale.However,theimpactontheenvironmentisnotmuchdifferent,especiallywhenthereareseveralsimilaractivitiesinaregion.環(huán)境管理努力和環(huán)境監(jiān)測計劃（UKL-UPL）是在小范圍內對經營計劃/活動作出環(huán)境評估。然而，對環(huán)境的影響沒有太大差異，特別是當一個地區(qū)有一些類似活動時。Environmentalmanagementplanisbasedonfieldwork(RKL)/EnvironmentalManagementPlan(UKL)現場工作(RKL)/環(huán)境管理計劃(UKL)基礎上的環(huán)境管理計劃Thisisdonesincetheacquisitionoflanduntilthepostmining,alongwiththeprogressofminingasminingworkplanswhichmadesuchas:從獲取開礦的土地到開礦后，隨著采礦工作計劃下采礦進程，環(huán)境管理計劃是這樣實施的：Clearing場地清理Thecriteriaare:ConductedlimitedareatobeminedRemainingplants/grasses/shrubsbecomecompostProhibitedfromengaginginarson場地清理的標準：開礦的土地面積是受限制的；把殘存的植物/雜草/灌木叢做成肥料；禁止放荒。Paringrock/overburden消減巖石/地表土Thecriteriaare:TopsoilremovedandstockpiledseparatelyfortheReclamation/re-vegetationBackfillingsoilcoverinaseparateplaceandsecuredfromerosion,andiftherehasbeenaformerminingareacanbedirectlyusedasfillingmaterial.標準為：為了開墾/重新種植，需要把表土剝離并存放起來；在別處回填覆土并保證不受腐蝕，如有廢礦區(qū)，可直接用作做填充的材料。Mining采礦Thecriteriaare:Implementbackfillingmethodfortheusedmine.Finishmining(totalmining).Donesystematicallyinordertofacilitatetheimplementationofthebackfilling/reclamation.采礦的標準：回填已開過的礦；完成開采（全面開采）；為了方便回填/開墾，應有條理的開礦。Thingsthatneedtobedoneintheenvironmentalmanagementofminingsitesare:采礦地環(huán)境管理事宜：1. Managementoflandcover.Erosionpreventionneedstobeperformedimmediatelywhenbackfillingisdoneontotheminepits.Theneedtostudythegeometryoftheslopedeposits.Theneedtostudythechemicalpropertiesofmaterials.Landarrangementsmustbemade1．土地覆蓋的管理礦坑回填時，應及時的做好防腐工作；應做好斜坡沉積幾何學的研究；必須做好土地整理工作。2. Erosionandsedimentationcontrol. - Plantingcovercrops - Settinganopenlandslope - Makingdrainageandpond - Inthesingleslopeneedstomadetheflowrateregulation/dropstructure - Createanerosioncontrolinfrastructure:checkdams,riprap,insulationbarriers,etc.2．腐蝕及沉降控制種植覆蓋作物；設置敞開的土地斜坡；做好排水系統(tǒng)及水池；在單一的斜坡上應制作流量控制裝置/下降結構。3. Controlofacidminewater. - Identificationoftherockchemicalproperties(fromtheexplorationdrillingdata) - Preventthereactionofacidgeneratingmaterialswithwaterandoxygen - Placementofrockinthepilemustbeobservedandmapped - Coatedwithneutralorneutralizingrock,andmapped3．酸礦水的管理確認巖石的化學特性（從鉆探的數據中）；防止酸性衍生物質與水及氧氣發(fā)生反應；應對堆放的巖石進行觀察并制圖以反映變化；涂上中性巖或中和巖并繪圖以反映變化。4. Minewastemanagement. - Minewaterlocalizedinthesumptobepumpedintothepond - Surfacewateraroundtheminedivertedwiththechanneldodger - Minewatermanaged/neutralizedbeforereleasedintothepublicwater4．采礦廢物處理將污水坑中的礦水用泵抽到水池中；用管道防風屏脫去礦表的水分；礦水在排放到公用水中之前應進行處理/中和。5. Reclamationofformermining. - Ifthereareformerminingarea,immediatelyconductedReclamation-re-vegetation - BesidesfollowingtheFieldWorkPlan(RKL),implementationofReclamation,mustalsocomplywiththegeneralplanlayout - Re-vegetationdoneovertheareaisready,andhasimproveditsfertility. - Setup,landlevelingandarrangementsmadeforthesuccessfulofre-vegetation. - RegulationofMinisterofEnergyandMineralResourcesNo.18of20085．廢礦的開墾應立即對廢礦進行開墾—重新種植；除了遵循現場工作計劃外，開墾還必須與總體規(guī)劃布局一致；應增加清理干凈的復墾區(qū)的土壤肥力；計劃、平整土地及安排應有助于成功的進行重新種植；2008年能源和礦產資源部長規(guī)章第18號。Reclamationactivitiesareanecessityforminingcompanieswhodominingactivitiesinanarea.從事開采活動的礦業(yè)公司有開墾的義務。Intheminister'sregulations,allcompaniesengagedinminingactivitiesarerequir