從句語法知識(shí)

從句語法知識(shí)總結(jié)：從句有主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句6類.前四類由于主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句及同位語從句在句子的功用相當(dāng)于名詞,所以通稱名詞性從句；后兩類定語從句和狀語從句功用相當(dāng)于形容詞,稱為形容詞性從句.狀語從句還可以分為條件狀語從句、原因狀語從句、方位狀語從句和時(shí)間狀語從句.

1.主語從句（SubjectClause）：用作主語的從句叫主語從句.引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有從屬連詞、疑問代詞、疑問副詞、縮合連接代詞、縮合連接副詞等.

2.表語從句（PredicativeClause）：用作表語的從句叫表語從句.引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大都一樣.

3.賓語從句（ObjectClause）：在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句.賓語從句分為三類:動(dòng)詞的賓語從句,介詞的賓語從句和形容詞的賓語從句.

賓語從句(object

clauses)

1、概述

用作賓語的從句叫做賓語從句。賓語從句的位置與陳述句基文體中常省去。

I

\t"/content/15/1011/15/_blank"think

(that)

he'll

be

right

in

a

few

days.我認(rèn)為他幾天后就會(huì)好的。

I

wish

（that）

she

would

understand

me.我希望她理解我。

（2）由關(guān)系代詞what,

who,

whose,

which引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，在句中作成分，即主語、賓語、表語和定語，關(guān)系代詞在句中不能省略。

A

com\t"/content/15/1011/15/_blank"puter

can

only

do

what

you

have

instructed

it

to

do．計(jì)算機(jī)只能按人的指令去做。

Do

you

know

whom

they

are

waiting

for?你知道他們?cè)诘日l嗎？

He

asked

whose

dictionary

it

was.他問這是誰的字典。

He

can't

tell

which

method

they

will

use

for

the

experiment.

他不能斷定他們會(huì)用哪一種方法做實(shí)驗(yàn)。

（3）關(guān)系副詞when，where，how，why等引導(dǎo)賓語從句。

關(guān)系副詞

when，where，how，why

既有疑問意義，又起連接作用，而且在賓語從句中充當(dāng)各種狀語，分別表時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、原因。在句中不能省略。

Please

tell

me

when

we

shall

discuss

our

plan.請(qǐng)告訴我我們將何時(shí)討論計(jì)劃。

I

don't

know

where

we

are

going

to

have

the

meeting.我不知道我們將在哪里開會(huì)。

Will

you

tell

me

how

I

can

get

to

the

station？你能告訴我如何能到車站嗎？

Do

you

know

why

he

said

that?你知道他為什么說那件事嗎？

I

remember

when

this

used

to

be

a

quiet

village．我記得這里曾經(jīng)是一個(gè)僻靜的村莊。

（4）由從屬連詞whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。

I

wonder

whether

(if)

daughters

are

valued

as

much

as

sons

in

the

countryside.我想知道在農(nóng)村女兒是否和兒子一樣受到重視。

I

don't

know

whether

(if)

you

are

willing

to

help

me.我不知道你是否愿意幫我。

注意：whether

和if的區(qū)別，請(qǐng)參考概述部分。

（5）動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+賓語從句。

動(dòng)詞如：advise,

ask,

inform,

promise,

question,

remind,

show,

teach,

tell,

warn等，賓語從句前可以有一個(gè)間接賓語，這個(gè)賓語有時(shí)可以省略，有的不能省略。

He

has

informed

me

when

they

are

to

discuss

my

proposal.

他已經(jīng)通知我們將什么時(shí)候討論我的建議。(me不可省略)

She

promised

(us)

that

she

would

give

us

more

help

later

on.

她答應(yīng)以后給我們更多的幫助。(us可省略)

3、作介詞賓語

It

depends

on

whether

he

is

coming

or

not.這要看他是否會(huì)來。

I

was

curious

as

to

what

we

could

do

next.我想知道下一步我們?cè)撟鍪裁础?/p>

注意：that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句只在in,

but,

except,

besides等少數(shù)介詞后作賓語，形成固定搭配，in

that在于（因?yàn)椋琤ut

that要不是(只是)，except

that除了……。

The

higher

income

tax

is

harmful

in

that

it

may

discourage

people

from

trying

to

earn

more.所得稅過高是有害的，因?yàn)樗赡苁谷瞬辉付噘嶅X。

His

paper

is

perfect

except

that

there

were

some

misprints.

除了一些印刷錯(cuò)誤之外，這篇論文很好。

4、作形容詞賓語。

No

one

can

be

sure

what

man

will

look

like

in

a

million

years．

誰也不知道一百萬年后人類會(huì)變成什么樣子。

I

am

not

certain

whether

I

have

met

\t"/content/15/1011/15/_blank"him

before.我不能肯定從前是否見過他。

I'm

sorry

(that)

you're

ill.你病了，我很難過。

注意：that引導(dǎo)的從句在下列形容詞后面作賓語，that可以省略。anxious,

aware,

certain,

confident,

convinced,

determined,

glad,

proud,

surprised,

worried,

sorry,

thankful,

ashamed,

disappointed,

annoyed,

pleased,

hurt,

satisfied,

content,

proud等。

I'm

\t"/content/15/1011/15/_blank"sure

(that)

he'll

help

you.我確信他會(huì)幫助你。

I'm

glad

(that)he

has

passed

the

exam.我很高興，他考試及格了。

5、it充當(dāng)形式賓語，真正的賓語---賓語從句后置。

正如我們常用it充當(dāng)形式主語代替主語從句一樣，我們也常用it用作形式賓語代替賓語從句，把真正的賓語從句后置。特別是帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中that不可省略。有下列幾種情況：在believe,

consider,

declare,

estimate,

fancy,

feel,

find,

guess,hear,

imagine,

know,

make,

prove,

reckon,

\t"/content/15/1011/15/_blank"think,

understand

等動(dòng)詞接復(fù)合賓語（賓語＋賓補(bǔ)）時(shí)，要用it作形式賓語。

We

find

it

difficult

that

we

should

finish

the

work

on

time．我發(fā)現(xiàn)我們按時(shí)完成工作有困難。

She

thinks

it

wrong

that

he

\t"/content/15/1011/15/_blank"didn't

answer

the

phone．她認(rèn)為他不接電話是不對(duì)的。

（2）在like，enjoy，love,hate,take

等表“喜怒哀樂”的動(dòng)詞，后若要跟賓語從句時(shí)，需跟形式賓語

it。

I

hate

it

when

people

talk

with

their

mouths

full.我不喜歡人們滿口飯說話。

I

like

it

that

e\t"/content/15/1011/15/_blank"veryone

passed

the

exam．都通過了考試我很喜歡。

（3）由動(dòng)詞和介詞構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)詞后接

that

賓語從句時(shí)，要用形式賓語。

We

are

\t"/content/15/1011/15/_blank"thinking

of

it

that

we'll

lend

you

some

money．我正在考慮借給你錢的事。

I

shall

see

to

it

that

he

is

taken

good

care

of

when

you

are

absent.

你不在的時(shí)候我負(fù)責(zé)把他照顧好。

（4）用于“動(dòng)詞+賓語+介詞短語”的句型中。

Keep

it

in

mind

that

you

have

to

be

home

by

ten

o’clock.要記住你得十點(diǎn)鐘之前回家。

We

took

it

for

granted

that

he

would

come.我們認(rèn)為他來是當(dāng)然的。

6、不可直接跟that從句的動(dòng)詞。

下列動(dòng)詞不可直接接that從句：ask,

refuse,

\t"/content/15/1011/15/_blank"let,

like,

cause,

force,

condemn,

admire,

celebrate,

entreat,

dislike（厭惡）,

overlook,

love,

help,

take,

forgive,

bid,

hate,

hear（聽見）,

see（看見）,

want（想要）

等，但可用it,

the

fact做媒介，后接that從句；或接動(dòng)名詞、不定式。

He

overlooked

it

that

he

had

made

another

mistake.(正確)

他忽視了一件事，他又犯了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。

He

overlooked

the

fact

that

he

had

made

another

mistake.

(正確)

He

overlooked

that

he

had

made

another

mistake.(錯(cuò)誤)

I

admire

it

that

they

won

the

match.

(正確)

I

admire

the

fact

that

they

won

the

match.

(正確)

我很羨慕，他們贏得了比賽。

I

admire

that

they

won

the

match.

(錯(cuò)誤)

7、that引導(dǎo)賓語從句的省略。

（1）主句謂語動(dòng)詞是agree,

argue,

\t"/content/15/1011/15/_blank"hold,

learn,

maintain,

observe,

contend,

conceive,

reckon,

remark,

state,

suggest,

assume,

announce,

calculate,

indicate等時(shí)，其后賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that一般不可省略；主句謂語動(dòng)詞是hear,

know,

say,

see,

confess

consider,

declare,

understand,

propose等時(shí)，其后賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略，也可以不省略；主句謂語動(dòng)詞是\t"/content/15/1011/15/_blank"think,

suppose,

believe,

presume,

dare

say等時(shí)，其后賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略。

He

suggested

that

we

should

set

off

at

8

o’clock

tomorrow

morning.

他建議我們明天早晨8點(diǎn)走。(that不可省略)

I

\t"/content/15/1011/15/_blank"think

(that)

this

is

\t"/content/15/1011/15/_blank"very

important.我認(rèn)為這很重要。(that可省略)

（2）當(dāng)一個(gè)句子很復(fù)雜，句中有多個(gè)狀語時(shí)，that不可省略；或者一個(gè)句子有多個(gè)并列的賓語從句時(shí)，特別第一個(gè)賓語從句特別長，后面的賓語從句的that不可省略；謂語動(dòng)詞與that從句之間有插入語時(shí)，that不可省去。

He

said

you

needn't

worry

and

that

he

would

help

you

.

他說你沒有必要著急，他會(huì)幫助你的。（said之后可省去that，但第二個(gè)that不可省去）

We

decide,

as

he

has

suggested,

that

we

will

start

out

tomorrow.

就像他建議的那樣，我們決定明天動(dòng)身。

8、否定轉(zhuǎn)移與省略

（1）如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是“think,

consider,

suppose,

believe,

expect,

fancy,

guess,

reckon,

imagine等，主語是第一人稱的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，其后的賓語從句如含有否定意義，一定要把否定詞一道主句謂語上，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用肯定形式。

I

don’t

think

he

can

do

it

better

than

me.我想他不會(huì)比我干得好。

I

don’t

believe

he

treated

the

child

like

that.我相信他不會(huì)那樣對(duì)待孩子的。

（2）如果\t"/content/15/1011/15/_blank"think,

consider,

suppose,

believe,

expect,

fancy,

guess,

reckon,

imagine等前有副詞或表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的do,

does,

did；或者同其它詞構(gòu)成并列謂語；或者不以現(xiàn)在時(shí)出現(xiàn)；或者用作插入語中。這時(shí)候不用否定轉(zhuǎn)移。

I

really

expect

she

\t"/content/15/1011/15/_blank"didn’t

say

that

to

\t"/content/15/1011/15/_blank"him.我確實(shí)希望她不和他說那件事。

I

think

and

hope

that

he

won’t

be

deceived

by

the

man.我認(rèn)為也希望他不會(huì)被那個(gè)人欺騙。

（3）think,

consider,

suppose,

believe,

expect,

fancy,

guess,

reckon,

imagine等此類動(dòng)詞后，在簡略答語中，用

so

替代前文肯定的賓語從句；若替代一個(gè)否定的賓語從句，用

not

或

not…so

替代前文整個(gè)從句。

-I

believe

we've

met

somewhere

before．我認(rèn)為我們從前在哪見過。

-No，I

don't

think

so．沒有，我認(rèn)為我們以前沒見過。

-Do

you

\t"/content/15/1011/15/_blank"think

it's

going

to

rain

over

the

weekend？你認(rèn)為這周末會(huì)下雨嗎？

-I

believe

not．我認(rèn)為不會(huì)。

注意：hope

只能說

I

hope

not

一種形式，因?yàn)?/p>

hope

不能否定轉(zhuǎn)移。

9、時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)與語序。

在賓語從句中只能用陳述句語序，時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)上要遵循以下三條原則：

（1）如果主句謂語是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，賓語從句的謂語可根據(jù)意思的需要使用任何一種時(shí)態(tài)。

Can

you

make

\t"/content/15/1011/15/_blank"sure

where

Alice

has

\t"/content/15/1011/15/_blank"put

the

gold

ring？你能確定愛麗絲把金戒指放到什么地方了嗎？

They

have

no

idea

at

all

where

he

has

gone．他們一點(diǎn)也不知道他去了哪。

Do

you

know

who

he

was

talking

with

at

eight

last

night？你知道他昨晚和誰一起說話嗎？

（2）如果主句謂語是一般過去時(shí)，賓語從句要用表示過去的某一時(shí)態(tài)。

He

said

he

would

come

to

see

us

the

next

day.他說他明天將來看我們。

I

wanted

to

know

whether

he

had

been

to

Beijing.我想知道他是否去過北京。

（3）如果賓語從句是表示客觀事實(shí)、真理等，不管主句是什么時(shí)態(tài)，賓語從句一律用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

Dick

asked

Lucy

how

old

she

is．迪克問露斯她多大了。

The

teacher

said

the

sun

rises

in

the

east．老師說太陽從東方升起。

要點(diǎn)一、高中賓語從句要點(diǎn)之時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)

1.

如果主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)或祈使句時(shí),賓語從句可根據(jù)情況使用各種時(shí)態(tài)。例如:

Ihearsheisheretoday(shewashereyesterday/shewillbeheretomorrow.)

2.

如果主句是一般過去時(shí),賓語從句應(yīng)使用過去時(shí)態(tài)的某種形式。例如:

HesaidhewaswatchingTV(hehadsweptthefloor/hewouldplayfootballafterschool)。

3.

如賓語從句所敘述的是客觀事實(shí)、自然現(xiàn)象或科學(xué)真理等,從句不受主句時(shí)態(tài)限制,仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如:

Ourteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.

二、高中賓語從句要點(diǎn)之引導(dǎo)詞的使用

1.

當(dāng)賓語從句由陳述句變化而來時(shí),用that來引導(dǎo)從句,that常無具體意義,一般可省略。例如:

LinTaothought(that)theTVplaywasveryboring.

2.

當(dāng)賓語從句是由一般疑問句變化而來時(shí),要用if或whether來引導(dǎo)從句。例如:

Davidaskedhismotherif/whethershelikedthedinnerlastnight.

3.

當(dāng)賓語從句是由特殊疑問句變化而來時(shí),原句中的疑問詞充當(dāng)連接代詞(如who,whose,what,which)或連接副詞(如when,where,why,how),引導(dǎo)賓語從句。例如:

Doyouknowwhatwecandoontheisland?

Idon’tknowwhyJanewaslateforschoolthismorning.

三、高中賓語從句要點(diǎn)之語序的陳述化

賓語從句一般要用陳述句語序。例如:

Whendidheleave?Iwanttoknow.

→Iwanttoknowwhenheleft.

Doestheshopcloseatsixeveryday?Doyouknow?

→Doyouknowif/whethertheshopclosesatsixeveryday?

四、高中賓語從句要點(diǎn)之否定轉(zhuǎn)移

當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞為think,believe,suppose等動(dòng)詞,且主語為第一人稱時(shí),從句的否定要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上。例如:

Idon’tbelieveheishereontime,ishe?

Idon’tthinkTomisthebeststudentinhisclass,ishe?

二、定語從句（一）定義及相關(guān)術(shù)語

1．定語從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。

2．先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。

3．關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。

關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that,

which,

who,

whom,

whose,

as等；關(guān)系副詞有when,

where,

why等。

關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個(gè)作用：A、引導(dǎo)定語從句；B、代替先行詞；C、在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。例如：

The

man

who

is

shaking

hands

with

my

father

is

a

policeman.

該句中，who

is

shaking

hands

with

my

father

是定語從句，修飾先行詞the

man，

“who”是引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞，代替先行詞the

man，在定語從句中作主語。（二）關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

1．who

指人，在定語從句中作主語。

The

boys

who

are

playing

football

are

from

Class

One.

正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。

Those

who

want

to

go

to

the

museum

must

be

at

the

school

gate

at

7

tomorrow

morning.

想去博物館的人必須在明晨7點(diǎn)到大門口集合。

Yesterday

I

helped

an

old

man

who

had

lost

his

way.

昨天我?guī)椭艘晃幻月返睦先恕?/p>

That

is

the

teacher

who

teaches

us

physics.

那就是教我們物理的老師。

2．whom

指人，在定語從句中做賓語，?？墒÷?。

Mr

Liu

is

the

person

(

whom

)

you

talked

about

on

the

bus.

劉先生就是你們?cè)诠财嚿险務(wù)摰哪莻€(gè)人。

Li

Ming

is

just

the

boy

(

whom

)

I

want

to

see.

李明正是我想要見的男孩。The

professor

(

whom

)

you

are

waiting

for

has

come.

你正在等的教授已經(jīng)來了。

The

girl

(

whom

)

the

teacher

often

praises

is

our

monitor.

老師經(jīng)常表揚(yáng)的那個(gè)女孩是我們的班長。

注意：關(guān)系代詞whom

在口語或非正式文體中?？捎脀ho

來代替，也可省略。

The

man

(

whom

/

who

)you

met

just

now

is

my

old

friend.3．Which

指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，做賓語時(shí)?？墒÷?。

Football

is

a

game

which

is

liked

by

most

boys.

足球是大多數(shù)男孩所喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)。

The

factory

which

makes

computers

is

far

away

from

here.

制造計(jì)算機(jī)的那家公司離這兒很遠(yuǎn)。

He

likes

to

read

books

which

are

written

by

foreign

writers.

他喜歡外國作家寫的書。

The

house

which

is

by

the

lake

looks

nice.

湖邊的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。

This

is

the

pen

(

which

)

he

bought

yesterday.

這是他昨天買的鋼筆。

The

film

(

which

)

they

went

to

see

last

night

was

not

interesting

at

all.

他們昨晚看的電影一點(diǎn)意思也沒有。

4．That

指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who

或whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which.。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)?？墒÷浴?/p>

The

number

of

people

that

/

who

come

to

visit

this

city

each

year

reaches

one

million.

每年來參觀這座城市的人數(shù)達(dá)一百萬。Where

is

the

man

that

/

whom

I

saw

this

morning?

我今天早上看到的那個(gè)人在哪兒？

The

person

that

/whom

you

introduced

to

me

is

very

kind.

你介紹給我的那個(gè)人很友好。

The

season

that

/

which

comes

after

spring

is

summer.

春天以后的季節(jié)是夏季。

Yesterday

I

received

a

letter

that

/

which

came

from

Australia.

昨天我收到了一封來自澳大利亞的信。

5．Whose

通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語。

I

visited

a

scientist

whose

name

is

known

all

over

the

country.

我拜訪了一個(gè)全國知名的科學(xué)家。

He

has

a

friend

whose

father

is

a

doctor.

他有一個(gè)爸爸當(dāng)醫(yī)生的朋友。

I

once

lived

in

the

house

whose

roof

has

fallen

in.

我曾經(jīng)住在那幢屋頂已經(jīng)倒塌了的房子里。

注意：指物時(shí)，常用下列結(jié)構(gòu)來代替：

The

classroom

whose

door

is

broken

will

soon

be

repaired.

The

classroom

the

door

of

which

is

broken

will

soon

be

repaired.

Do

you

like

the

book

whose

cover

is

yellow?

Do

you

like

the

book

the

cover

of

which

is

yellow?

（三）“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句

關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。

The

school

(which

/

that)

he

once

studied

in

is

very

famous.

The

school

in

which

he

once

studied

is

very

famous.

他曾經(jīng)就讀過的學(xué)校很出名。

Tomorrow

I’ll

bring

here

the

magazine

(which

/

that)

you

asked

for.

Tomorrow

I’ll

bring

here

the

magazine

for

which

you

asked.明天我將把你要的雜志帶來。

This

is

the

boy

(whom

/

who

/

that)

I

played

tennis

with

yesterday.

This

is

the

boy

with

whom

I

played

tennis

with

yesterday.

這是我昨天跟他打臺(tái)球的男孩。

We’ll

go

to

hear

the

famous

singer

(whom

/

who

/

that)

we

have

often

talked

about.

We’ll

go

to

hear

the

famous

singer

about

whom

we

have

often

talked.我們將去聽那位我們經(jīng)常談?wù)摰闹璩已莩?/p>

The

manager

whose

company

I

work

in

pays

much

attention

to

improving

our

working

conditions.

The

manager

in

whose

company

I

work

pays

much

attention

to

improving

our

working

conditions.

我工作的那家公司的經(jīng)理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。

注意：１．

含有介詞的短語動(dòng)詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動(dòng)詞的后面。如：look

for,

look

after,

take

care

of

等。

This

is

the

watch

(which

/

that)

I

am

looking

for.

(正)

這是我正在找的手表。

This

is

the

watch

for

which

I

am

looking

.

(誤)

The

babies

(whom

/

who

/

that)

the

nurse

is

looking

after

are

very

healthy.

(正)

那個(gè)保姆照看的小寶寶們都很健康。

The

babies

after

whom

the

nurse

is

looking

are

very

healthy.

（誤）

２．若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)只可用whom，不可用who,

that；關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí)只可用which，不可用that。關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose。

The

man

with

whom

you

talked

just

now

is

my

neighbour.

(正)

你剛才跟他談話的那個(gè)人是我的鄰居。

The

man

with

that

/

who

you

talked

just

now

is

my

neighbour.

(誤)

The

plane

in

which

we

flew

to

Canada

was

really

comfortable.

(正)我們?nèi)ゼ幽么笏俗娘w機(jī)實(shí)在很舒服。

The

plane

in

that

we

flew

to

Canada

was

really

comfortable.

(誤)

３．“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some,

any,

none,

all,

both,

neither,

many,

most,

each,

few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。如：

He

loves

his

parents

deeply,

both

of

whom

are

very

kind

to

him.

他深深地愛著他的父母，他們倆待他都很好。

In

the

basket

there

are

quite

many

apples,

some

of

which

have

gone

bad.

籃子里有好些蘋果，有些已經(jīng)壞了。

There

are

forty

students

in

our

class

in

all,

most

of

whom

are

from

big

cities.

我們班總共有４０個(gè)學(xué)生，大多數(shù)來自大城市。

Up

to

now,

he

has

written

ten

stories,

three

of

which

are

about

country

life.

迄今為止，他寫了１０部小說，其中３部是關(guān)于農(nóng)村生活的。詞＋關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句特例

1)......，...of+關(guān)系代詞。2)which代替this/that/the

（四）關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

1．

when

指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。

I

still

remember

the

day

when

I

first

came

to

this

school.

我仍然記得我第一次來到這所學(xué)校的那一天。

The

time

when

we

got

together

finally

arrived.

我們團(tuán)聚的時(shí)刻終于到了。

October

1,

1949

was

the

day

when

the

People’s

Republic

of

China

was

founded.

1949年10月1日是中華人民共和國成立的日子。

Do

you

remember

the

years

when

he

lived

in

the

countryside

with

his

grandparents.

你還記得在農(nóng)村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年嗎？

2．

where

指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。

Shanghai

is

the

city

where

I

was

born.

上海是我出生的城市。

The

house

where

I

lived

ten

years

ago

has

been

pulled

down.

我十年前住的房子已經(jīng)被拆掉了。

I

visited

the

farm

where

a

lot

of

cows

were

raised

.

我參觀了那個(gè)飼養(yǎng)了許多奶牛的農(nóng)場(chǎng)。

Is

this

the

place

where

they

fought

the

enemy?

這是他們當(dāng)初打敵人的地方嗎？

3．

why

指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。

Please

tell

me

the

reason

why

you

missed

the

plane.

請(qǐng)告訴我你誤機(jī)的原因。

The

reason

why

he

was

punished

is

unknown

to

us.

他受懲罰的原因我們都不知道。

I

don’t

know

the

reason

why

he

looks

unhappy

today.

我不知道他今天為什么看上去不愉快。

注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句經(jīng)?？梢杂谩敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句來表示。如：

From

the

years

when

/

in

which

he

was

going

to

primary

school

in

the

country

he

had

known

what

he

wanted

to

be

when

he

grew

up.

自從他在農(nóng)村讀小學(xué)時(shí)，他就已經(jīng)知道長大后要做什么。

Great

changes

are

taking

place

in

the

city

where

/

in

which

they

live.

他們生活的城市正發(fā)生巨大的變化。

The

reason

why

/

for

which

he

refused

the

invitation

is

quite

clear.

他為什么拒絕接受邀請(qǐng)的原因是十分明了的。

（五）限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句

限制性定語從句

形式上：不用逗號(hào)“，”與主句隔開。意義上：是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達(dá)不完整。譯法上：譯成先行詞的定語：“．．．的”關(guān)系詞的使用上：A．作賓語時(shí)可省略

B．可用that

C．可用who

代替whom

非限制性定語從句

形式上：用逗號(hào)“，”與主句隔開。

意義上：只是對(duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明，如刪除，主句仍能表達(dá)完整的意思。

譯法上：通常譯成主句的并列句。

關(guān)系詞的使用上：A．不可省略

B．不用that

C．不可用who

代替whom

限制性定語從句舉例：

The

teacher

told

me

that

Tom

was

the

only

person

that

I

could

depend

on.

老師告訴我說湯姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。

China

is

a

country

which

has

a

long

history.

中國是一個(gè)歷史悠久的國家。

In

the

street

I

saw

a

man

who

was

from

Africa.

在街上我看到一個(gè)來自非洲的人。

非限制性定語從句舉例

：

His

mother,

who

loves

him

very

much,

is

strict

with

him.

他媽媽十分地愛他，對(duì)他要求很嚴(yán)格。

China,

which

was

founded

in

1949,

is

becoming

more

and

more

powerful.

中國是1949年成立的，

現(xiàn)在正變得越來越強(qiáng)大。

Last

summer

I

visited

the

People’s

Great

Hall,

in

which

many

important

meetings

are

held

every

year.

去年夏天，我參觀了人民大會(huì)堂，在那兒每年都要舉行許多重要會(huì)議。

（一）限制性定語從句中只能用that

引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況

1．當(dāng)先行詞是everything,

anything,

nothing

(something

除外),

all,

none,

few,

little,

some等不定代詞時(shí)，或當(dāng)先行詞受every,

any,

all,

some,

no,

little,

few,

much等代詞修飾時(shí)。如：

Have

you

taken

down

everything

that

Mr.

Li

said?

李老師講的你都記下來了嗎？

There

seems

to

be

nothing

that

is

impossible

to

him

in

the

world.

對(duì)他來說似乎世界上沒有什么不可能的事。

All

that

can

be

done

has

been

done.

所有能做的都做好了。

There

is

little

that

I

can

do

for

you.

我不能為你干什么。

He

stayed

in

the

library

and

looked

up

any

information

that

they

needed.

他呆在圖書館查找所需的資料。

注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who，如：

Any

man

that

/

who

has

a

sense

of

duty

won’t

do

such

a

thing.

任何有責(zé)任感的人都不會(huì)做這樣的事。

All

the

guests

that

/

who

were

invited

to

her

wedding

were

important

people.

所有應(yīng)邀來參加她婚禮的客人都是重要人物。

2．當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。如：

The

first

place

that

they

visited

in

London

was

the

Big

Ben.

在倫敦他們參觀的第一個(gè)地方是大本鐘。

3．當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。如：

This

is

the

best

film

that

I

have

ever

seen.

這是我看過的最好的電影。

4．當(dāng)先行詞被the

very,

the

only修飾時(shí)。如：

This

is

the

very

dictionary

that

I

want

to

buy.

這正是我要買的詞典。

After

the

fire

in

his

house,

the

old

car

is

the

only

thing

that

he

owns.

家里發(fā)生了火災(zāi)過后，那輛舊車成了他的唯一擁有。

注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who。如：

Wang

Hua

is

the

only

person

in

our

school

who

will

attend

the

meeting.

王華是我校唯一出席會(huì)議的人。

5．當(dāng)先行詞前面有who,

which等疑問代詞時(shí)。如：

Who

is

the

man

that

is

standing

by

the

gate?

站在門口的那個(gè)人是誰？

Which

is

the

T-shirt

that

fits

me

most?

哪件T恤衫最合我的身？

6．當(dāng)先行詞為人與動(dòng)物或人與物時(shí)。如：

They

talked

about

the

persons

and

things

that

they

remembered

at

school

他們談?wù)撝麄兯苡浧鸬脑谛r(shí)的人和事。

Look

at

the

man

and

his

donkey

that

are

walking

up

the

street.瞧瞧那個(gè)沿街走來的人和他的

毛驢。（二）關(guān)系代詞as和which

引導(dǎo)的定語從句

as

和which

引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，

其用法有相同之處，也有不同之處。具體情況是：

1.

as

和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或賓語，代表前面整個(gè)句子。如：

He

married

her,

as

/

which

was

natural.

他跟她結(jié)婚了，這是很自然的事。

He

is

honest,

as

/

which

we

can

see.

他很誠實(shí)，

這一點(diǎn)我們看得出來。

2.

as

引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至還可以分割主句。

which

引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只可放在主句之后。另外，as

常常有“正如、正像”的含義。如：

As

is

known

to

all,

China

is

a

developing

country.

眾所周知，中國是發(fā)展中國家。

He

is

from

the

south,

as

we

can

know

from

his

accent.

他是南方人，這一點(diǎn)我們從他的口音可以知道。

John,

as

you

know,

is

a

famous

writer.

正如你所知，

約翰是個(gè)著名作家。

Zhang

Hua

has

been

to

Paris

more

than

ten

times,

which

I

don’t

believe.

張華已去過巴黎十多次了，這一點(diǎn)我不相信。

注意：當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，關(guān)系詞往往只用which。如：

Tom

was

late

for

school

again

and

again,

which

made

his

teacher

very

angry.

湯姆老是遲到，這使得老師很惱火。

These

tables

are

made

of

metal,

which

made

them

very

heavy.

這些桌子是金屬的，這使得這些桌子很重。

1.

當(dāng)先行詞受such,

the

same

修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系詞常用as。

如：

I’ve

never

heard

such

stories

as

he

tells.

我從未聽過象他講的這樣的故事。

He

is

not

such

a

fool

as

he

looks.

他可不象他看上去的那樣傻。

This

is

the

same

dictionary

as

I

lost

last

week.

這部詞典跟我上星期丟失的一樣。

注意：當(dāng)先行詞受the

same

修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用

that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思有區(qū)別。如：

She

wore

the

same

dress

that

she

wore

at

Mary’s

wedding.

她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一條連衣裙。

She

wore

the

same

dress

as

her

younger

sister

wore.

她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的連衣裙。

(三)

以the

way為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常由in

which或that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷?。如：

The

way

(that

/

in

which

)

he

answered

the

questions

was

surprising.

他回答這些問題的方式令人驚奇。

I

don’t

like

the

way

(that

/

in

which)

you

laugh

at

her.

我不喜歡你沖她的樣子。

（四）關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇

用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句主要看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中的作用（即所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑?。試比較：

A.

I

know

a

place

where

we

can

have

a

picnic.

我知道一個(gè)我們可以野炊的地方。

I

know

a

place

which

/

that

is

famous

for

its

beautiful

natural

scenery.

我知道一個(gè)以自然景

色優(yōu)美而聞名的地方。

B.

I

will

never

forget

the

days

when

we

spent

our

holidays

together.

我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度假的日子。

I

will

never

forget

the

days

that

/

which

we

spent

together.

我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度過的日子。

C.

This

is

the

reason

why

he

was

dismissed.

這就是他被解雇的原因。

This

is

the

reason

that

/

which

he

explained

to

me

for

his

not

attending

the

meeting.

這就是他向我解釋的他沒有參加會(huì)議的原因。

（五）but

有時(shí)也用作關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。如：

There

are

very

few

but

admire

his

talents.很少有人不贊賞他的才干的。（but

=

who

don’t）

（六）定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別

1．定語從句修飾限定先行詞，它與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，它與先行詞是同位關(guān)系。

The

plane

that

has

just

taken

off

is

for

Paris.

（定語從句）

剛剛起飛的那架飛機(jī)是開往巴黎的。

The

fact

that

he

has

already

died

is

quite

clear.

（同位語從句）

他已經(jīng)去世了，這個(gè)事實(shí)很明了。

2．定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)相應(yīng)的句子成分，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時(shí)經(jīng)?？墒÷?。同位語從句主要由連詞that

引導(dǎo)，在從句中一般不擔(dān)當(dāng)成分；有時(shí)也由where,

when,

how,

who,

whether,

what

等連詞引導(dǎo)，這些連詞則在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。

The

news

that

he

told

me

is

true.

（定語從句）

他告訴我的消息是真的。

The

news

that

he

has

just

died

is

true.

（同位語從句）

他剛剛?cè)ナ懒?，這個(gè)消息是真的。

The

problem

that

we

are

facing

now

is

how

we

can

collect

so

much

money.

(定語從句)

我們現(xiàn)在面臨的問題是如何籌集這么多資金。

The

problem

how

we

can

collect

so

much

money

is

difficult

to

solve.

（同位語從句）

我們?nèi)绾位I集這么多資金，這個(gè)問題很難解決。

The

question

that

he

raised

puzzled

all

of

us.

（定語從句）

他提出的問題讓我們很為難。

The

question

whether

he

is

sure

to

win

the

game

is

hard

to

answer.

（同位語從句）

他是否一定會(huì)贏得那場(chǎng)比賽，這個(gè)問題很難回答。

3．同位語從句與先行詞一般可以用動(dòng)詞be發(fā)展成一個(gè)完整的句子,

而定語從句則不能。如：

A.

The

idea

that

he

we

could

ask

the

teacher

for

advice

is

wonderful.

（同位語從句）我們可以向老師請(qǐng)教，這個(gè)主意不錯(cuò)。

The

idea

was

that

we

could

ask

the

teacher

for

advice.

B.

The

fact

that

the

earth

moves

around

the

sun

is

known

to

all.

（同位語從句）

地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)，這個(gè)事實(shí)人人皆知。

The

fact

is

that

the

earth

moves

around

the

sun.

C.

Pay

attention

to

the

problem

how

we

can

protect

the

wild

animals.

（同位語從句）

請(qǐng)注意如何保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物這個(gè)問題。

The

problem

is

how

we

can

protect

the

wild

animals.三、狀語從句狀語從句主要用來修飾主句或主句的謂語。一般可分為九大類,分別表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、比較和方式。盡管種類較多,但由于狀語從句與漢語結(jié)構(gòu)和用法相似,所以理解和掌握它并不難。狀語從句的關(guān)鍵是要掌握引導(dǎo)不同狀語從句的常用連接詞和特殊的連接詞即考點(diǎn)?，F(xiàn)分別列舉如下:1、時(shí)間狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞:when,as,while,assoonas,while,before,after,since,till,until特殊引導(dǎo)詞:theminute,themoment,thesecond,everytime,theday,theinstant,immediately,directly,nosooner…than,hardly…when,scarcely…whenIdidn'trealizehowspecialmymotherwasuntil