2010高考研討會材料-(書面表達(dá)題的設(shè)計)

2010高考研討會材料-(書面表達(dá)題的設(shè)計)第一頁，共25頁。提綱寫作的解讀TOEFL2000寫作評價的目標(biāo)寫作試題設(shè)計的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)寫作試題設(shè)計的過程寫作試題的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第二頁，共25頁。寫作的解讀Writingis“anactthattakesplacewithinacontext,thataccomplishesaparticularpurpose,andthatisappropriatelyshapedforitsintendedaudience”(Hamp-Lyons&Kroll,1997)Wewritemainlytocommunicatewithotherhumans”(Hayes,1996,p.5)Languagehasconventionallydefinedwritingasoneoffourbasic,integratedlanguageskills.Writinghasbeenviewedalternativelyasthetransmittalofknowledge,thecreationofknowledge,andachannelforthehumanimagination.第三頁，共25頁。TOEFL2000寫作評價的目標(biāo)TheTOEFL2000writingassessmentshouldrequirestudentstoproduceandsustaininwritingcoherent,appropriate,andpurposefultextsinresponsetoassignedtasks.TheTOEFL2000writingassessmentshouldallowforatotalwritingtimeofbetween60to75minutes.TheTOEFL2000writingassessmentshouldelicitwritingintegraltoacademicenvironmentsandcontexts.TheTOEFL2000writingassessmentshouldselecttasksthoughttomaximallygeneralizeandtoberecognizedasimportantacrossdisciplines.第四頁，共25頁。TOEFL2000寫作評價的目標(biāo)TheTOEFL2000writingassessmentshouldcontainwritingtasksthatvarywithrespecttotheirdependenceonreadingandlisteningmaterials.TheTOEFL2000writingassessmentshouldplaceemphasison(i.e.,evaluateandscore)writtentextsbutalsofacilitateavarietyofwritingprocesses.TheTOEFL2000writingassessmentshouldidentifywritingtasksthatwilldiscriminatemostatmiddletoupperlevelsofEFL/ESLwritingproficiency.8.TheTOEFL2000writingassessmentshouldscorewritingtasksbasedoncharacteristicsofwrittentextsthatexamineesproduceaswellasscorers’processesofreadingthosetexts.第五頁，共25頁。寫作試題設(shè)計的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Wehavetosetwritingtasksthatareproperlyrepresentativeofthepopulationoftasksthatweshouldexpectthestudentstobeabletoperform.Thetasksshouldelicitsamplesofwritingwhichtrulyrepresentthestudents’ability.Itisessentialthatthesamplesofwritingcanandwillbescoredreliably.第六頁，共25頁。寫作試題設(shè)計的過程Specifyingallappropriatetasksandselectingasample

Wehavetobeclearattheoutsetjustwhattaskstesteesshouldbeabletoperform.Thesetasksshouldbeidentifiedinthetestspecifications.Thespecificationsofcontentinclude:Operations:thetasksthattesteeshavetobeabletocarryoutTypesoftext:letters,forms,academicessays,etc.Addressees:peoplethattesteesareexpectedtobeabletowritetoTopics:selectedaccordingtosuitabilityfortesteesandthetypeoftest第七頁，共25頁。寫作試題設(shè)計的過程Forexample:

Thepurposeofthetestwastodiscoverwhetherastudent’swrittenEnglishwasadequateforstudythroughthemediumofEnglishataparticularoverseasuniversity.Operations:describe,explain,compareandcontrast,argueTexttype:examinationanswersuptotwoparagraphsinlengthAddressees:nativespeakerandnon-nativespeakeruniversitylecturersTopics:anycapableofacademictreatment第八頁，共25頁。寫作試題設(shè)計的過程Obtainingsamplesthatproperlyrepresenteachtestee’sabilitysetasmanyasisfeasibledependingonhowaccuratetheinformationhastobeTestonlywritingabilityForexample:Writetheconversationyouhavewithafriendabouttheholidayyouplantohavetogether.Youspendayearabroad.Whileyouarethere,youareaskedtotalktoagroupofyoungpeopleaboutlifeinyourcountry.Writedownwhatyouwouldsaytothem.“Envyisthesinwhichmostharmsthesinner.”Discuss.Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofbeingbornintoawealthyfamily.第九頁，共25頁。寫作試題設(shè)計的過程RestricttesteesTesteesshouldknowjustwhatisrequiredofthem,andtheyshouldnotbeallowedtogotoofarastray.Ausefuldeviceistoprovideinformationintheformofnotes.Carehastobetakenwhennotesaregivennottoprovidestudentswithtoomuchofwhattheyneedinordertocarryoutthetask.Fullsentencesaregenerallytobeavoided,particularlywheretheycanbeincorporatedintothecompositionwithlittleornochange.第十頁，共25頁。寫作試題設(shè)計的過程Forexample:ComparethebenefitsofauniversityeducationinEnglishwithitsdrawbacks.Useallofthepointsgivenbelowandcometoaconclusion.Youshouldwriteaboutonepage.a)Arabic1.Easierforstudents2.Easierformostteachers3.Savesayearinmostcasesb)English1.BooksandscientificsourcesmostlyinEnglish2.Internationallanguage–moreandbetterjobopportunities3.Learningsecondlanguagepartofeducation/culture

第十一頁，共25頁。寫作試題的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)HolisticscoringItinvolvestheassignmentofasinglescoretoapieceofwritingonthebasisofanoverallimpressionofit.1.ScoringsystemintheEnglish-mediumuniversity:NSNativespeakerstandardNS-ClosetonativespeakerstandardMAClearlymorethanadequateMA-Possiblymorethanadequate

AAdequateforstudyatthisuniversityDDoubtfulNAClearlynotadequateFBAFarbelowadequacy第十二頁，共25頁。寫作試題的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2.BandScoreofonetoninefortheBirtishCouncil’sELTStest(TheBritishCouncil1986)3.TheACTFLcriteria:Novice-LowIntermediate-LowNovice-MidIntermediate-MidNovice-HighIntermediate-High

第十三頁，共25頁。寫作試題的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)AnalyticMethodsofScoringItrequiresaseparatescoreforeachofanumberofaspectsofatask.第十四頁，共25頁。寫作試題的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ThefollowingscaledevisedbyJohnAndersonGrammar_6.Few(Ifany)noticeableerrorsofgrammarorwordorder._5.Someerrorsofgrammarorwordorderwhichdonot,however,interferewithcomprehension.…_2.Errorsofgrammarorwordorderveryfrequent;readeroftenhastorelyonowninterpretation._1.Errorsofgrammarorwordordersosevereastomakecomprehensionvirtuallyimpossible.第十五頁，共25頁。寫作試題的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Vocabulary_6.Useofvocabularyandidiomrarely(ifatall)distinguishablefromthatofeducatednativewriter._4.Useswrongorinappropriatewordsfairlyfrequently;expressionofideasmaybelimitedbecauseofinadequatevocabulary.…_3.Limitedvocabularyandfrequenterrorsclearlyhinderexpressionofideas._1.Vocabularylimitationsoextremeastomakecomprehensionvirtuallyimpossible.第十六頁，共25頁。寫作試題的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Mechanics_6.Few(Ifany)noticeablelapseinpunctuationorspelling._5.Occasionallapseinpunctuationorspellingwhichdonot,however,interferewithcomprehension.…_2.Errorsinspellingorpunctuationsofrequentthatreadermustoftenrelyonowninterpretation._1.Errorsinspellingorpunctuationsosevereastomakecomprehensionvirtuallyimpossible.第十七頁，共25頁。寫作試題的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Fluency(styleandeaseofcommunication)_6.Choiceofstructureandvocabularyconsistentlyappropriate;likethatofeducatednativewriter._4.‘Patchy’,withsomestructuresorvocabularyitemsnoticeablyinappropriatetogeneralstyle._3.Structureorvocabularyitemssometimesnotonlyinappropriatebutalsomisused;littlesenseofeaseofcommunication._1.A‘hotch-potch’ofhalf-learnedmisusedstructuresandvocabularyitemsrenderingcommunicationalmostimpossible.第十八頁，共25頁。寫作試題的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Form(organisation)_6.Highlyorganised;clearprogressionofideaswelllinked;likeeducatednativewriter._5.Materialweorganised;linkscouldocaasionallybeclearerbutcommunicationnotimpaired._4.Somelackoforganisaton;re-readingrequiredforclarificationofideas._3.Littleornoattemptatconnectivity,thoughreadercandeducesomeorganisation._2.Individualideasmaybeclear,butverydifficulttodeduceconnectionbetween._1.Lackoforganisationsoseverethatcommunicationisseriouslyimpaired.第十九頁，共25頁。書面表達(dá)試題命題策略1．考點(diǎn)

高考考試大綱規(guī)定的書面表達(dá)考查的能力是：“準(zhǔn)確使用語法和詞匯；使用一定的句型、詞匯，清楚、連貫地表達(dá)自己的意思?！憋@然，這里只是要求準(zhǔn)確使用一定句型、詞匯進(jìn)行表達(dá)即可。其最高分的要求為：完全完成了試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)；覆蓋所有內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)；應(yīng)用了較多的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯；詞法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面有些許錯誤，但為盡力使用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級詞匯所致；有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊；完全達(dá)到了預(yù)期的寫作目的。我們可以具體轉(zhuǎn)化為：

1）信息完整，內(nèi)容無缺失；2）語言結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)確、豐富，有多種語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯，有較復(fù)雜語法結(jié)構(gòu)和較難詞匯，有從句；3）語篇要連貫，語句之間要有邏輯聯(lián)系。第二十頁，共25頁。書面表達(dá)試題命題策略2．題干題干包括材料和要求兩部分。所給材料要恰當(dāng)，尤其是英文的背景材料不宜過多，不宜過細(xì)。說明外國背景時，可以給英文材料；說明中國背景時，可以給中文背景材料。英文材料應(yīng)在150詞以內(nèi)，中文材料應(yīng)在100字以內(nèi)。也可以使用圖、圖表、表格都可以作為背景材料。背景材料的理解應(yīng)該不具有任何語言難度（讀寫任務(wù)的閱讀材料除外），但可有一定的情景理解的難度。議論文背景材料應(yīng)盡可能給學(xué)生比較充分的理由，不宜讓學(xué)生尋找論據(jù)，因?yàn)楸绢}只是書面表達(dá)，而不是寫作。但若要加大難度，可以讓學(xué)生自己說明觀點(diǎn)。材料要便于學(xué)生運(yùn)用不同的語句結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯，時間不能過于單一，因?yàn)檫@會限制時態(tài)使用。第二十一頁，共25頁。書面表達(dá)試題命題策略短文應(yīng)以記敘文為主，如人物描述、事件描述、信息說明等內(nèi)容，也可以設(shè)計觀點(diǎn)說明等論說文。指令要清晰，要突出真實(shí)寫作的語境，一定要說明為了什么語用目的、以什么人為讀者對象進(jìn)行表達(dá)，尤其是要注意以外國人為讀者對象，這樣才能突出用英語進(jìn)行書面表達(dá)的必要性。以中國人為讀者對象時，要突出運(yùn)用英語的必要性。要有一定的學(xué)生可以自由發(fā)揮的空間。語境可以是與外國