2023年6月英語(yǔ)四級(jí)真題第2套和答案

2023年6月英語(yǔ)四級(jí)真題(第2套)Part1Writing(30minutes)(請(qǐng)于正式開(kāi)考后半小時(shí)內(nèi)完畢該部分，之后將進(jìn)行聽(tīng)力考試)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaybasedonthepicturebelow.Youshouldstartyouressaywithabriefdescriptionofthepictureandthemcommentonthiskindofmodernlife.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.PartIIListeningComprehension(30minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillbear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestionstherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswersheet1withasinglelinethroughthecenter.注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡1上作答1.A)HeispleasedtositonthecommitteeB)HeiswillingtoofferthewomanahandC)HewilltellthewomanhisdecisionlaterD)Hewouldliketobecomeaclubmember2.A)TheirplannedtriptoVancouverisobviouslyoverpricedB)TheyshouldborrowaguidebookinsteadofbuyingoneC)TheguidebooksinthelibraryhavethelatestinformationD)ThelibrarycanhelporderguidebooksaboutVancouver3.A)HeregretshavingtakenthehistorycourseB)HefindslittleinterestsinhistorybooksC)HehastroublefinishinghisreadingassignmentsD)Hehasdifficultyinwritingtheweeklybookreport4.A)ThemanhadbetterchooseanotherrestaurantB)ThenewrestaurantisaperfectplacefordatingC)ThenewrestaurantcaughtherfancyimmediatelyD)Themanhasgoodtasteinchoosingtherestaurant5.A)HehasbeenlookingforwardtospringB)Hewillcleanthewoman’sbootsforspringC)HehasbeenwaitingforthewintersaleD)Hewillhelpthewomanputthingsaway6.A)Atatailor’sB)AtBob’shomeC)InaclothstoreD)Inatheatre7.A)HisguestsfavorsTibetandrinksB)HiswaterisquiteextraordinaryC)MineralwaterisgoodforhealthD)Plainwaterwillservethepurpose8.A)ReporttheresultofadiscussionB)RaisesomeenvironmentalissuesC)SubmitanimportantdocumentationD)ReviseanenvironmentalreportQuestions9to12arebasedontheconversationyoujustheard9.A)TheypollutethesoilusedtocoverthemB)TheyareharmfultonearbyneighborhoodsC)TherubbishinthemtakeslongtodissolveD)Thegastheyemitisextremelypoisonous10.A)GrowingpopulationsB)PackagingmaterialsC)ChangedeatinghabitsD)Lowerproductioncost11.A)BysavingenergyB)ByusinglessaluminumC)ByreducingpoisonouswastesD)Bymakingthemostofmaterials12.A)WearerunningoutofnaturalresourcessoonB)OnlycombinedeffortscanmakeadifferenceC)ThewasteproblemwilleventuallyhurtallofusD)AllofuscanactuallybenefitfromrecyclingQuestions13to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.13.A)MiamiB)VancouverC)BellinghamD)Boston14.A)Togetinformationonone-wayticketstoCanadaB)Toinquireaboutthepriceof“Supersaver”seatsC)TogetadviceonhowtoflyascheaplyaspossibleD)Toinquireabouttheshortestroutetodrivehome15.A)JoinatouristgroupB)ChooseamajorairlineC)AvoidtripsinpublicholidaysD)BookticketsasearlyaspossibleSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarketedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkedthecorrespondletteronAnswersheetIwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡1上作答。PassageoneQuestions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.16.A)TherearemysteriousstoriesbehindhisworksB)TherearemanymisunderstandingsabouthimC)HisworkshavenomatchworldwideD)Hispersonalhistoryislittleknown17.A)HemovedtoStratford-on-AvoninhischildhoodB)HefailedtogobeyondgrammarschoolC)HewasamemberofthetowncouncilD)Heonceworkedinawell-knowactingcompany18.A)WritersofhistimehadnomeanstoprotecttheirworksB)PossiblesourcesofcluesabouthimwerelostinafireC)HisworkswereadaptedbeyondrecognitionD)PeopleofhistimehadlittleinterestinhimPassageTwoQuestions19-21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard19.A)ItshowsyouhavebeenignoringyourhealthB)ItcanseriouslyaffectyourthinkingprocessC)ItisanearlywarningofsomeillnessD)Itisasymptomoftwomuchpressure20.A)ReduceourworkloadB)ControlourtemperC)UsepainkillersforreliefD)Avoidmaskingsymptom21.A)LyingdownandhavingsomesleepB)Rubbingandpressingone’sbackC)GoingoutforawalkD)ListeningtolightmusicPassageThreeQuestions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.22.A)DependingheavilyonloansB)HavingnobudgetplansatallC)Spendingbeyondone’smeansD)Leavingnoroomforlargebills23.A)ManyofthemcanbecutB)AllofthemhavetobecoveredC)TheirpaymentcannotbedelayedD)Theyeatupmostofthefamilyincome24.A)RentahouseinsteadofbuyingoneB)DiscusstheprobleminthefamilyC)MakeaconversationplanD)Movetoacheaperplace25.A)FinancialissuesplaguingafamilyB)DifficultyinmakingbothendsmeetC)FamilybudgetproblemsandsolutionsD)NewwaystoboostfamilyincomeSectionCDirections:inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblankswiththeexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Finally,whenthepassageisreafforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡1上作答。PerhapsbecausegoingtocollegeissomuchapartoftheAmericandream,manypeoplegoforno(26)_____reason.Somegobecausetheirparentsexpectit,othersbecauseit’swhattheirfriendsaredoing.Then,there’sthebeliefthatacollegedegreewill(27)____ensureagoodjobandhighpay.Somestudents(28)____throughforyears,attendingclasses,orskipping(逃課)themasthecasemaybe,readingonlywhatcan’tbeavoided,lookingforless(29)_____courses,andneverbeingtouchedorchangedinanyimportantway.Forafewofthesepeople,collegeprovidesno(30)____，yetbecauseofparentalorpeerpressure,theycannotvoluntarilyleave.Theystoptryinginthehopethattheirteacherswillmakethedecisionforthemby(31)____them.Toputitbluntly(直截了當(dāng)?shù)?，unlessyou’rewillingtomakeyourcollegeyearscount,youmightbe(32)_____doingsomethingelse.Noteveryoneshouldattendcollege,norshouldeveryonewhodoesattendbeginrightafterhighschool.Manycollegestudents(33)_____takingayearorsooff.Ayearoutintheworldhelpssomepeopleto(34)_____theirprioritiesandgoals.Ifyou’rereallygoingtogetsomethingoutofgoingtocollege,youhavetomakeitmeansomething,andtodothatyoumusthavesomeideawhyyou’rethere,whatyouhopetogetoutofit,and(35)_____evenwhatyouhopetobecome.PartⅢReadingComprehension(40minutes)

SectionA

TheU.S.DepartmentofEducationismakingeffortstoensurethatallstudentshaveequalaccesstoaqualityeducation.Todayitis__36___thelaunchoftheExcellentEducatorsforAllInitiative.Theinitiativewillhelpstatesandschooldistrictssupportgreateducatorsforthestudentswhoneedthemmost.

“Allchildrenare_37_toahigh-qualityeducationregardlessoftheirrace,zipcodeorfamilyincome.Itis__38__importantthatweprovideteachersandprincipalsthesupporttheyneedtohelpstudentsreachtheirfull__39__,”U.S.SecretaryofEducationArneDuncansaid.“Despitetheexcellentworkanddeep__40__ofournation'steachersandprincipals,studentsinhigh-poverty,high-minorityschoolsareunfairlytreatedacrossourcountry.Wehavetodobetter.Localleadersandeducatorswill__41__theirowncreativesolutions,butwemustworktogetherto__42__ourfocusonhowtobetterrecruit,supportand__43__effectiveteachersandprincipalsforallstudents,especiallythekidswhoneedthemmost.”

Today’sannouncementisanotherimportantstepforwardinimprovingaccesstoqualityeducation,a__44__ofPresidentObama’syearofaction.Latertoday,SecretaryDuncanwillleadaroundtablediscussionwithprincipalsandschoolteachersfromacrossthecountryaboutthe__45__ofworkinginhigh-needschoolsandhowtoadaptpromisingpracticesforsupportinggreateducatorsintheseschools.

注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。

A）announcing

B）beneficial

C）challenges

D）commitment

E）component

F）contests

G）critically

H）develop

I）distributing

J）enhance

K）entitled

L）potential

M)properly

N)qualified

O)retainSectionBTheChangesFacingFastFood[A]Fast-foodfirmshavetobeathick-skinnedbunch.Healthexpertsregularlycriticizethemseverelyforsellingfoodthatmakespeoplefat.CriticsevencomplainthatMcDonald's,whoselogosymbolizescalorieexcess,shouldnothavebeenallowedtosponsortheWorldCup.Thesearethingsfast-foodfirmshavelearnttocopewith.Butnotperhapsformuchlonger.Theburgerbusinessfacesmorepressurefromregulatorsatatimewhenitisalreadyadaptingstrategiesinresponsetoshiftsintheglobaleconomy.[B]Fatfoodwasoncethoughttoberecession-proof.Whenconsumersneedtocutspending,thelogicgoes,cheapmealslikeBigMacsandWhoppersbecomeevenmoreattractive.Such"tradingdown"provedtrueformuchofthelatestrecession,whenfast-foodcompaniespickedupcustomerswhocouldnolongeraffordtoeatatcasualrestaurants.TrafficwasboostedinAmerica,thehomeoffastfood,withdiscountsandpromotions,suchas$1menusandcheapcombinationmeals.[C]Asaresult,fast-foodchainshaveweatheredtherecessionbetterthantheirmoreexpensivecompetitors.In2023salesatfull-servicerestaurantsinAmericafellbymorethan6%,burtotalsalesremainedaboutthesameatfast-foodchains.Insomemarkets,suchasJapan,FranceandBritain,totalspendingonfastfoodincreased.Same-storesalesinAmericaatMcDonald's,theworld'slargestfast-foodcompany,didnotdeclinethroughoutthedownturn,PaneraBread,anAmericanfast-foodchainknownforitsfreshingredients,performedwell,too,becauseitoffershigher-qualityfoodatlowerpricesthanrestaurants.[D]Butnotallfast-foodcompanieshavebeenasfortunate.Many,suchasBurgerKing,haveseensalesfall.Inasevererecession,whilesomepeopletradedowntofastfood,manyotherseatathomemorefrequentlytosavemoney.DavidPalmer,ananalystatUBS,abank,sayssmallerfast-foodchainsinAmerica,suchasJackintheBoxandCarl'sJr.,havebeenhitparticularlyhardinthisdownturnbecausetheyarecompetingwiththeglobalgiantMcDonald's,whichincreasedspendingonadvertisingbymorethan7%lastyearasotherscutback.[E]Somefast-foodcompaniesalsosacrificedtheirownprofitsbytryingtogivecustomersbettervalue.Duringtherecessioncompaniessetpriceslow,hopingthatoncetheyhadtemptedcustomersthroughthedoortheywouldbepersuadedtoordermoreexpensiveitems.Butinmanycasesthatstrategydidnotwork.LastyearBurgerKingfranchiseessuedthecompanyoveritsdouble-cheeseburgerpromotion,claimingitwasunfairforthemtoberequiredtosellthesefor$1whentheycost$1.10tomake.InMayajudgeruledinfavourofBurgerKing.Nevertheless,thecompanymaystillbecursingitsdecisiontopromotecheapchoicesovermoreexpensiveonesbecauseitemsonits"valuemenu"mowaccountforaround20%ofallsales,upfrom12%lastOctober.[F]Analystsexpectthefast-foodindustrytogrowmodestlythisyear.Butthedownturnismakingcompaniesrethinktheirstrategies.Manyarenowintroducinghigher-priceditemstoentice(引誘)consumersawayfrom$1specials.KFC,adivisionofYum!Brands,whichalsoownsTacoBellandPizzaHut,haslaunchedachickensandwichthatcostsaround$5.AndinMayBurgerKingintroducedbarbecue(燒烤)porkribsat$7foreight.[G]Companiesarealsotryingtogetcustomerstobuynewandmoreitems,includingdrinks,McDonald'sstartedsellingbettercoffeeasachallengetoStarbucks.Its"McCafe"linenowaccountsforanestimated6%ofsalesinAmerica.StarbuckshassoldrightstoitsSeattle'sBestcoffeebrandtoBurgerKing,whichwillstartsellingitlaterthisyear.[H]Asfast-foodcompaniesshiftfrom"supersize"to"morebuys",theyneedtokeepcustomertraffichighthroughouttheday.Manyseebreakfastasabigopportunity,andjustforfattyfood.McDonald'swillstartsellingporridge(粥)inAmericanextyear.Breakfasthasthepotentialtobeveryprofitable,saysSaraSenatoreofBernstein,aresearchfirm,becausethemarginscanbehigh.Fast-foodcompaniesarealsoaddingmiddayandlate-nightsnacks,suchasblendeddrinksandwraps.Theideaisthatbyhavingagreaterrangeofthingsonthemenu."wecanselltoconsumersproductstheywantallday,"saysRickCarucci,thechieffinancialoffersofYun!Brands.[I]Butwhenaboutthosegrowingwaistlines?Sofar,fast-foodfirmshavecleverlyavoidedgovernmentregulation.Byprovidinghealthyoptions,likesaladsandlow-caloriesandwiches,theyhaveatleastgiventheimpressionofdoingsomethingabouthelpingtofightobesity(肥胖癥).Theseofferingsarenotnecessarilyloss-leaders,astheybroadentheappealofoutletstogroupsofdinersthatincludesomepeoplewhodon'twanttoeataburger.Butcustomerscannotbeforcedtoordersaladsinsteadoffries.[J]Inthefuture,simplyofferingahealthyoptionmaynotbegoodenough."Everypackaged-foodandrestaurantcompanyIknowisconcernedaboutregulationrightnow,"saysMr.PalmerofUBS.America'shealth-reformbill,whichCongresspassedthisyear,requiresrestaurantchainswith20ormoreoutletstoputthecalorie-contentofitemstheyservetothemenu.AstudybytheNationalBureauofEconomicResearch,whichtrackedtheeffectsonStarbucksofasimilarcalorie-postinglawinNewYorkCityin2023,foundthattheaveragecalorie-amountpertransactionfell6%andrevenueincreased3%atStarbucksstoreswhereaDunkinDonutsoutletwasnearby—asign,itissaid,thatmenu-labellingcouldfavourchainsthathavemorehealthyofferings.[K]InordertoavoidotherlegislationinAmericaandelsewhere,fast-foodcompanieswillhavetocontinueinnovating(創(chuàng)新),WaitRikerofMcDonald'sclaimsthechangeithasmadeinitsmenumeansitoffersmorehealthyitemsthanitdidafewyearsago,"Weprobablysellmorevegetables,moremilk,moresalads,someapplesthananyrestaurantbusinessintheworld,"hesays.ButtherecentproposalbyacountyinCaliforniatobanMcDonald'sfromincludingtoysinitshigh-calorie"HappyMeals",becauselegislatorsbelieveitattractschildrentounhealthyfood,suggestthereisalotmorelefttodo.46.SomepeopleproposelawsbemadetostopMcDonald'sfromattachingtoystoitsfooditsfoodspecialsforchildren.47.Fast-foodfirmsmaynotbeabletocopewithpressuresfromfoodregulationinthenearfuture.48.BurgerKingwillstarttosellSeattle'sBestcoffeetoincreasesales.49.Somefast-foodfirmprovidehealthyfoodtogivetheimpressiontheyarehelpingtotackletheobesityproblem.50.Duringtherecession,manycustomersturnedtofastfoodtosavemoney.51.Manypeopleeatoutlessoftentosavemoneyintimesofrecession.52.Duringtherecession,BurgerKing'spromotionalstrategyofofferinglow-priceditemsoftenprovedineffective.53.Fast-foodrestaurantscanmakealotofmoneybysellingbreakfast.54.Manyfast-foodcompaniesnowexpecttoincreasetheirrevenuebyintroducinghigher-priceditems.55.Anewly-passedlawasksbigfast-foodchainstospecifythecaloriecountofwhattheyserveonthemenu.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecenter.Question56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Theendlessdebateabout"work-lifebalance"oftencontainsahopefulfootnoteaboutstay-at-homedads.IfAmericansocietyandbusinesswon’tmakeiteasieronfuturefemaleleaderswhochoosetohavechildren,thereisstilltherayofhopethatincreasingnumbersoffull-timefatherswill.Butbasedontoday’ssocioeconomictrends,thishopeis,unfortunately,misguided.It’struethatthenumberofmenwhohaveleftworktodotheirthingasfull-timeparentshasdoubledinadecade,butit’sstillverysmall:only0.8%ofmarriedcoupleswherethestay-at-homefatherwasoutofthelaborforceforayear.Eventhatpercentageislikelyinflatedbymenthrustintotheircaretakerrolebyadownsizing.Thisissimplynotalargeenoughgrouptoreducethesocialstigma（污名）andforceotheradjustmentsnecessarytosupportingmeninthisdecision,evenifonlyforarelativelyshorttime.Evenshortertimesawayfromworkforworkingfathersarealreadydifficult.Astudyfoundthat85%ofnewfatherstakesometimeoffafterthebirthofachild一butforallbutafew,it'saweekortwoatmost.Meanwhile,theaverageforwomenwhotakeleaveismorethan10weeks.Suchchoicesimpactwhomovesupintheorganization.Whileyou’reaway,someoneelseisdoingyourwork,makingyoursales,takingcareofyourcustomers.Thatcan'thelpyouatwork.Itcanonlyhurtyou.Women,ofcourse,facethesameissuesofreturningafteralongabsence.Butwithmanymorewomenthanmenchoosingtoleavetheworkforceentirelytoraisefamilies,returningfromanextendedparentalleavedoesn’traiseasmanyeyebrowsasitdoesformen.Womenwouldmakemoreiftheydidn'tbreaktheirearningtrajectory（軌跡）byleavingtheworkforce,orifhigher-payingprofessionsweremorefamily-friendly.Intheforeseeablefuture,stay-at-homefathersmaymakeallthedifferenceforindividualfamilies,buttheirpresencewon'treducethenumbersofhigh-potentialwomenwhoareforcedtochoosebetweenfamilyandcareer.注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。56.Whatgiveswomenarayofhopetoachievework-lifebalance?A)Morementakinganextendedparentalleave.B)People'schangingattitudestowardsfamily.C)Morewomenenteringbusinessmanagement.D)Theimprovementoftheirsocioeconomicstatus.57.Whydoestheauthorsaythehopeformorefull-timefathersismisguided?A)Womenarebetterattakingcareofchildren.B)Manymenvalueworkmorethantheirfamily.C)Theirnumberistoosmalltomakeadifference.D)Notmanymenhavethechancetostayathome.58.Whydofewmentakealongparentalleave?A)Alongleavewillhaveanegativeimpactontheircareer.B)Theyjusthavetoomanyresponsibilitiestofulfillatwork.C)Theeconomiclosswillbetoomuchfortheirfamilytobear.D)Theyarelikelytogetfiredifabsentfromworkfortoolong.59.Whatisthemostlikelyreactiontomenreturningfromanextendedparentalleave?A)Jealousy.B)Surprise.C)Admiration.D)Sympathy.60.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouthigh-potentialwomeninthenot-too-distantfuture?A)Theywillbenefitfromthetrendofmorefathersstayingathome.B)Theywillfindhigh-payingprofessionsabitmorefamily-friendly.C)Theyareunlikelytobreaktheircareertrajectorytoraiseafamily.D)Theywillstillfacethedifficultchoicebetweencareerandchildren.SectionCPassageTwoQuestion61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ifyouthinkahigh-factorsunscreen(防曬霜)keepsyousafefromharmfulrays,youmaybewrong.Researchinthisweek'sNatureshowsthatwhilefactor50reducesthenumberofmelanomas(黑瘤)anddelaystheiroccurrence,itcan'tpreventthem.Melanomasarethemostaggressiveskincancers.Youhaveahigherriskifyouhaveredorblondhair,fairskin,blueorgreeneyes,orsunburneasily,orifacloserelativehashadone.Melanomasaremorecommonifyouhaveperiodicintenseexposuretothesun.Otherskincancersareincreasinglylikelywithlong-termexposure.Thereiscontinuingdebateastohoweffectivesunscreenisinreducingmelanomas—theevidenceisweakerthanitisforpreventingothertypesofskincancer.A2023Australianstudyof1,621peoplefoundthatpeoplerandomlyselectedtoapplysunscreendailyhadhalftherateofmelanomasofpeoplewhousedcreamasneeded.Asecondstudy,comparing1,167peoplewithmelanomasto1,101whodidn'thavethecancer,foundthatusingsunscreenroutinely,alongsideotherprotectionsuchashats,longsleevesorstayingintheshade,didgivesomeprotection.Thisstudysaidotherformsofsunprotection—notsunscreen—seemedmostbeneficial.Thestudyreliedonpeoplerememberingwhattheyhaddoneovereachdecadeoftheirlives,soit'snotentirelyreliable.Butitseemsreasonabletothinksunscreengivespeopleafalsesenseofsecurityinthesun.Manypeoplealsodon'tusesunscreenproperly-applyinginsufficientamounts,failingtoreapplyafteracoupleofhoursandstayinginthesuntoolong.Itissunburnthatismostworrying-recentshowsfiveepisodesofsunburnintheteenageyearsincreasestheriskofallskincancers.Thegoodnewsisthatacombinationofsunscreenandcoveringupcanreducemelanomarates,asshownbyAustralianfiguresfromtheirslip-slop-slapcampaign.Soifthereisaheatwavethissummer,itwouldbebestforus,too,tosliponashirt,slopon(抹上)sunscreenandslaponahat.61.Whatispeople'scommonexpectationofahigh-factorsunscreen?A.Itwilldelaytheoccurrenceofskincancer.B.Itwillprotectthemfromsunburn.C.Itwillkeeptheirskinsmoothandfair.D.Itwillworkforpeopleofanyskincolor.62.WhatdoestheresearchinNaturesayaboutahigh-factorsunscreen?A.Itisineffectiveinpreventingmelanomas.B.Itisineffectiveincaseofintensesunlight.C.Itisineffectivewithlong-termexposure.D.Itisineffectiveforpeoplewithfairskin.63.Whatdowelearnfromthe2023Australianstudyof1,621people?A.Sunscreenshouldbeappliedalongsideotherprotectionmeasures.B.High-riskpeoplebenefitthemostfromtheapplicationofsunscreen.C.Irregularapplicationofsunscreendoeswomenmoreharmthangood.D.Dailyapplicationofsunscreenhelpsreducetheincidenceofmelanomas.64.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthesecondAustralianstudy?A.Itmisleadspeopletorelyonsunscreenforprotection.B.Ithelpspeopletoselectthemosteffectivesunscreen.C.Itisnotbasedondirectobservationofthesubjects.D.Itconfirmstheresul