sigma黑帶培訓(xùn)教材英文

ProcessCapabilityAnalysis(MeasurePhase)ScopeofModuleProcessVariationProcessCapabilitySpecification,ProcessandControlLimitsProcessPotentialvsProcessPerformanceShort-TermvsLong-TermProcessCapabilityProcessCapabilityforNon-NormalDataCycle-Time (ExponentialDistribution)RejectRate (BinomialDistribution)DefectRate (PoissonDistribution)ProcessVariationProcessVariationistheinevitabledifferencesamongindividualmeasurementsorunitsproducedbyaprocess.SourcesofVariationwithinunit (positionalvariation)betweenunits (unit-unitvariation)betweenlots (lot-lotvariation)betweenlines (line-linevariation)acrosstime (time-timevariation)measurementerror (repeatability&reproducibility)TypesofVariationInherentorNaturalVariationDuetothecumulativeeffectofmanysmallunavoidablecausesAprocessoperatingwithonlychancecausesofvariationpresentissaidtobe“instatisticalcontrol”TypesofVariationSpecialorAssignableVariationMaybedueto a)improperlyadjustedmachine b)operatorerror c)defectiverawmaterialAprocessoperatinginthepresenceofassignablecausesofvariationissaidtobe“out-of-control”ProcessCapabilityProcessCapabilityistheinherentreproducibilityofaprocess’soutput.Itmeasureshowwelltheprocessiscurrentlybehavingwithrespecttotheoutputspecifications.Itreferstotheuniformityoftheprocess.Capabilityisoftenthoughtofintermsoftheproportionofoutputthatwillbewithinproductspecificationtolerances.Thefrequencyofdefectivesproducedmaybemeasuredina) percentage(%)b) partspermillion(ppm)c) partsperbillion(ppb)ProcessCapabilityProcessCapabilitystudiescan

indicatetheconsistencyoftheprocessoutputindicatethedegreetowhichtheoutputmeetsspecificationsbeusedforcomparisonwithanotherprocessorcompetitorProcessCapabilityvsSpecificationLimitsa)b)c)a)Processishighlycapableb)Processismarginallycapablec)ProcessisnotcapableThreeTypesofLimitsSpecificationLimits(LSLandUSL)createdbydesignengineeringinresponsetocustomerrequirementstospecifythetoleranceforaproduct’scharacteristicProcessLimits(LPLandUPL)measuresthevariationofaprocessthenatural6limitsofthemeasuredcharacteristicControlLimits(LCLandUCL)measuresthevariationofasamplestatistic(mean,variance,proportion,etc)ThreeTypesofLimitsDistributionofIndividualValuesDistributionofSampleAveragesProcessCapabilityIndicesTwomeasuresofprocesscapabilityProcessPotentialCp

ProcessPerformanceCpu

Cpl

Cpk

ProcessPotentialTheCpindexassesseswhetherthenaturaltolerance(6)ofaprocessiswithinthespecificationlimits.ProcessPotentialACpof1.0indicatesthataprocessisjudgedtobe“capable”,i.e.iftheprocessiscenteredwithinitsengineeringtolerance,0.27%ofpartsproducedwillbebeyondspecificationlimits. Cp RejectRate 1.00 0.270% 1.33 0.007% 1.50 6.8ppm 2.00 2.0ppbProcessPotentiala)b)c)a)Processishighlycapable(Cp>2)b)Processiscapable(Cp=1to2)c)Processisnotcapable(Cp<1)ProcessPotentialTheCpindexcomparestheallowablespread(USL-LSL)againsttheprocessspread(6).Itfailstotakeintoaccountiftheprocessisnotcenteredbetweenthespecificationlimits.ProcessiscenteredProcessisnotcenteredProcessPerformanceTheCpkindexrelatesthescaleddistancebetweentheprocessmeanandthenearestspecificationlimit.ProcessPerformance

Cpk RejectRate 1.0 0.13–0.27% 1.1 0.05–0.10% 1.2 0.02–0.03% 1.3 48.1–96.2ppm 1.4 13.4–26.7ppm 1.5 3.4–6.8ppm 1.6 794–1589ppb 1.7 170–340ppb 1.8 33–67ppb 1.9 6–12ppb 2.0 1–2ppbProcessPerformancea)Processishighlycapable(Cpk>1.5)b)Processiscapable(Cpk=1to1.5)c)Processisnotcapable(Cpk<1)a)Cp=2Cpk=2b)Cp=2Cpk=1c)Cp=2Cpk<1Example1SpecificationLimits : 4to16gMachine Mean StdDev (a) 10 4 (b) 10 2 (c) 7 2 (d) 13 1DeterminethecorrespondingCpandCpkforeachmachine.Example1AExa薦mpl蘋e1翻BExa輩mpl脖e1標(biāo)CExa疾mpl殊e1音DProc噴ess倒Capa扶bili牽tyFor膽a殊nor迫mal僑ly梅dis仇tri今but裂ed泰cha僚rac頃ter從ist殃ic,擠th箭ed課efe也cti脂ve賢rat財(cái)eF(x追)may閱beest恒ima艘ted斥vi悔at泰he椅fol族low輝ing疼:For登ch急ara兵cte霸ris殺tic書sw敢ith忽on銀ly獻(xiàn)one拆sp笛eci陜fic緣瑞ati眉o(jì)n踏lim饒it:a)葉LSL聯(lián)on患lyb)惡USL基on瘋lyLSLUSLExa盜mpl井e2Spe仆cif仁ica灣tio桐nL餅imi危ts小: 4廢to厲16倒gMac搶hin思e M艘ean亡S誓td稻Dev(a)邊10惱4(b)助1艇0易2(c)草7昏2(d)堂13冷1Dete貸rmin般eth奇ede裁fect序ive禁rate谷for蹄eac劈燕hma咽chin賊e.Exam疾ple念2Mean史S羊tdD學(xué)ev板ZLSLZUSLF(x義<LS滾L)僚F(博x>U節(jié)SL)放F(否x)10學(xué)4廉-1.烤5 1騾.5暈66,摩807栽66,賭807裕13鼠3,6羽1410即2齡-3.0俗3.0刪1,咱350態(tài)1,3料50妥2增,7007安2蹲-獅1.5第4.糾5績(jī)6陳6,8座07拳3豬6鴉6,8社1113頌1歐-9.0御3.0阻0岸1,35棒0偉1,偷350Lowe榜rSp仇ecL啊imit敲=鋪4杜gUppe哨rSp柏ecL材imit驢=借16gPro濱ces怕sP夢(mèng)ote惱nti辱al把vs齊Pro勺ces戶sP哥erf由orm那anc冷e(a)幼Poo講rP陷roc央ess尸Po僑ten牛tia瓦l (搭b)申P(guān)oo隱rP諷roc慈ess映Pe蜂rfo禽rma假nceLSLUSLLSLUSLExpe杏rime退ntal種Des柜ignto謙red禁uce蝕va懂ria棍tio洗nExp稿e(cuò)ri礎(chǔ)men負(fù)tal何De誘sig標(biāo)ntoc諷ente暖rme據(jù)antor幸educ薄eva當(dāng)riat你ionPro吊ces免sP濁ote毛nti給al纏vs秩Pro繡ces杏sP肌erf遍orm蘿anc話ePro敢ces蹄sP贏ote稈nti觸al瘋Ind瞇ex槳(姥Cp)Cpk1.0忘1柱.2爽1.禮4流1.6盾1漏.8文2.專01.02,6耳99.平9 1臉,36璃3.3斤1,事350鋒.0驅(qū)1,3欄50.葉0 1簽,35焦0.0芬1,蹤蝶350收.01.2318叼.3坊159驢.9陷159極.1炎159仿.1跡159嘩.11.426.7譜13六.4月13.4周13險(xiǎn).41.61.6顆0泳.8肺0.縱81.80.1請(qǐng)0筐.02.00.0Defe堤ctiv煤eRa篩te(多meas笑ured顏in長(zhǎng)dppm童)is煙dep烈ende軟nto端nth萌eac盲tualcomb裹inat猴ion扇ofCpand欠Cpk..Proc腸ess欠Pote宿ntia楚lvs獵Pro痰cess弓Per殘form張ancea)Cp=2Cpk=2b)Cp=2Cpk=1c)Cp=2Cpk<1Cp–CpkMiss謀edO龜ppor壇tuni舒tyAlte丈rnat括ive少Proc撿ess圾Perf奏orma脈nce鄙Inde遙xPro譯ces閱sc乎apa追bil鎮(zhèn)ity匯st稀ati守sti嘴cs襯mea覽sur撫ep紐奉roc慎ess卡va秒ria類tio墊nr你ela筑tiv投et哪os粗pec瘋ifi鐵cat掠ion苗li紡mit街s.The秘Cpsta厲tis曾tic則co繁mpa錦res第th番ee佩ngi程nee新rin遮gt圍ole鄭ran根ce事aga胃ins極tt顫he正pro弟ces泄s’s醋na遞tur枝al樓var新iat躁ion蝦.The鬼Cpksta心tis丙tic賺ta國(guó)kes洞in卵to壺acc馳oun基tt普he捎loc桃ati覽on涌of來the矛pr慘oce印ss昨rel封ati妙ve蘿to余the天mi起dpo為int港be右twe潛en袋spe霜cif逢ica醫(yī)tio偏ns.圍I湖ft耽he胸pro餡ces耍starg野eti同sno投tce胳nter稼edb肚etwe云ens毛peci延fica丸tion起s,t背he細(xì)Cpmsta侵tis尖tic想is皂pr翁efe淺rre溪d.Pro抓ces奴sS丟tab湊ili葛tyAp舉roc邁ess蛋is定st遭abl該ei諒ft兼he頃dis眼tri樣but果ion舉of窄me規(guī)asu渣rem近ent窯sm渡adeont設(shè)heg臺(tái)iven斯fea稱ture掀is音cons嚷iste舞nto國(guó)ver遮time孩.TimeStableProcessTimeUnstableProcessucllclucllclWith遞inv寇sOv嚴(yán)eral牛lCa屆pabi渠lityWith眠inC菠apab交ilit罷y(pr器evi僵ous疑ly災(zāi)cal稻ledsho植rt-徑ter疲mc喂apa刷bil促ity)s對(duì)how即st多he滑inh駝ere做nt繡var載iab棟ili部ty烏of廊am散ach挽ine蒜/pr阿oce勝ss磨ope薄rat齒ing榨wi掘thi床na拆br用ief捐pe誓rio辨do媽ft護(hù)ime離.Ove用ral花lC閱apa所bil狠ity(pr模evi根ous尼ly際cal柜ledlon蝦g-t途erm析ca僚pab京ili餓ty)s羞h(yuǎn)ow腫st廊he路var尸iab只ili咱ty暮of嫌am摘ach旅ine闊/pr員oce篩ss鏈ope才rat井ing忙ov尼er突ap憲eri嘆od罰of技tim丘e.盾It貞in庭clu奧des刪so榜urc烘es遺of恐var圾iat濟(jì)ion衣in疑ad駱dit袋ion錄to灶th耗es肺hor粥t-t補(bǔ)erm底va掏ria紙bil貸ity倘.Wit寬hin喉vs紅Ov葡era照ll厲Cap臺(tái)abi猾lit線yWith稈in戶Ove以rallSamp詳leS豬ize與30攏–50筍uni挪ts10儲(chǔ)0un夕itsNumb道ero釘fLo棉ts灰sing墨lel報(bào)ot悶seve唐ral恢lotsPer峰iod告of腸Ti沃me廉ho遣urs擺or鍬da妥ys州we棍eks在or梨mo底nth泰sNum子ber仍of恩Op煉era獄tor亂s 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