語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第四版練習(xí)第一章

ChapterOneIntroductiontoLinguistics

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ChapterOneIntroductiontoLinguistics

I.Markthechoicethatbestcompletesthestatement.

1.Alllanguages’havethreemajorcomponents:asoundsystem,asystemof___anda

systemofsemantics.

A.morphology

C.syntax

B.lexicogrammar

D.meaning

2.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?

B.typewriter

3.ThefunctionofthesentenceWaterboilsat100degreesCentigradeis___.

A.tree

C.bowwow

D.bang

A.interpersonal

C.informative

B.emotive

D.performative

4.InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentare

likelytosay碎碎（歲歲）平安asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichthey

believemightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctiondoesitperform?

A.interpersonal

C.informative

B.emotive

D.performative

5.Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercome

thebarrierscausedbytimeandplaceofspeaking(duetothisfeatureoflanguage,

speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation)?

A.Transferability

C.Displacement

B.Duality

D.Arbitrariness

6.Whatlanguagefunctiondoesthefollowingconversationplay?(Thetwochatters

justmetandwerestartingtheirconversationbythefollowingdialogue.)

A：Aniceday,isn’tit?

B:Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.

A.

Emotive

B.Phatic

C.Performative

D.Interpersonal

7.-------referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeofthe

rulesofhislanguageinutterances.

A.PerformativeB.Competence

C.Langue

D.Parole

8.Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethat

existshereandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.This

indicatesthatdog’slanguagedoesnothavethefeatureof---------.

A.Reference

B.ProductivityC.DisplacementD.Duality

9.---------answerssuchquestionsasweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.

A.PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropologicallinguistics

C.SociolinguisticsD.Appliedlinguistics

10.--------dealswiththestudyofdialectsindifferentsocialclassesinaparticular

region.

A.LinguistictheoryB.Practicallinguistics

C.Sociolinguistics

D.Comparativelinguistics

II.Markthefollowingstatementswith“T”iftheyaretrueor“F”iftheyare

false.(10%)

1.ThewidelyacceptedmeaningofarbitrarinesswasdiscussedbyChomskyfirst.

2.Forlearnersofaforeignlanguage,itisarbitrarinessthatismoreworthnoticing

thanitsconventionality.

3.Displacementbenefitshumanbeingsbygivingthemthepowertohandle

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ChapterOneIntroductiontoLinguistics

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generalizationsandabstractions.

4.ForJakobsonandthePragueschoolstructuralists,thepurposeofcommunicationis

torefer.

5.Interpersonalfunctionisalsocalledideationalfunctionintheframeworkof

functionalgrammar.

6.Emotivefunctionisalsodiscussedunderthetermexpressivefunction.

7.TherelationshipbetweencompetenceandperformanceinChomsky’stheoryisthat

betweenalanguagecommunityandanindividuallanguageuser.

8.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisanexampleof

thediachronicstudyoflanguage.

9.Articulatoryphoneticsinvestigatesthepropertiesofthesoundwaves.

10.Thenatureoflinguisticsasasciencedeterminesitspreoccupationwith

prescriptioninsteadofdescription.

III．Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithanappropriateword.Thefirstletter

ofthewordisalreadygiven(10％)

1.Nowadays,twokindsofresearchmethodsco-existinlinguisticstudies,namely,

qualitativeandq__________researchapproaches.

2.Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbe

combinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureis

usuallytermedasp__________.

3.Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutlanguage.This

functionism__________function.

4.Theclaimthatlanguageoriginatedbyprimitivemaninvoluntarymakingvocal

noiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthey＿theory.

5.P________isoftensaidtobeconcernedwiththeorganizationofspeechwithin

specificlanguage,orwiththesystemsandpatternsofsoundsthatoccurinparticular

language.

6.Modernlinguisticsisd＿inthesensethatlinguisttirestodiscoverwhatlanguage

isratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.

7.Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticsanalysisistheprimacyofs___________over

writing.

8.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisad___________

linguisticstudy.

9.Saussureputforwardtheconceptl__________torefertotheabstractlinguistic

systemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.

10.LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’sc__________.

IV.Explainthefollowingconceptsortheories.

1.Designfeatures

2.Displacement

3.Competence

4.Synchroniclinguistics

V.Answerthefollowingquestionbriefly.(10%)

1.Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhuman

languages?

Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewouldbelikeifithadnosuchdesignfeatures?

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ChapterOneIntroductiontoLinguistics

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2.Howcanweuselanguagetodothings?Pleasegivetwoexamplestoshowthis

point.

VI.MatcheachterminColumnAwithonerelevantiteminColumnB.(10%)

A

B

(1)languagevarieties

a.phonetics

(2)informationretrieval

b.phonology

(3)shapeofsyllables

(4)emergenceoflanguage

(5)wordformation

c.morphology

d.syntax

e.semantics

(6)productionofspeech

(7)immediateconstituents

(8)reference,forceandeffect

(9)denotationofwords

(10)cognition

f.pragmatics

g.psycholinguistics

h.sociolinguistics

I.anthropologicallinguistics

putationallinguistics

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswith(an)appropriateword(s).

1.Languageis____________inthatcommunicatingbyspeakingorwritingisa

purposefulact.

2.Languageis_____________and__________inthatlanguageisasocialsemiotic

andcommunicationcanonlytakeplaceeffectivelyifalltheusersshareabroad

understandingofhumaninteraction.

3.Thefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalled_____________,which

include____________,_____________,______________,_____________.

4.________istheoppositesideofarbitrariness.

5.Thefactthatinthesystemofspokenlanguage,wehavetheprimaryunitsaswords

andsecondaryunitsassoundshowsthatlanguagehasthepropertyof___________.

6.Languageisresourcefulbecauseofits_____________andits___________,which

contributestothe_____________oflanguage.

7._______benefitshumanbeingsbygivingthemthepowertohandlegeneralization

andabstractions.

8.InJakobson’sversion,therearesixfunctionsoflanguage,namely,____________,

_____________,_______________,________________,________________and

metalingualfunction.

9.Whenpeopleuselanguagetoexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions,peopleare

usingthe_____________functionoflanguageinJakobson’sversion.

10.Infunctionalgrammar,languagehasthreemetafunctions,namely,

_____________,____________________,__________________.

11.AmongHalliday’sthreemetafunctions______________createsrelevanceto

context.

12.The________________functionoflanguageisprimarytochangethesocialstatus

ofpersons.

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13.Please

name

five

main

branch

of

linguistics:___________________________,___________________,_____________

_____,_____________________and____________________.

14.In________________phonetics,westudythespeechsoundsproducedby

articulatoryorgansbyidentifyingandclassifyingtheindividualsounds.

15.In________________phonetics,wefocusonthewayinwhichthelisteneranalyzes

orprocessesasoundwave

16.________________istheminimalunitofmeaning.

17.Thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalled_______________.

18.Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningin

communicationiscalled_________________.

19.Thestudyofthewayinwhichsymbolsrepresentsoundsinlinguistcommunicate

arearrangedtoformwordshasconstitutedthebranchofstudycalled_____________.

20.Thestudyofruleswhichgovernsthecombinationsofwordstoformpermissible

sentencesconstitutesamajorbranchoflinguisticstudiesthatis_________________.

21.Thefactthatwehavealliterationinpoemsisprobablybecauseof

the__________________functionoflanguage.

III.Markthechoicethatbestcompletesthestatement.

1.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomeprintintimeisa_______________study.

A.descriptiveB.prescriptiveC.synchronicD.diachronic

2.AccordingtoChomsky,aspeakercanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylarge

numberofsentencebecause_______

A.hehascomeacrossalloftheminhislife

B.hehasinternalizedasetofrulesabouthislanguage

C.hehasacquiredtheabilitythroughtheactofcommunicatingwithotherslanguage

3.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleisverysimilartoChomsky’s

distinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance,butSaussuretakesa

____________viewoflanguageandChomskylooksatlanguagefroma__________

pointofview

A.sociological,psychological

C.biological,psychological

B.psychological,sociological

D.psychological,biological

4.Thefactthatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordpenandthethingwe

writewithindicateslanguageis______

A.arbitraryB.rule-governedC.appliedD.illogical

5.Wecanunderstandandproduceaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceincluding

sentencesweneverheardbefore,becauselanguageis______

A.creative

B.arbitraryC.limitlessD.resourceful

6.______meanslanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromthe

immediatesituationofthespeaker

A.DualityB.DisplacementC.productivityD.Arbitrariness

7.______examineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage

A.PhoneticsB.syntaxC.SemanticD.Pragmatics

8.______isconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.

A.MorphologyB.syntaxC.SemanticD.phonology

9.______referstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonatural

relationshiptotheirmeaning

A.DualityB.ArbitrarinessC.ReplacementD.Creativity

10.______oflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,and______oflanguagemakes

learningalanguagelaborious

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A.Conventionality,arbitrariness

C.Arbitrariness,conventionality

B.Arbitrariness,replacement

D.Conventionality,arbitrariness

11.Whenpeopleuselanguagetoindulgeinitselfforitsownsake,peopleareusing

the______functionoflanguage

A.poeticB.creativeC.phaticD.metalingual

12.____proposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage.

A.ChomskyB.SaussureC.JacobsonD.Halliday

13.____functionconstructsamodelofexperienceandconstructslogicalrelations.

A.InterpersonalB.TextualC.LogicalD.Ideational

14.Interpersonalfunctionenacts_________relationship.

A.socialB.experientialC.textualD.personal

15.By_____________functionpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinsociety.

A.experientialB.referentialC.metalingualD.Interpersonal

16.Thestudyofthedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsand

connectedspeechbelongstothestudyof_____.

A.phonologyB.phoneticsC.morphologyD.syntax

17.In__________phonetics,weinvestigatethepropertiesofthesoundwaves.

A.articulatoryB.acoustic

C.auditory

D.sound

18.FrenchdistinguishesbetweennounslikeGARE(station)whichisfeminineand

nounslikeTRAINwhichismasculine.ThisshowsthatFrenchisalanguage

which____.

A.isillogical

B.hasgrammaticalgender

C.hasbiologicalgenderD.hastwocases

19.Competence,inthelinguisticsenseoftheword,is______.

A.pragmaticskill

B.intuitiveknowledgeoflanguage

C.perfectknowledgeoflanguageskillD.communicativeability

20.FrenchhasTu(means:you)aimera(means:willlove)JeanandEnglishhasYou

willloveJean.Thisshowsusthat____.

A.bothlanguagesarealikeinexpressingfuturetime

B.BothlanguageshaveafuturetensebutEnglishrequiresmorewords

C.EnglishisloosewhileFrenchiscompact

D.Frenchformsitsfuturetensebyaddingaspecialsuffix

21.Knowinghowtosaysomethingappropriateinagivensituationandwithexactly

theeffectyouintendisaquestionofthe_____

A.lexis

B.syntaxC.semanticsD.pragmatics

22.A(n)_____isaspeaker/listenerwhoisamemberofhomogeneousspeech

community,whoknowslanguageperfectlyandisnotaffectedbymemorylimitations

ordistractions.

A.perfectlanguageuserB.ideallanguageuser

C.proficientuser

D.nativelanguageuser

IV.Analyzethefollowingwithyourlinguisticknowledge.

1.Usethefollowingtwoexamplestosupporttheideathatlanguageisnotallarbitrary.

a.Theymarriedandhadababy.

b.Theyhadababyandmarried.

2.Examinethewaythefollowingwordsareseparated.Commentonthewayof

separationinrelationtoBloomfield’sideathatwordisminimalunitofmeaning.

a.typical,success.ful.ly,organiz.action,hard.ly,wind.y,word

3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthefollowingtwostatementsintermsofattitudeto

grammar?Whatkindoflinguisticconceptsdotheyrepresent?

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a.Neverputanabeforeanuncountablenoun.

b.Peopleusuallydonotputanabeforeanuncountablenoun.

4.HowdoyouunderstandthesentenceMusicisauniversallanguage?

5.WhatarethetwointerpretationsofthesentenceTheyarehuntingdogs?Whatis

thelinguisticknowl