汽車工程客運車輛中英文對照外文翻譯文獻

PAGE1中英文翻譯PassengervehiclesintheUnitedStatesFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaTheneutralityofthisarticleisdisputed.Pleaseseethediscussiononthetalkpage.Pleasedonotremovethismessageuntilthedisputeisresolved.(December2007)Note:thisarticleadoptstheU.S.DepartmentofTransportation'sdefinitionofapassengervehicle,tomeanacarortruck,usedforpassengers,excludingbusesandtrains.TheUnitedStatesishometothelargestpassengervehiclemarketofanycountryintheworld.[1]Overall,therewereanestimated254.4millionregisteredpassengervehiclesintheUnitedStatesaccordingtoa2007DOTstudy.[2]Thisnumber,alongwiththeaverageageofvehicles,hasincreasedsteadilysince1960,indicatingagrowingnumberofvehiclespercapita.TheUnitedStatesisalsohometothreelargevehiclemanufacturers:GeneralMotors,FordMotorCompanyandChrysler,whichhavehistoricallybeenreferredtoasthe"BigThree."Chryslerhoweverisnolongeramongthetopthree;butisnumberfive,behindToyotaandHonda.ThemotorcarthoughhasclearlybecomeanintegralpartofAmericanlife,withvehiclesoutnumberinglicenseddrivers.[2]StatisticsTheUnitedStatesDepartmentofTransportation'sFederalHighwayAdministrationaswellastheNationalAutomobileDealersAssociationhavepublisheddatainregardtothetotalnumberofvehicles,growthtrends,andratiosbetweenlicenseddrivers,thegeneralpopulation,andtheincreasingnumberofvehiclesonAmericanroads.Overallpassengervehicleshavebeenoutnumberinglicenseddriverssince1972ataneverincreasingrate,whilelighttrucksandvehiclesmanufacturedbyforeignmarqueshavegainedalargershareoftheautomotivemarketintheUnitedStates.In2001,70%ofAmericansdrovetoworkincars.[3]NewYorkCityistheonlylocalityinthecountrywheremorethanhalfofallhouseholdsdonotownacar(thefigureisevenhigherinManhattan,over75%;nationally,therateis8%).[3]TotalnumberofvehiclesAccordingtotheUSBureauofTransportationStatisticsfor2009thereare254,212,610registeredpassengervehicles.Ofthese,193,979,654wereclassifiedas"Lightdutyvehicle,shortwheelbase,whileanother40,488,025werelistedas"Lightdutyvehicle,longwheelbase."Yetanother8,356,097wereclassifiedasvehicleswith2axlesand6tiresand2,617,118wereclassifiedas"Truck,combination."Therewereapproximately7,929,724motorcyclesintheUSin2009.[4]Accordingtocumulativedata[1]bytheFederalHighwayAdministration(FHWA)thenumberofmotorvehicleshasalsoincreasedsteadilysince1960,onlystagnatingoncein1997anddecliningfrom1990to1991.Otherwisethenumberofmotorvehicleshasbeenrisingbyanestimated3.69millioneachyearsince1960withthelargestannualgrowthbetween1998and1999aswellasbetween2000and2001whenthenumberofmotorvehiclesintheUnitedStatesincreasedbyeightmillion.[1]SincethestudybytheFHAthenumberofvehicleshasincreasedbyapproximatelyelevenmillion,oneofthelargestrecordedincreases.Thelargestpercentageincreasewasbetweentheyearsof1972and1973whenthenumberofcarsincreasedby5.88%.AgeofvehiclesinoperationIntheyear2001,theNationalAutomobileDealersAssociationconductedastudyrevealingtheaverageageofvehiclesinoperationintheUS.ThestudyfoundthatofvehiclesinoperationintheUS,38.3%wereolderthantenyears,22.3%werebetweensevenandtenyearsold,25.8%werebetweenthreeandsixyearsoldand13.5%werelessthantwoyearsold.Accordingtothisstudythemajorityofvehicles,60.6%,ofvehicleswereolderthansevenyearsin2001.[5]ThisrelativelyhighageofautomobilesintheUSmightbeexplainedbyunaffordablepricesforcomparablenewreplacementvehiclesandacorrespondinggradualdeclineinsalesfiguressince1998.[6]Also,manyAmericansownthreeormorevehicles.Thelowmarginalcostofregisteringandinsuringadditionaloldervehiclesmeansmanyvehiclesthatarerarelyusedarestillgivenfullweightinthestatistics.Themedianandmeanageofautomobileshassteadilyincreasedsince1969.In2007theoverallmedianageforautomobileswas9.4years,asignificantincreaseover1990whenthemedianageofvehiclesinoperationintheUSwas6.5yearsand1969whenthemeanageforautomobileswas5.1years.[7]Ofallbodystyles,pick-uptruckshadthehighestmeanagein2001(9.4years),followedbycarswithameanageof8.4yearsandvanwithameanageof7.0years.AsSUVsarepartofarelativelynewconsumertrendoriginatingmostlyinthe1990s,SUVshadthelowestmeanageofanybodystyleintheUS(6.1years).Theaveragerecreationalvehiclewasevenolderwithameanageof12.5.Forallbodystylesthemeanvehicleageincreasedfairlysteadilyfrom1969to2001.[7]InMarch2009,RLPolkreleasedastudyconductedbetween2007to2008whichindicatedthatthemedianageofpassengercarsinoperationintheUSincreasedto9.4years,andthatthemedianageforlighttrucksincreasedfrom7.1yearsin2007to7.5yearsin2008.SalesIntheyear2009,about5.5millionnewpassengercarsweresoldintheUnitedStates[6]accordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofTransportation.Thisfigure“Includesdomesticandimportedvehicles."(DepartmentofTransportation)ThenumberofvehiclessoldintheUShasbeendecreasingatagradualyetcontinuousratesince1999,whennearly8.7millionvehiclesweresoldintheUS.Lookingbackathistoryhowever,revealsthatsuchdeclineisonlypartofnormalmarkettrendsandmostlikelyonlyatemporaryaffair.Overall,1985wasarecordyearwithcarssalestotalingjustoverelevenmillion.[6]Whileimportshavebeengaininggroundintermsofunitssoldduringthe2000sandhaveregainedroughlythesamemarketsharetheyheldin1992,thesalesofdomesticvehiclesarestillmorethandoublethoseofimportedvehicles.Itshouldbenoted,howeverthattheUSBureauofTransportationStatistics"IncludescarsproducedinCanadaandMexico"asdomesticvehiclesasbothcountriesarepartoftheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA),thusincludingmanycarsbyAsianandEuropeanmanufacturers-manyVolkswagensaremadeinMexico,ToyotasinCanada,also.In2006thesalesofvehiclesmadeinNAFTAstatestotaled5.5million,whilethesaleofimportedvehiclestotaled2.2million.923,000vehicleswereimportedfromJapan,makingitthegreatestexporterofvehiclestotheUS.GermanywasthesecondlargestexporterofvehiclestotheUS,with534,000unitsexportedtotheUSin2006.Importsfromallothernations,exceptGermanyandJapan,totaled729,000.[8]美國的客運車輛FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia這篇文章的中立性是有爭議的。請參見討論頁上的討論。直到糾紛得到解決，請不要刪除此消息。（2007年12月）注：本文采用美國能源部運輸?shù)目瓦\車輛的定義，是指供乘客使用的汽車或卡車，公共汽車和火車除外。在世界上任何一個國家，美國是最大的客運車輛市場[1]?？傮w而言，根據(jù)2007年交通部的研究，在美國估計有254.4萬美元注冊的客運車輛[2]。自1960年以來，隨著車輛的平均年齡，客運車輛總數(shù)已穩(wěn)步上升，表明人均車輛越來越多。美國也屬于三個大型汽車制造商：通用汽車，福特汽車公司和克萊斯勒汽車公司，這在歷史上被稱為“三巨頭”。雖然克萊斯勒不再躋身前三甲，排名第五，數(shù)量落后于豐田和本田。雖然汽車已顯然成為美國人生活中不可分割的一部分，與多于駕駛執(zhí)照的車輛[2]。統(tǒng)計在聯(lián)合國合眾國部運輸?shù)穆?lián)邦公路管理局，以及在全國汽車經銷商協(xié)會已發(fā)表數(shù)據(jù)關于一般人群中，在美國的道路上車輛總數(shù)，增長趨勢，以及持牌司機和車輛增加的數(shù)量之間的比例。自1972年以來，整體客運車輛以不斷增加的速率增加已多于駕駛執(zhí)照，而輕型卡車和外國MARQUES制造的車輛都獲得了較大的份額在美國的汽車市場。在2001年，70％的美國人開車上班[3]。紐約市是該國唯一的地方，那里一半以上的所有住戶不擁有自己的汽車（在曼哈頓的數(shù)字甚至更高，超過75％;國家，稅率為8％）[3]。車輛總數(shù)據(jù)2009年美國交通部統(tǒng)計局統(tǒng)計有254212610輛注冊的客運車輛。其中，被列為“輕型車，短軸距”的有193979654輛，而另有40488025輛被列為“輕型車，長軸距”。然而，另外的8356097輛被列為2車軸和輪胎以及2617118輛汽車被列為“卡車，組合?！?999年在美國大約有7929724摩托車[4]。根據(jù)聯(lián)邦公路管理局（FHWA）累計數(shù)據(jù)[1]，自1960年以來機動車的數(shù)量也穩(wěn)步上升，只有在1997年那次停滯不前，以及從1990年到1991年下降。否則，自1960年以來機動車數(shù)量已由每年估計有369萬輛增加，在1998年和1999年之間，以及2000年和2001年之間達到最大的年度增長率，且美國的汽車數(shù)量增加了八百萬輛[1]。聯(lián)邦住房管理局的研究表明車輛的數(shù)目增加了約11個億，是最大的歷史記錄增長之一。最大的百分比增幅是1972年和1973年之間，汽車數(shù)量增加了5.88％。操作車輛的年齡在2001年，全國汽車經銷商協(xié)會進行的一項研究揭示在美國操作車輛的平均年齡。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在美國運行的車輛中，有38.3％是年齡超過10歲，7至10歲占22.3％，25.8％為三個月及六個月歲之間而其余的13.5％不到兩年。根據(jù)這項研究大部分的車輛，在2001年60.6％的車輛是7年以上[5]。在美國相比新更換車輛，汽車比較高的年齡可能被解釋為買不起的價格，且自1998年以來相應的銷售數(shù)額逐漸下降[6]。此外，許多美國人擁有三個或更多的車輛。額外的老舊車輛的登記和投保的低邊際成本是指許多很少使用的