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全新版大學(xué)英語綜合教程2課文原文翻譯Unit1HowardGardner,aprofessorofeducationatHarvardUniversity,reflectsonavisittoChinaandgiveshisthoughtsondifferentapproachestolearninginChinaandtheWest.哈佛大學(xué)教育學(xué)教授霍華德·加德納回憶其中國之行,闡述他對中西方不同的學(xué)習(xí)方式的看法。Learning,Chinese-StyleHowardGardner1Foramonthinthespringof1987,mywifeEllenandIlivedinthebustlingeasternChinesecityofNanjingwithour18-month-oldsonBenjaminwhilestudyingartseducationinChinesekindergartensandelementaryschools.ButoneofthemosttellinglessonsEllenandIgotinthedifferencebetweenChineseandAmericanideasofeducationcamenotintheclassroombutinthelobbyoftheJinlingHotelwherewestayedinNanjing.中國式的學(xué)習(xí)風(fēng)格霍華德·加德納1987年春,我和妻子埃倫帶著我們18個月的兒子本杰明在繁忙的中國東部城市南京住了一個月,同時考察中國幼兒園和小學(xué)的藝術(shù)教育情況。然而,我和埃倫獲得的有關(guān)中美教育觀念差異的最難忘的體驗并非來自課堂,而是來自我們在南京期間寓居的金陵飯店的大堂。2Thekeytoourroomwasattachedtoalargeplasticblockwiththeroomnumberonit.Whenleavingthehotel,aguestwasencouragedtoturninthekey,eitherbyhandingittoanattendantorbydroppingitthroughaslotintoabox.Becausethekeyslotwasnarrow,thekeyhadtobepositionedcarefullytofitintoit.我們的房門鑰匙系在一塊標(biāo)有房間號的大塑料板上。酒店鼓勵客人外出時留下鑰匙,可以交給服務(wù)員,也可以從一個槽口塞入鑰匙箱。由于口子狹小,你得留神將鑰匙放準(zhǔn)位置才塞得進去。3Benjaminlovedtocarrythekeyaround,shakingitvigorously.Healsolikedtotrytoplaceitintotheslot.Becauseofhistenderageandincompleteunderstandingoftheneedtopositionthekeyjustso,hewouldusuallyfail.Benjaminwasnotbotheredintheleast.Heprobablygotasmuchpleasureoutofthesoundsthekeymadeashedidthosefewtimeswhenthekeyactuallyfounditswayintotheslot.本杰明愛拿著鑰匙走來走去,邊走邊用力搖晃著。他還喜歡試著把鑰匙往槽口里塞。由于他還年幼,不太明白得把鑰匙放準(zhǔn)位置才成,因此總?cè)贿M去。本杰明一點也不在意。他從鑰匙聲響中得到的樂趣大概跟他偶爾把鑰匙成功地塞進槽口而獲得的樂趣一樣多。4NowbothEllenandIwereperfectlyhappytoallowBenjamintobangthekeynearthekeyslot.Hisexploratorybehaviorseemedharmlessenough.ButIsoonobservedaninterestingphenomenon.AnyChinesestaffmembernearbywouldcomeovertowatchBenjaminand,notinghislackofinitialsuccess,attempttoassist.HeorshewouldholdontoBenjamin'shandand,gentlybutfirmly,guideitdirectlytowardtheslot,repositionitasnecessary,andhelphimtoinsertit.The"teacher"wouldthensmilesomewhatexpectantlyatEllenorme,asifawaitingathankyou─andonoccasionwouldfrownslightly,asifconsideringustobeneglectingourparentalduties.我和埃倫都滿不在乎,任由本杰明拿著鑰匙在鑰匙的槽口鼓搗。他的探索行為似乎并無任何害處。但我很快就觀察到一個有趣的現(xiàn)象。飯店里任何一個中國工作人員若在近旁,都會走過來看著本杰明,見他初試失敗,便都會試圖幫忙。他們會輕輕握緊本杰明的手,直接將它引向鑰匙的槽口,進行必要的重新定位,并幫他把鑰匙插入槽口。然后那位“老師”會有所期待地對著我和埃倫微笑,似乎等著我們說聲謝謝——偶爾他會微微皺眉,似乎覺得我倆沒有盡到當(dāng)父母的責(zé)任。5IsoonrealizedthatthisincidentwasdirectlyrelevanttoourassignedtasksinChina:toinvestigatethewaysofearlychildhoodeducation(especiallyinthearts),andtothrowlightonChineseattitudestowardcreativity.AndsobeforelongIbegantointroducethekey-slotanecdoteintomydiscussionswithChineseeducators.我很快意識到,這件小事與我們在中國要做的工作直接相關(guān):考察兒童早期教育(尤其是藝術(shù)教育)的方式,揭示中國人對創(chuàng)造性活動的態(tài)度。因此,不久我就在與中國教育工作者討論時談起了鑰匙槽口一事。TWODIFFERENTWAYSTOLEARN6WithafewexceptionsmyChinesecolleaguesdisplayedthesameattitudeasthestaffattheJinlingHotel.Sinceadultsknowhowtoplacethekeyinthekeyslot,whichistheultimatepurposeofapproachingtheslot,andsincethechildisneitheroldenoughnorcleverenoughtorealizethedesiredactiononhisown,whatpossiblegainisachievedbyhavinghimstruggle?Hemaywellgetfrustratedandangry─certainlynotadesirableoutcome.Whynotshowhimwhattodo?Hewillbehappy,hewilllearnhowtoaccomplishthetasksooner,andthenhecanproceedtomorecomplexactivities,likeopeningthedoororaskingforthekey─bothofwhichaccomplishmentscan(andshould)induecoursebemodeledforhimaswell.兩種不同的學(xué)習(xí)方式我的中國同行,除了少數(shù)幾個人外,對此事的態(tài)度與金陵飯店工作人員一樣。既然大人知道怎么把鑰匙塞進槽口——這是處理槽口一事的最終目的,既然孩子還很年幼,還沒有靈巧到可以獨自完成要做的動作,讓他自己瞎折騰會有什么好處呢?他很有可能會灰心喪氣發(fā)脾氣——這當(dāng)然不是所希望的結(jié)果。為什么不教他怎么做呢?他會高興,他還能早些學(xué)會做這件事,進而去學(xué)做更復(fù)雜的事,如開門,或索要鑰匙——這兩件事到時候同樣可以(也應(yīng)該)示范給他看。7Welistenedtosuchexplanationssympatheticallyandexplainedthat,firstofall,wedidnotmuchcarewhetherBenjaminsucceededininsertingthekeyintotheslot.Hewashavingagoodtimeandwasexploring,twoactivitiesthatdidmattertous.Butthecriticalpointwasthat,intheprocess,weweretryingtoteachBenjaminthatonecansolveaproblemeffectivelybyoneself.Suchself-relianceisaprincipalvalueofchildrearinginmiddle-classAmerica.Solongasthechildisshownexactlyhowtodosomething─whetheritbeplacingakeyinakeyslot,drawingahenormakingupforamisdeed─heislesslikelytofigureouthimselfhowtoaccomplishsuchatask.And,moregenerally,heislesslikelytoviewlife─asAmericansdo─asaseriesofsituationsinwhichonehastolearntothinkforoneself,tosolveproblemsonone'sownandeventodiscovernewproblemsforwhichcreativesolutionsarewanted.我倆頗為同情地聽著這一番道理,解釋道,首先,我們并不在意本杰明能不能把鑰匙塞進鑰匙的槽口。他玩得開心,而且在探索,這兩點才是我們真正看重的。但關(guān)鍵在于,在這個過程中,我們試圖讓本杰明懂得,一個人是能夠很好地自行解決問題的。這種自力更生的精神是美國中產(chǎn)階級最重要的一條育兒觀。如果我們向孩子演示該如何做某件事——把鑰匙塞進鑰匙的槽口也好,畫只雞或是彌補某種錯誤行為也好——那他就不太可能自行想方設(shè)法去完成這件事。從更廣泛的意義上說,他就不太可能——如美國人那樣——將人生視為一系列的情境,在這些情境中,一個人必須學(xué)會獨立思考,學(xué)會獨立解決問題,進而學(xué)會發(fā)現(xiàn)需要創(chuàng)造性地加以解決的新問題。TEACHINGBYHOLDINGHISHAND8Inretrospect,itbecamecleartomethatthisincidentwasindeedkey─andkeyinmorethanonesense.Itpointedtoimportantdifferencesintheeducationalandartisticpracticesinourtwocountries.把著手教回想起來,當(dāng)時我就清楚地意識到,這件事正是體現(xiàn)了問題的關(guān)鍵之所在——而且不僅僅是一種意義上的關(guān)鍵之所在。這件事表明了我們兩國在教育和藝術(shù)實踐上的重要差異。9Whenourwell-intentionedChineseobserverscametoBenjamin'srescue,theydidnotsimplypushhishanddownclumsilyoruncertainly,asImighthavedone.Instead,theyguidedhimwithextremefacilityandgentlenessinpreciselythedesireddirection.IcametorealizethattheseChinesewerenotjustmoldingandshapingBenjamin'sperformanceinanyoldmanner:InthebestChinesetradition,theywerebazheshoujiao─"teachingbyholdinghishand"─somuchsothathewouldhappilycomebackformore.那些善意的中國旁觀者前來幫助本杰明時,他們不是簡單地像我可能會做的那樣笨拙地或是猶猶豫豫地把他的手往下推。相反,他們極其熟練地、溫和地把他引向所要到達的確切方向。我逐漸認(rèn)識到,這些中國人不是簡單地以一種陳舊的方式塑造、引導(dǎo)本杰明的行為:他們是在恪守中國傳統(tǒng),把著手教,教得本杰明自己會愉快地要求再來一次。10Theideathatlearningshouldtakeplacebycontinualcarefulshapingandmoldingappliesequallytothearts.Watchingchildrenatworkinaclassroomsetting,wewereastonishedbytheirfacility.Childrenasyoungas5or6werepaintingflowers,fishandanimalswiththeskillandconfidenceofanadult;calligraphers9and10yearsoldwereproducingworksthatcouldhavebeendisplayedinamuseum.Inavisittothehomesoftwooftheyoungartists,welearnedfromtheirparentsthattheyworkedonperfectingtheircraftforseveralhoursaday.學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)通過不間斷的精心塑造與引導(dǎo)而得以實現(xiàn),這一觀念同樣適用于藝術(shù)。我們觀看了孩子們在教室里學(xué)習(xí)藝術(shù)的情景,他們的嫻熟技藝令我們驚訝。年僅5、6歲的孩子就帶著成人的那種技巧與自信在畫花、畫魚和動物;9歲、10歲的小書法家寫出的作品滿可以在博物館展示。有一次去兩位小藝術(shù)家的家里參觀,我們從孩子的父母處得知,他們每天練習(xí)數(shù)小時以完善他們的技藝。CREATIVITYFIRST?11Intermsofattitudestocreativitythereseemstobeareversalofpriorities:youngWesternersmakingtheirboldestdeparturesfirstandthengraduallymasteringthetradition;andyoungChinesebeingalmostinseparablefromthetradition,but,overtime,possiblyevolvingtoapointequallyoriginal.創(chuàng)造力第一?從對創(chuàng)造力的態(tài)度來說,優(yōu)先次序似乎是顛倒了:西方的年輕人先是大膽創(chuàng)新,然后逐漸深諳傳統(tǒng);而中國的年輕人則幾乎離不開傳統(tǒng),但是,隨著時間的推移,他們同樣可能發(fā)展到具有創(chuàng)新的境界。12OnewayofsummarizingtheAmericanpositionistostatethatwevalueoriginalityandindependencemorethantheChinesedo.Thecontrastbetweenourtwoculturescanalsobeseenintermsofthefearswebothharbor.Chineseteachersarefearfulthatifskillsarenotacquiredearly,theymayneverbeacquired;thereis,ontheotherhand,nocomparablehurrytopromotecreativity.Americaneducatorsfearthatunlesscreativityhasbeenacquiredearly,itmayneveremerge;ontheotherhand,skillscanbepickeduplater.美國人的立場可以概括起來這么說,我們比中國人更重視創(chuàng)新和自立。我們兩種文化的差異也可以從我們各自所懷的憂慮中顯示出來。中國老師擔(dān)心,如果年輕人不及早掌握技藝,就有可能一輩子掌握不了;另一方面,他們并不同樣地急于促進創(chuàng)造力的發(fā)展。美國教育工作者則擔(dān)心,除非從一開始就發(fā)展創(chuàng)造力,不然創(chuàng)造力就有可能永不再現(xiàn);而另一方面,技藝可于日后獲得。13However,Idonotwanttooverstatemycase.ThereisenormouscreativitytobefoundinChinesescientific,technologicalandartisticinnovationspastandpresent.AndthereisadangerofexaggeratingcreativebreakthroughsintheWest.Whenanyinnovationisexaminedclosely,itsrelianceonpreviousachievementsisalltooapparent(the"standingontheshouldersofgiants"phenomenon).但我并不想夸大其辭。無論在過去還是在當(dāng)今,中國在科學(xué)、技術(shù)和藝術(shù)革新方面都展示了巨大的創(chuàng)造力。而西方的創(chuàng)新突破則有被夸大的危險。如果仔細(xì)審視任何一項創(chuàng)新,其對以往成就的依賴則都顯而易見(“站在巨人肩膀之上”的現(xiàn)象)。14ButassumingthatthecontrastIhavedevelopedisvalid,andthatthefosteringofskillsandcreativityarebothworthwhilegoals,theimportantquestionbecomesthis:Canwegather,fromtheChineseandAmericanextremes,asuperiorwaytoapproacheducation,perhapsstrikingabetterbalancebetweenthepolesofcreativityandbasicskills?然而,假定我這里所說的反差是成立的,而培養(yǎng)技藝與創(chuàng)造力兩者都是值得追求的目標(biāo),那么重要的問題就在于:我們能否從中美兩個極端中尋求一種更好的教育方式,它或許能在創(chuàng)造力與基本技能這兩極之間獲得某種較好的平衡?Findingawayofteachingchildrentoappreciatethevalueofmoneycanbeaproblem.Yetthesolution,DavidOwensuggests,issimple--justopenabank.Easiersaidthandone?Well,itturnsouttobenotquitesodifficultasitsounds,asyou'lldiscoverinreadingabouttheFirstNationalBankofDave.設(shè)法教育孩子珍惜錢財會是件難事。然而,大衛(wèi)·歐文說,方法也很簡單——開個銀行就行。說來容易做起來難?其實,這事并沒聽上去那么難,你讀一讀戴夫第一國家銀行的故事就知道了。ChildrenandMoneyDavidOwen1Parentswhodecidethatthetimehascometoteachtheirchildrenaboutmoneyusuallybeginbyopeningsavingsaccounts.Thekidsareattractedatfirstbythenotionthatabankwillpaythemfordoingnothing,buttheirenthusiasmdisappearswhentheyrealizethattheinterestrateistinyand,furthermore,theirparentsdon'tintendtogivethemaccesstotheirprincipal.Toakid,asavingsaccountisjustablackholethatswallowsbirthdaychecks.孩子與金錢大衛(wèi)·歐文當(dāng)家長覺得該教孩子們懂得如何對待金錢的時候,他們通常先為孩子開個儲蓄賬戶。剛開始的時候,孩子們頗感興趣,因為他們想自己什么也不干銀行還會付給他們錢,可當(dāng)他們明白利率小得很,而且父母也無意讓他們動用本金時,他們的熱情一下子就冷卻了。對一個孩子來說,一個儲蓄賬戶只不過是一個吞沒其生日禮金支票的黑洞。2Kid:"Grandmagavemetwenty-fivedollars!"Parent:"Hownice.We'llputthatcheckstraightintoyoursavingsaccount."Kid:"Butshegaveittome!Iwantit!"Parent:"Oh,itwillstillbeyours.Youjusthavetokeepitinthebanksothatitcangrow."Kid(suspicious):"Whatdoyoumeanby'grow'?"Parent:"Well,ifyouleaveyourtwenty-fivedollarsinthebankforjustoneyear,thebankwillpayyouseventy-fivecents.Andifyouleaveallofthatinthebankforjustonemoreyear,thebankwillgiveyouanotherseventy-fivecentsplustwoandahalfmorecentsbesides.That'scalledcompoundinterest.Itwillhelpyougotocollege."孩子:“奶奶給了我25美金!”家長:“太棒了。咱們把支票直接存到你的賬戶上去?!焙⒆樱骸翱蛇@錢她是給我的!我要用!”家長:“噯,錢還是你的嘛。你只不過是要把錢放在銀行里,好讓它增多?!焙⒆樱ê傻兀骸澳阏f‘增多’是什么意思?”家長:“哦,要是你把這25美金在銀行里放一年,銀行就會付給你75美分。要是你連本帶息在銀行里再放一年,銀行會再付給你75美分,另加2.5美分。這叫做復(fù)利。這錢能幫你上大學(xué)?!?Themaindefectinsuchsavingschemesisthatthere'snothinginthemforthekids.Collegeisathousandyearsaway,andtheyprobablythinkthey'djustassoonstayhomeanyway.Indeed,thetruepurposeofsuchplansisusuallynottopromotesavingbuttopreventconsumption.(1)Appalledbywhattheirchildrenspendoncandyandvideogames(or,rather,appalledbythedegreetowhichtheirchildren'soverspendingseemstomimictheirown),parentsdevisewaystolockuptheirchildren'sresources.Notsurprisingly,kidsquicklydecidethatlargesumsaren'trealmoneyandthatallcashshouldeitherbespentimmediatelyorhiddeninadrawer.這類儲蓄計劃的主要缺陷在于,孩子本人一無所獲。上大學(xué)還不知要過多少年,他們或許會想他們寧愿呆在家里。實際上,這類計劃的真正目的通常不是促進儲蓄而是限制消費。孩子們在糖果、電子游戲上的花費之大令家長們十分震驚(或者更確切地說,令他們吃驚的其實是孩子們的超支行為與他們自己的相似程度),于是他們便設(shè)法讓孩子們將錢存起來不用。毋怪乎孩子們很快就認(rèn)定,大額錢款不是實實在在的錢,有了現(xiàn)錢要么趕緊花掉,要么藏在抽屜里。4Toavoidthisproblemwithmytwochildren,Istartedmyownbank.It'scalledtheFirstNationalBankofDave.Isetupanaccountforeachchild,usingthesamecomputerprogramIusetokeeptrackofmycheckbook.BecauseIwantedmykids'depositstogrowatapacethatwouldholdtheirattention,Iofferedanattractiveinterestrate-fivepercentamonth.(2)Compounded,thatworksouttoanannualrateofmorethan70percent.(No,Idon'tacceptdepositsfromstrangers.)Allowancesaredepositedautomaticallyonthefirstdayofeachmonth.Thekidscanmakeotherdeposits,orwithdrawals,whenevertheylike.為了避免我的兩個孩子產(chǎn)生這一問題,我開設(shè)了自己的銀行,名叫戴夫第一國家銀行。我用記錄自己支票簿使用情況的同一個電腦程序給每個孩子開了一個賬戶。因為我希望孩子存款增長的速度足以引起他們的注意,便給他們一個誘人的利率——月息5厘。以復(fù)利計算,年息達到70%以上。(不,我不接受外來存款。)零花錢在每月第一天自動存入。孩子們也可以把別的錢存進來,想存就存,想取就取。5TheBankofDave,whichhasbeeninoperationfouryears,instantlyturnedbothmychildrenintokeensavers.Mysonstillcomestomewithchangehehasfoundonthefloorofthecar,saying,"Andcreditthistoday."Bothkids'accountsgrewsofastthataftertwoyearsIhadtorollbackmymonthlyinterestratetothreepercent.ThekidsprotestedwhenIannouncedthechange,buttheynoddedsolemnlywhenIexplainedthatthelawofsupplyanddemandapplieseventothesupplyofmoney.Thekidshelpmecalculatetheirinterest--ausefullessoninaveragingandpercentages.(3)Igivethemunlimitedaccesstotheirfunds,noquestionsasked,andIprovideprintedstatementsondemand.戴夫銀行經(jīng)營了4年,一下子就把我的兩個孩子變成了熱心的儲蓄者。至今我兒子在車?yán)镎业搅沐X仍會來找我說,“今天就把這個上賬?!眱蓚€孩子的存款增長很快,兩年之后,我不得不將月利率降至3厘。我宣布調(diào)低利率時兩個孩子反對,可當(dāng)我解釋說供求法則同樣適用于貨幣供應(yīng)后,兩人嚴(yán)肅地點頭贊同。兩個孩子幫我一起計算他們的利息——這可是學(xué)習(xí)計算平均值與百分比的頗為有用的一課。他們使用自己的資金我不加任何限制,不作任何詢問,我還根據(jù)要求隨時提供打印的賬單。6ThehighrateofinterestisnottheonlyattractivefeatureoftheBankofDave.Equallyimportantfromthekids'pointofviewisthattheiraccountsbelongtothem.Whentheysave,theyharvestthebenefit;whentheywanttospend,theydon'tneedpermission.Childrenwhohavenocontrolovertheirownfundshavenoincentivenottobegformoneyandthenspendeverydollarthatcomesintotheirhands.高利率并非戴夫銀行惟一誘人之處。在孩子看來同樣重要的是,他們的存款屬于他們自己。他們存錢便會獲利;他們想花錢也用不著獲得許可。孩子對自己的錢沒有自主權(quán),就沒有什么東西激勵他們不去伸手要錢,不把到手的錢花個光。7Thewaytohelpchildrenbecomerationalconsumersistogivethemmorecontrol,notless.Beforewegoonvacation,I'llusuallygivemykidsanextratwentybucksorso,whichIdepositintheiraccounts.ItellthemthattheycanspendtheextramoneyonaT-shirt,saveit,spenditbeforeweleave,ordoanythingelsetheywantwithit--butthatwhileweareonvacation,theywon'treceiveanyadditionalpocketmoneyfromme(exceptintheformofcommunalpurchasesconsideredbycustomtobevacationentitlements,suchascandy,icecream,movietickets,andsoon).Becauseanymoneytheyspendstartsoutastheirs,notmine,theythinktwicebeforethrowingitaway.InasouvenirstoreonMartha'sVineyardacoupleofsummersagomysonquietlystudiedtheunpromisingmerchandisewhileafriendofhisloudlycajoledhisparentsintopayingfivedollarsforatoygun,whichfellapartalmostbeforewegotbacktothecar.Mysonendedupspendingthirty-threecentsforanunopenedgeode,whichhelatercrackedopenbyhittingitwithahammer--agoodvalue,itseemedtome.Ifhehadbeenspendingmymoneyinsteadofhis,heundoubtedlywouldhavewantedatoyguninstead.幫助孩子們成為理性消費者的方法是,交給他們更多的,而不是更少的自主權(quán)。我們?nèi)ザ燃偾?,我通常額外多給孩子們20塊錢左右存在他們賬戶上。我告訴他們,他們可以在我們出發(fā)前用這筆額外的錢買T恤衫、存起來,或者花掉,或隨便他們派什么別的用場——但在度假期間,他們就不會從我這兒再拿到任何額外的零用錢了(根據(jù)慣例被認(rèn)為是度假享受的共同消費除外,如糖果、冰淇淋、電影票等)。由于他們花費的任何一筆錢都是他們自己的而不是我的,他們出手時就很謹(jǐn)慎。兩年前的一個夏天,在瑪莎葡萄園的一家紀(jì)念品商店,我兒子一聲不響地仔細(xì)察看那些不起眼的商品,他的一個朋友則吵著讓父母花5美金買了一把玩具槍,可幾乎還沒等我們回到車上,槍就壞了。我兒子最后花了33美分買了個未打開的空心晶球,后來他用榔頭把它砸了開來——我看這錢花得值得。要是他花的是我的而不是他自己的錢,毫無疑問,他肯定也會要買一把玩具槍的。8"Childrenareinstinctivecapitalists.Ifgivenenoughleeway,theyquicklybecomeshrewdmanagersoftheirownfinances.Whenparentsfailintheireffortsatfinancialeducation,it'susuallybecauseforreasonsoftheirowntheyhavemanagedtomakesavingseempainfulanddull.Moneyisfun,andit'salmostentirelyself-explanatory.(4)Theonlywaytoteachkidstoadoptalong-termperspectiveistogivethemashort-termincentivefordoingso.兒童是天生的資本家。只要給予足夠的自由活動余地,他們很快就會成為精明的理財者。如果家長的理財教育失敗,那往往是因為他們出于自身的原因把存錢弄得似乎既痛苦又無聊。金錢是有趣的,而且?guī)缀跬耆遣恢v自明的。教育孩子們看問題要有長遠(yuǎn)目光的惟一途徑,是讓孩子們近期內(nèi)便能嘗到某種甜頭,從而激勵他們?nèi)ツ菢幼?。Unit2Doesbeingrichmeanyouliveacompletelydifferentlifefromordinarypeople?Not,itseems,ifyournameisSamWalton.有錢是否意味著過一種完全不同于普通人的生活?看來未必,如果你的名字叫薩姆·沃爾頓。THERICHESTMANINAMERICA,DOWNHOMEArtHarris1HeputonadinnerjackettoserveasawaiteratthebirthdaypartyofTheRichestManinAmerica.Heimaginedwhatsurelyawaited:amansion,a"Rolls-Royceforeverydayoftheweek,"dogswithdiamondcollars,servantseverywhere.美國鄉(xiāng)巴佬首富阿特·哈里斯他穿上餐服準(zhǔn)備到美國首富的生日聚會上去擔(dān)任侍者。在他的想象里,他定然會看到:豪宅,主人天天要坐的羅爾斯—羅伊斯轎車,戴著鉆石頸圈的家犬,到處可見的仆人。2Thenhewasofftothehouse,wheelingpastthesleepytownsquareinBentonville,aremoteArkansastownof9,920,whereSamWaltonstartedwithalittledimestorethatgrewintoa$6billiondiscountchaincalledWal-Mart.Hedrovedownacountryroad,turnedatamailboxmarked"SamandHelenWalton,"andjumpedoutatahouseinthewoods.他動身前往那所宅邸,開著車穿過本頓維爾鎮(zhèn)冷冷清清的市政廣場。本頓維爾鎮(zhèn)是阿肯色州一個人口僅有9,920的偏遠(yuǎn)小鎮(zhèn),薩姆·沃爾頓就在該鎮(zhèn)從一個專賣廉價商品的小店起家,逐漸發(fā)展成為價值60億美金資產(chǎn)的廉價連鎖店沃爾瑪公司。侍者上了一條鄉(xiāng)間車道,轉(zhuǎn)過一個標(biāo)著“薩姆和海倫·沃爾頓”的信箱,在一幢林間住宅前跳下了車。3Itwasnice,butnopalace.Thefurnitureappearedalittleworn.Anoldpickuptrucksatinthegarageandamuddybirddogranabouttheyard.Heneverspottedanyservants.房子還不錯,但絕對不是宮殿。家具略顯陳舊,一輛舊的輕便貨車停在車庫里,一條土褐色的捕禽獵犬在院子里竄來竄去。根本沒看見任何仆人的身影。4"Itwasarealdisappointment,"sighswaiterJamieBeaulieu.“太令人失望了,”侍者杰米·鮑尤嘆道。5OnlyinAmericacanabillionairecarryonlikeplainfolksandgetawaywithit.Andthe67-year-olddiscountkingSamMooreWaltonstilltravelsthesewindybackroadsinhis1979Fordpickup,redandwhite,birddogsbyhisside,and,comeshootingseason,waitsinlinelikeeveryoneelsetobuyshellsatthelocalWal-Mart.只有在美國,一個億萬富翁才能像普通百姓一樣,安穩(wěn)地過著普普通通的日子。67歲的廉價店大王薩姆·穆爾·沃爾頓仍然開著他那輛紅白兩色的1979年出廠的福特牌輕型貨車穿行在彎彎曲曲的鄉(xiāng)間小道上,身邊坐著他的捕禽獵犬。當(dāng)狩獵季節(jié)來臨時,他跟別人一樣在當(dāng)?shù)氐奈譅柆斏痰昱抨犢徺I獵槍子彈。6"Hedoesn'twantanyspecialtreatment,"saysnightmanagerJohnnyBaker,whostrugglestocallthebossbyhisfirstnameasarecentcorporatememocommands.Fewherethinkofhisbillions;theycallhim"Mr.Sam"andaccepthisfolksyways."He'sthesamemanwhoopenedhisdimestoreonthesquareandworked18hoursadayforhisdream,"saysMayorRichardHoback.“他不要任何特殊待遇,”夜班經(jīng)理喬尼·貝克說,他費了好大的勁才如公司最近一份備忘錄所規(guī)定的那樣對自己的老板以名相稱。這里幾乎沒人去想他的億萬身價,他們稱他為薩姆先生,絲毫不以他的平民作風(fēng)為怪?!八€是那個在市政廣場開廉價店,為了自己的夢想每天工作18個小時的人,一點沒變,”市長理查德·霍巴克說。7Byallaccounts,he'sfriendly,cheerful,afineneighborwhodoeshisbesttoblendin,neverflashy,neverthrowinghisweightaround.人人都說他為人友善,性情開朗,是個好鄰居;他盡力與人們?nèi)谇⑾嗵?,從不炫耀,也從不盛氣凌人?NomatterhowbigatimehehadonSaturdaynight,youcanfindhiminchurchonSunday.Surelyinareservedseat,right?"Wedon'thavereservedseats,"saysGordonGarlingtonIII,pastorofthelocalchurch.無論他星期六晚上的夜生活過得多晚,星期日你還是能在教堂見到他。當(dāng)然是坐在他的包座上,對嗎?“我們不設(shè)包座,”當(dāng)?shù)亟烫媚翈煾甑恰ぜ恿诸D第三說。9SowheredoesTheRichestManinAmericasit?Whereverhefindsaseat."Look,he'sjustnotthatway.Hedoesn'thaveasetplace.Atachurchsuppertheothernight,heandhiswifewereinbackwashingdishes."那美國首富坐哪兒呢?哪兒有空位子就坐哪兒?!爸绬?,他根本就不是那種人。他沒有包座。前幾天晚上教堂舉行晚餐會,他和太太一起在后面洗盤子?!?0For19years,he'susedthesamebarber.JohnMayhallfindshimwaitingwhenheopensupat7a.m.Hechatsaboutthenationalnews,orreadsinhischair,perhapstheBentonCountyDailyDemocrat,anotherWaltonpropertythatkeepshimoffthefrontpage.ItburiedtheForbeslistatthebottomofpage2.19年來,為他理發(fā)的總是同一個師傅。約翰·梅霍早上七點開門會見到他等在門外。他跟人閑聊國內(nèi)新聞,或是坐在椅子里看報,沒準(zhǔn)是《本頓民主日報》,這是沃爾頓的又一宗產(chǎn)業(yè)。這份報紙從來不讓有關(guān)他的消息出現(xiàn)在頭版上。它將《福布斯》的富人排行榜塞在第二版的報尾。11"He'sjustnotafrontperson,"anewspaperemployeeexplains.“他壓根兒不是那種愛上頭版新聞的人,”一位報社雇員解釋說。12Butonerecentmorning,TheRichestManinAmericadidsomethingthatwouldhavemadeheadlinesanywhereintheworld:Heforgothismoney."Isaid,'Forgetit,takecareofitnexttime,'"saysbarberMayhall."Buthesaid.'No,I'llgetit,'andhewenthomeforhiswallet."但最近有天早上,美國首富做了件在任何其他地方準(zhǔn)會成為頭條新聞的事:他忘了帶錢?!拔艺f,‘沒事,下次一起付吧,’”理發(fā)師梅霍說,“可他說,‘不行,我得回去拿,’就回家去取錢包了?!?3Wasn'tthat,well,alittlestrange?"Nosir,"saysMayhall,"theonlythingstrangeaboutSamWaltonisthatheisn'tstrange."這一切,嗯,是不是有點怪?“一點也不,先生,”梅霍說,“薩姆·沃爾頓惟一不同尋常的就是,他平平常常?!?4ButjusthowlongWaltoncanholdfirmtohisfolksyhabitswithcelebrityhunterskeepingfollowinghimwhereverhegoesisanyone'sguess.EversinceForbesmagazinepronouncedhimAmerica'srichestman,with$2.8billioninWal-Martstock,he'sbeenarichmanontherun,steeringclearofreporters,dreamers,andschemers.然而,沃爾頓所到之處名人追星族緊跟不舍,他的平民習(xí)慣能保持多久,就很難說了。自從《福布斯》雜志宣布他擁有價值28億的沃爾瑪股票成為美國首富以后,他就成了一個東躲西藏的富人,他得甩開記者、尋夢者,還有圖謀不軌者。15"HemaybetherichestbyForbesrankings,"sayscorporateaffairsdirectorJimVonGremp,"buthedoesn'tknowwhetherheisornot--andhedoesn'tcare.Hedoesn'tspendmuch.Heownsstock,buthe'salwaysleftitinthecompanysoitcouldgrow.Buttherealstoryinhismindisthesuccessachievedbythe100,000peoplewhomakeuptheWal-Martteam."“他或許是《福布斯》排行榜的首富,”公司事務(wù)主管吉姆·馮·格雷姆普說,“但他并不知道自己是不是首富——而且他也不在乎。他不怎么花錢。他是擁有股票,但他一直把股票留在公司里好讓公司發(fā)展。而他腦子里真正想著的是沃爾瑪十萬員工共同取得的成功?!?6He'susuallybackhomeforFridaysalesmeetings,ortheexecutivepeprallySaturdaymorningat7a.m.,whenWalton,ashedoesatnewstoreopenings,isliabletojumpuponachairandleadeveryoneintheWal-Martcheer:"GivemeaW!GivemeanA!GivemeanL!Louder!"他通?;貋韰⒓有瞧谖宓匿N售會議,或是星期六早晨7點的行政人員鼓勁會,屆時沃爾頓會像分店新開張時那樣,跳上椅子,帶領(lǐng)大家呼喊沃爾瑪公司口號:“給我一個W!給我一個A!給我一個L!大聲點!”17Andloudertheyyell.Nooneadmitstofeelingtheleastbitsilly.It'sallpartoftheWal-MartwayoflifeaslaiddownbySam:loyalty,hardwork,longhours;getideasintothesystemfromthebottomup,Japanese-style;treatyourpeopleright;cutpricesandmarginstotheboneandsleepwellatnight.Employeeswithoneyearonboardqualifyforstockoptions,andareurgedtobuyalltheycan.于是大家越喊越響。沒有誰說這樣做有點傻。這都是薩姆定下來的沃爾瑪生活方式的一部分:忠誠,勤勉,加班加點;從公司最底層起大家集思廣益,日本管理方式;善待員工;盡可能降低價格、減少利潤,一夜安睡到天亮。員工進公司一年就有資格獲得優(yōu)先認(rèn)股權(quán),并一再鼓勵他們盡能力購買。18Afterthepeprally,there'sbirdhunting,ortennisonhisbackyardcourt.Buthisstoresarealwaysonhismind.OnetennisguestmanagedtoputhimoffhisgamebyaskingwhyacanofballscostmoreinoneWal-Martthananother.Itturnedouttobeuntrue,butthemoveworked.Waltonlostfourstraightgames.鼓勁會之后,大家一起去打野禽,或在他家后院打網(wǎng)球。但他的那些商店總擱在他的心上。一位來打網(wǎng)球的客人為了分散他打球的注意力,故意問了一句為什么一筒網(wǎng)球在一家沃爾瑪商店賣得比別的一家沃爾瑪商店貴。此話并非實情,但這一招卻真管用。沃爾頓連輸四局。tochangemywayofthinkingwhenIcameaboard."“他會說,‘那人工作努力,獎勵一下吧,’”退休的前任總裁費羅爾德·F·阿倫德回憶道。他原先供職的雇主非常吝嗇,所以19Waltonsetupacollegescholarshipfundforemployees'children,adisasterrelieffundtorebuildemployeehomesdamagedbyfires,floods,tornadoes,andthelike.Hebelievedincultivatingideasandrewardingsuccess.沃爾頓為員工子女設(shè)立了大學(xué)獎學(xué)基金,為房屋遭受火災(zāi)、洪水、龍卷風(fēng)等破壞的員工重建家園設(shè)立了災(zāi)難救助基金。他信奉廣開思路、褒獎成功。20"He'dsay,'Thatfellowworkedhard,let'sgivehimalittleextra,'"recallsretiredpresidentFeroldF.Arend,whowasstunnedatsuchgenerosityafterthestingyemployerhelefttojoinWal-Mart."Ihad離開那里加入沃爾瑪公司之后,他對這種慷慨行為深感震驚?!拔壹用宋譅柆敽?,不得不改變自己的思維方式。”21"Thereasonforoursuccess,"saysWalton,inacompanyhandout,"isourpeopleandthewaythey'retreatedandthewaytheyfeelabouttheircompany.Theybelievethingsaredifferenthere,buttheydeservethecredit."“我們之所以成功,”沃爾頓在公司宣傳冊上寫道,“是由于我們的員工,是由于他們所受到的待遇以及他們對公司的感情。他們認(rèn)為這里與眾不同,但是這種榮譽他們受之無愧?!?2AddscompanylawyerJimHendren:"I'veneverseenanyoneyetwhoworkedforhimorwasaroundhimforanylengthoftimewhowasn'tbetteroff.AndIdon'tmeanjustfinancially,althoughalotofpeopleare.It'sjustsomethingabouthim--comingintocontactwithSamWaltonjustmakesyouabetterperson."公司律師吉姆·亨德倫補充說,“我從沒見過有誰為他工作或和他接觸一段時間后而不受益的。我不僅僅是指錢財方面,當(dāng)然許多人是更富有了。我是說他的某種內(nèi)在的東西——與薩姆·沃爾頓交往會使你成為一個更健全的人?!盡akingthejourneyfromlogcabintoWhiteHouseispartoftheAmericanDream.ButwhenJimmyCarterwasdefeatedinhisattempttogainasecondtermasPresidentoftheUnitedStateshefoundhimselfsuddenlythrownoutoftheWhiteHouseandbackinhislogcabin.Thisishowhecoped.從小木屋走向白宮是美國夢的一部分??墒?,當(dāng)吉米·卡特連任美國總統(tǒng)的努力失敗后,他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己一下子被趕出白宮,回到了自己的小木屋。本文敘述了他是如何應(yīng)對的。TheRestorationofJimmyCarterSaraPacher1Maybeit'sbecauseI,too,wasbornandraisedinasmallsouthGeorgiatown,butIfoundsittingdowntotalktoRosalynnandJimmyCarterascomfortableaslazinginaporchswingonasummerafternoon,sippingicedtea.JustsuchaswingoverlooksaroaringmountainstreamattheCarters'logcabinretreatintheBlueRidgeMountains.Alongwiththecabin'sotherfurniture,theswingwasdesignedandbuiltbytheformerpresident,amasterwoodworkerwhoselectsandcutsthetreesforsuchprojectsfromhis160-acrefarm.Hethenstripsoffthebarkandshapesthewoodintofurnitureandotheritems.吉米·卡特的復(fù)元莎拉·帕夏爾或許因為我本人也生長在佐治亞州的一個南方小鎮(zhèn)的緣故,我覺得跟羅莎琳和吉米·卡特夫婦坐下交談就如同在夏日午后蕩在門廊的秋千椅上呷冰茶那么舒服。坐落于藍嶺山脈的卡特夫婦幽居的原木小屋前,恰好就有這樣的秋千椅,往下看去是一條咆哮的山間溪流。和小屋里別的家具一樣,這秋千椅是前總統(tǒng)卡特設(shè)計和制作的。卡特是一位手藝高明的木工,為了制作這些家具,他從其方圓160英畝的農(nóng)莊上親自遴選并砍伐樹木,而后剝?nèi)淦?,將木料制成家具及其他用品?"Mydaddywasagoodmanwithtools,"herecalls,"solearninghowtousethemwasasnaturalasbreathingforus.Ifsomethingbroke,wehadtofixitourselves.Youdidn'tcallsomebodyintorepairsomethingorreplaceitwithsomethingnew.Wehadtheseskills--allfarmersdidduringtheDepressionyears."“我父親擅長使用工具,”他回憶道,“因此學(xué)習(xí)使用工具對我們來說就像呼吸一樣自然。要是有什么東西壞了,我們就得自己修。我們不會請人來修理或換新的。我們有這種手藝——大蕭條時期,農(nóng)民都有這一手?!?Overtheyears,Carterhasmadesome50householditems,abouthalfofwhichhehasgivenawayasgifts.Butsomepiecesstillsitaroundthefamily'sPlainshouseandhavebeeninuseforover30years.Hiswifeisquicktopointout,however,thathisskillsimprovedastimewenton."WhenwecamehomefromtheNavyin1953,hebuiltasofaforthebackporch.Heusednailsthen.Nowhebuildseverythingwithoutnails.He'sstudiedwoodworkingandworkedatit,andhe'smadereallybeautifulfurnitureforourhome--includingapencil-postbedandtablesbytheside."
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