外文文獻翻譯-中小企業(yè)財務風險

PAGEPAGE1我國中小企業(yè)財務風險成因及防范探析翻譯（1）題目中小企業(yè)財務風險中小企業(yè)財務風險第一章金融風險的意義和種類1.1財務風險的意義自從20世紀以來,對財務風險的理解主要有以下幾種理念:(1)風險是一種可能的損失或傷害。這個定義深入探討了風險和傷害,強調內在關系可能造成的損害;(2)風險損失的不確定性;(3)風險是實際結果和預期結果的差異。美國小亞瑟·威廉姆斯和理查德·漢斯協同書《風險管理和保險》在他的書里,風險是被定義為“在給定的情況下,特定的時間內,可能出現的結果之間的差異?！辈町愝^大,有很大的風險;反之,越小的差異,風險小。如果有一個不同的結果,然后每個結果有其相應的概率。如果只有一個結果,萬無一失。以上幾種觀點,前兩種觀點僅僅只是圍繞風險相關的損失,而不是用在有利風險的方面。未來業(yè)績的風險在經濟領域的不確定性,這種不確定性的結果可能是損失的不確定性,也可能是商業(yè)實現收益的不確定性,也可以獲得預期收益的可能性。因此,風險并不只意味著損失,但損失和價值息息相關。風險通常指實際情況與時間偏差預期目標或可能性,對損失可能性的認識度。從財務風險這個角度來看,金融風險是企業(yè)在各種財務活動過程中,由于各種難以期待也無法控制的因素,使企業(yè)的實際利潤和期望發(fā)生偏差,從而蒙受經濟說的可能性。1.2財務風險的種類1.籌資風險?；I資風險是指企業(yè)融資活動而導致收入的不確定性和不能支付到期本金和利息的風險。關鍵在于是否及時償還籌資風險本金和利息基金，籌資風險的高低判別主要依據企業(yè)償債能力指標。2.風險投資。風險投資是指企業(yè)在投資活動中,受各種不確定因素的存在,可以收到趕上進度和資本成本,補償可以達到了預期的投資回報的風險。在投資過程中,如投資決策的不科學、中小企業(yè)投資的發(fā)展速度不適合,將影響企業(yè)的利潤和償債能力,并且產生財務風險。3.現金流的風險。現金流量風險是指企業(yè)生產和管理過程的現金流出,流入存在不對稱。中小企業(yè)深受經濟環(huán)境由于其融資能力、資金使用較弱,缺乏有效管理先進、綁起來并和其他的一些因素,很容易形成現金流的風險。4.風險資本回收率。資本循環(huán)風險是指企業(yè)產品可以成功地銷售和付款及時恢復是否充滿風險的風險,其主要在企業(yè)應收賬款和存貨項目。由于我國計劃經濟的會計制度原因,有些企業(yè)熱衷于信用,一方面,信譽信用反映高額利潤,另一方面應收帳款和企業(yè)資產增加、但卻忽視了應收賬款回收的周期。收入分配風險是由于收入分配會給企業(yè)未來的生產經營活動的風險。主要表現在中小企業(yè)償債能力的變化,對中小企業(yè)再生產規(guī)模效應等。5.外匯風險。外匯風險是指企業(yè)在進出口貿易或其他外匯經營活動由于匯率波動預期收益的風險。原因企業(yè)外匯風險邊界縣以下幾個方面入手:由于截止日期和實際業(yè)務外匯結算支付匯率變動是企業(yè)虧損,外匯應收賬款由于缺乏有效的控制,渴望交易造成部分或全部外匯帳戶后來外匯的風險不能被發(fā)現,這其中有政治上的原因,例如其他外匯管理,在戰(zhàn)爭的因素。在加入WTO(世界貿易組織)。企業(yè)逐漸走出國門,在當前的企業(yè)中胡那個匯率風險的因素也越來越多。第二章財務風險成因及分析2.1財務風險的外部原因中小企業(yè)財務活動環(huán)境包括政治環(huán)境、經濟環(huán)境和金融市場因素,他們存在的企業(yè)財務活動外產生重大的沖擊。一方面,它為企業(yè)的順利發(fā)展,提供機會和可能需要從外部鏈接提供有效的融資渠道,如融資渠道和優(yōu)惠的投資項目,等。另一方面,外部因素又提出了企業(yè)管理和財務限制活動和挑戰(zhàn)。面對外部多變的金融環(huán)境、企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略管理中實施風險、經濟環(huán)境的改變應該為先導,使企業(yè)的財務風險的戰(zhàn)略管理和不斷變化的經濟環(huán)境。但應該注意使企業(yè)的財務風險的策略,確定財務預警指標,企業(yè)的高級財務管理人員,不能簡單和被動適應環(huán)境,外部環(huán)境的變化,以發(fā)揮主觀能動作用。如積極預測各種宏觀調控政策和經濟發(fā)展的態(tài)勢,匯率和利率的變動分析、產業(yè)特性、市場競爭現狀,指出各種未來發(fā)展的趨勢,在一定范圍內,企業(yè)的經濟環(huán)境的發(fā)展變化是完整的把握,在各種復雜因素在決定企業(yè)發(fā)展的有利條件和不利因素,適時調整企業(yè)的財務戰(zhàn)略和相關財務預警指標。各種環(huán)境的變化對企業(yè)是很難準確的預測和信心,和不確定性等,這必然給企業(yè)帶來的金融風險。2.2財務風險的內在原因1.財務人員素質不高。財務人員質量是企業(yè)內部財務因素最重要的影響因素。財務人員電纜質量包括文化、業(yè)務技術,主要領導、人際關系、和公司職務程度等。如果企業(yè)管理人員的素質較差,缺乏道德和風險意識淡漠、控制偏差和處理突發(fā)危機經驗不足、企業(yè)風險控制與防范能力弱,容易招致財務風險或者風險發(fā)生在一個損失。有些道德失蹤企業(yè)管理者或員工會因為其缺乏自律和精神動力和摧毀企業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展,導致企業(yè)失敗。管理者缺乏敬業(yè)精神和市場化的管理制度,思考是中小企業(yè)風險加劇失敗的重要原因。2.企業(yè)內部財務制度的不完善。中小企業(yè)內部財務制度是企業(yè)財務工作的內部規(guī)章制度,是國家統(tǒng)一的財務會計制度,根據企業(yè)自身的特點,使金融寫在大小和遵循的財政基礎。表現為企業(yè)內部控制制度建立不全、系統(tǒng)實現部門之間是無效的,資金管理和使用,利益分配是金片未知,管理混亂,沒有嚴格的資本預算、控制系統(tǒng)、資金使用效率不高、腐蝕、資金安全、誠信不能保證。3.企業(yè)融資資本結構是合理的。資本結構主要是指企業(yè)全部資金來源資本產權和債務比例關系。由于籌資決策失誤等原因,我國企業(yè)資本結構不合理的現象普遍存在,主要表現在資本總額債務資本,許多高比例的中小企業(yè)資產達到70%以上。資本結構不合理導致企業(yè)財政負擔沉重、償債能力,從而導致嚴重短缺的財務風險。4.企業(yè)投資增長不正常。一些中小企業(yè)為了迅速做大了,“高負債、高成長”戰(zhàn)略,經常不遺余力地擴大,籌資是有限的,投資差距很大,造成資金收支不平衡。更重要的是,為了彌補貨幣缺口,中小企業(yè)融資的高利率,成為中小企業(yè)未來業(yè)務的潛在風險,一旦中小企業(yè)不足,未來的盈利將不可避免地產生巨大的支付壓力,導致金融危機。5.企業(yè)應收賬款缺乏控制。中小企業(yè)產品滯銷的普遍的一種現象,一些中小企業(yè)為了增加銷售額,擴大市場占有率,所銷售的產品的信用額度,導致企業(yè)應收賬款膨脹。與此同時,在這個過程中,信用客戶不知道的信用評級,盲目賒銷,導致失控的應收帳款,相當比例的長期應收帳款無法收回,直到成為壞帳、資產由債務人免費占領,長期嚴重影響中小企業(yè)資產流動性和安全,產生的財務風險。6.企業(yè)的庫存水平結構不合理。不但是債務資產庫存,但大多數中小企業(yè)提交;庫存是企業(yè)最昂貴的資產之一。在流動資產,存貨比例相對較大,而且很多的表現為超出庫存。庫存流動,一方面占領了企業(yè)大量資金;另一方面企業(yè)必須支付儲存這些庫存,導致大量的存儲成本不斷上升的成本,利潤下降的企業(yè)。長期的庫存、企業(yè)稅收下降的股票產生損失和保持折舊貧窮而造成的損失,從而導致企業(yè)的財務風險。第三章財務風險的防范措施3.1風險概念的設立加強中小企業(yè)管理、加強基礎設施建設的企業(yè)管理人員的業(yè)務培訓,提高他們的風險,在知識分析風險和風險防范能力,提高管理決策水平。基于財務人員在企業(yè)財務風險的重要地位,企業(yè)的財務人員培訓不應局限于會計繼續(xù)教育、財務人員不拘泥于企業(yè)”張方先生”定位,提高企業(yè)財務人員的素質,掌握企業(yè)風險管理理論,以適應現代企業(yè)外部環(huán)境的開放的生存和發(fā)展。加強企業(yè)風險教育,可以增強企業(yè)管理者和員工意識,從根本上防范和化解道德風險,使健康發(fā)展的中小企業(yè)管理中的狀態(tài)。3.2加強投資風險的控制主要從外部金融風險投資,因此應該加強投資風險控制。風險投資是企業(yè)的國外業(yè)務發(fā)生的財務風險。很多企業(yè)的虧損,失敗源于此。永恒的風險是經濟互動,因此應該最風險控制、風險最低有效治療前,作為第一步是防守提前進行防御改進商業(yè)投資風險分析和調查可以減少投資失明,減少風險,避免決策失誤,使企業(yè)在日益激烈的市場競爭中中性及立于不敗之地。建立和完善外商投資集體決策和授權的系統(tǒng)。清晰的投資決策程序和控制措施,規(guī)定審批人權限、責任與義務范圍和工作的機構的要求。根據不同的外國投資,制定相應的投資建議的業(yè)務流程制備、投資計劃起草,投資可行性研究、投資項目評估、投資決策的作出了明確規(guī)定,合理確定投資規(guī)模、投資結構,選擇投資的方式,防范投資風險。3.3加強籌資風險的控制籌資風險是企業(yè)融資活動而導致收入的不確定性和不能支付到期本金和利息的風險。關鍵在于是否及時償還籌資風險本金和利息基金籌資風險的高低判別主要依據企業(yè)償債能力指標具體控制方法是:1、完美的融資體系。授權審批人權限明確、責任和經紀人的職責,制定相應的業(yè)務流程,明確籌資決策、執(zhí)行、工資等環(huán)節(jié)的內部控制的要求,并建立了相應的記錄和憑證,如實記錄每一個環(huán)節(jié)的業(yè)務開展情況。2、完美的融資決策系統(tǒng)。建立并嚴格執(zhí)行資金預算的編制審批、融資計劃,如授權準備和決策系統(tǒng),合理確定籌資規(guī)模和融資結構,提高融資方式,降低選擇成本的資金投入,防范金融風險。融資方案應當符合國家有關法律、法規(guī)和金融、證券融資預算要求企業(yè)融資的時間、方式選擇,估計費用,潛在的風險及應對措施等做出合理的安排。3、嚴格執(zhí)行融資計劃。嚴格按照批準的融資和融資方案和規(guī)定程序對象、中介機構,按照合同或協議約定的合同或協議相關資產籌資已同意支付。加強金融業(yè)務鏈接到內部會計控制、利息、租金、負責人、計算、復核,支付做出明確規(guī)定,確保付款的工資按合同規(guī)定的條款或協議。3.4加強控制財務擔保風險1、保證前期控制?？尚行?、擔保風險應嚴格調查、分析、評估、風險規(guī)避、轉讓和采取措施落實到位。擔保機構可以借助相關專業(yè)機構的人才、技術和經驗,提高他們的信用調查和分析能力及有效的識別和控制能力擔保風險。如勘探和專職信用服務機構聯合建立具有高級專業(yè)技術水平的企業(yè)信用評級機構,通過信用評級建立企業(yè)信用檔案管理,使項目報批,使一個公平、透明的由于信息不對稱導致損失降到最低水平。2、建立和完善風險評估體系。一些企業(yè)加強對擔保風險控制的,比如指定下列政策:八一煤礦,有必要提供擔保的企業(yè)應用擔保人資產質量、清償力、金融信貸、合法性問題的評估申請擔保,并形成一個書面評估報告。我要求保證人提供反擔保和反擔保相關資產評估、預防擔保業(yè)務的風險。提供擔保的,關聯方與經濟利益或者近親屬在審批有關人際關系應當公布。3、加強監(jiān)督管理。被保證人的金融風險和安全問題,實施監(jiān)督,依照規(guī)定的程序訂立抵押合同,要求被擔保人定期提供財務會計報告,并保證實施事項。加強金融風險,由擔保人的實施安全方面的監(jiān)測,發(fā)現異常應及時采取措施的風險。擔保合同到期,必須完全清楚實行抵押財產,權利憑證,保證按照合同終止的關系。3.5加強控制利潤分配收入分配是企業(yè)財務周期的最后一個環(huán)節(jié)。包括留存收益和收入分配股利分配兩個方面,是擴大規(guī)模留存收益的來源、股東的股利分配是兩個相互接觸的財產是擴大需求矛盾。企業(yè)如延伸速度、銷售和生產規(guī)模的快速發(fā)展,需要掌握的資產,稅后利潤的最保留。但是,如果當利潤高的股利分配在相當的水平,可能會影響企業(yè)的股票價值,形成了企業(yè)收入分配的風險。因此,為了保證國家、集體和職工利益的基礎上在三個收入分配。在年底利潤分配,精確的會計年度收入和支出之前,清理干凈的性質及債權、債務,搞好結算和現金。準備分配方案。企業(yè)所得堅持最求發(fā)展的原則,一個集體福利,韌性,并堅持以理性的,因地制宜,風險的原則?？偸杖氲姆植?可以在納稅后,經依法批準,按下列順序配置:提取公積金,基金發(fā)展生產,可轉增資本和損失;例如集體福利的建設;福利費的提取;福利方面的集體福利開支。Thefinancialriskofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesRobertJ.KaufFmanChapter1Themeaningoffinancialrisksandspecies1.1ThemeaningoffinancialriskSincethe20thcentury,theunderstandingofrisksincebasicallyhasthefollowingkindsofideas:(1)theriskisakindofthepossibilityoflossordamage.Thisdefinitiondeeplydiscusstherisksanddamage,emphasizetheinnerrelationbetweenthepossibilityofdamage;(2)theriskisthelossofuncertainty;(3)riskisactualresultsandexpectedresultsdifferences.IntheUnitedStatessmallArthurWilliamsandRichardHanscollaborativebook,riskmanagementandinsurance,inhisbook,theriskisdefinedas"inanygivencaseandgivenperiodoftime,thatmighthappenthedifferencebetweentheresults."Differenceisbigger,thegreatertherisk;Conversely,thesmallerthedifference,theriskissmall.Ifthereisavarietyofresults,theneachresultshaveitscorrespondingprobability.Ifonlyaresult,noriskatall.Theaboveseveralviews,theformertwoideasarejustwillriskassociatedwithloss,notwithfavorableaspectswillriskassociated.Theriskforfutureperformanceintheeconomicfield,theuncertaintyoftheresultthisuncertaintymaybethelossofuncertainty,alsomaybebussinessrealizestheincomeuncertainty,mightalsobeobtainedthepossibilityofstronger-than-expectedearnings.Therefore,theriskisnotonlymeansloss,butlossesandvaluecommunity.Riskusuallyreferstotheactualsituationdeviationanticipatedgoalagainsttimeorpossibility,learnthepossibilityofloss.Fromtheperspectiveoffinancialrisk,theriskisenterpriseinvariousfinancialactivities,becauseallsortsofdifficulttoexpectorcan'tcontrolfactors,makeenterprise'sactualprofitandexpectationshadhappeneddeviation,thussufferingfromeconomicsaypossibility.1.2Thekindsoffinancialrisk1.Raisefundrisk.Fundraisingriskistoshowenterpriseforfinancingactivitiesandcauseincomeuncertaintyandexpirationcannotpayprincipalandinterestrisk.Thekeyliesinwhetherthefundraisingrisktimelytorepaytheprincipalandinterestsoffundraisingriskfundshigh-lowdiscriminantmainbasisenterprisesolvencyindex.2.Investmentrisk.Investmentriskreferstoenterprisesintheinvestmentactivities,affectedbyvariousuncertainfactors,canreceivebackonscheduleandcostofcapital,andcompensationcanachievetheexpectedinvestmentrewardrisk.Intheinvestmentprocess,ifinvestmentdecisionsnotscience,smallandmedium-sizedenterprisesinvestmentdevelopmentspeedisnotsuitablefor,willaffecttheenterpriseprofitandsolvency,andproducethefinancialrisk.3.Cashflowrisk.Cashflowriskistoshowenterpriseproductionandmanagementprocesscashoutflowsandshedintimeofasymmetry.Smallandmedium-sizedenterprisesgreatlyinfluencedbytheeconomicenvironmentduetoitsfinancingability,theuseoffundisweak,thelackofadvancedandtiedandeffectivemanagementandotherfactors,itiseasytocreatecashflowrisk.4.Capitalrecoveryatrisk.Capitalrecyclingriskreferstoenterpriseproductscanbesuccessfullysoldandpaymentinfullofrecoverintimewhethertheriskofrisk,itsmaininenterprisereceivablesandinventoryproject.Becauseourcountryplannedeconomicsystemofaccountingreasons,someenterprisekeenoncredit,ononehand,highcreditcreditreflectedhighprofits,ontheotherhandaccountsreceivableandincreasedenterpriseassets,andreceivablesback,whencanrecover,butnoattention.Incomedistributionriskisduetoincomedistributionmaygiveenterprisefutureproductionandoperatingactivitiesoftherisks.Mainlydisplaysinsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesolvencychange,smereproductionscaleeffect,etc.5.Foreignexchangerisk.Foreigncurrencyriskistoshowenterpriseintheimportandexporttradeorotherforeignexchangebusinessactivitiesduetoexchangeratefluctuationreasonsexpectedbenefitstherisks.Enterpriseexchangeriskboundarycountythefollowingseveralaspects:duetotheclosingdateandtheactualbusinesspaymentsonforeignexchangesettlementexchangeratefluctuationistheenterpriseloss;Intheforeignexchangeaccountsreceivableduetolackofeffectivecontrol,eagertotradecausedpartorallofforeignexchangeaccountsafterwardstheriskofforeignexchangecannotberecovered,includingarepoliticalreasons,suchastheotherforeignexchangecontrol,wherewarfactors.BeforejoiningtheWTO.Enterpriseincreasinglyoutofthecountryandtheexchangerateriskfactorsalsomoreandmorebeforepresentedinenterprise.Chapter2Smesfinancialriskthecauseanalysis2.1TheexternalcausesoffinancialriskSmesfinancialactivityenvironmentincludingthepoliticalenvironment,economicenvironmentandfinancialmarketfactors,theyexistoutsideofbusinessenterprisefinancialactivitieshaveasignificantimpact.Ontheonehand,itforenterprise'ssmoothdevelopment,provideopportunitiesandmaybenecessarytoformtheexternallinksprovideeffectivefinancialchannel,suchasthefinancingchannelsandfavorableinvestmentprojects,etc.Ontheotherhand,externalfactorsofenterprisemanagementandagainproposedfinancialactivityrestrictionandchallenges.Facingtheexternalchangefulfinancialenvironment,theenterprisestrategicmanagementinimplementingtherisk,andthechangesineconomicenvironmentshouldbefortheforerunner,makethefinancialriskoftheenterprisestrategicmanagementandthechangingeconomicenvironment.Butshouldpayattentiontoinmakingthefinancialriskoftheenterprisestrategyanddeterminethefinancialearly-warningindex,enterprise'sseniorfinancialmanagementpersonnel,notsimpleandpassiveadapttotheenvironment,andexternalenvironmentchangesshouldplayanactivesubjectivedynamicrole.Suchaspositivepredictvariousmacro-controlpolicyandeconomicdevelopmentmomentum,exchangerateandinterestratemovementsanalysis,industrycharacteristicsandcompetitionsituation,allkindsoffuturedevelopmenttrendsandwithinacertainrange,theenterpriseeconomicenvironmentforthedevelopmentandchangesarefullygrasp,andinvariouscomplicatedfactorsofenterprisedevelopmentindeterminingfavorableandunfavorablefactors,timelyadjusttheenterprise'sfinancialstrategyandrelatedfinancialearly-warningindex.Variousenvironmentalchangesontheenterprisethatisdifficulttoaccuratelypredictedandconfidence,withuncertainty,thiswillinevitablybringstotheenterprisefinancialrisk.2.2Theinternalcausesoffinancialrisk1.Financialpersonnelqualityisnothigh.Financialpersonnelqualityisenterpriseinternalfinancialfactorsofthemostimportantinfluencefactors.Financialpersonnelcablequalityincludesculture,businesstechnology,leadingintoleadership,interpersonalrelationship,andthecompanytheirdutiesdegree,etc.Iftheenterprisemanagementpersonnel'squalityispoorer,lackofmoralandriskawarenessindifference,controldeviationanddealingwiththeunexpectedcrisisexperiencelack,enterpriseriskcontrolandpreventioncapacityisweak,easyincurfinancialriskorriskoccursataloss.Therearemoralmissingenterprisemanagersoremployeeswouldbecauseitslackofself-disciplineandspiritualmotivationanddestroythesustainabledevelopmentoftheenterprises,leadingcompaniesfail.Administratorslackofprofessionalismandmarketizationsystemofmanagementthinkingissmallandmedium-sizedenterpriseriskaggravatefailureimportantreasons.2.Internalfinancialsystemisimperfect.Smallandmedium-sizedenterpriseinternalfinancialsystemisenterprisefinancialworkofinternalregulations,isintheunifiedstatefinancialandaccountingsystems,basedonenterprise'sowncharacteristics,madefinancialwritingduringthemagnitudeandfollowthefinancialfoundation.Performanceforinternalcontrolsystemofenterpriseestablishnotwhole,systemimplementationbetweendepartmentsisinvalid,themoneymanagementanduse,distributionofinterestsareSequinunknown,managementconfusion,nostrictcapitalbudget,controlsystem,theserviceefficiencyoffundsisnothigh,erosion,capitalofsecurity,integritycannotguaranteed.3.Enterprisefinancingcapitalstructureisreasonable.Capitalstructureismainlyreferstothecompanyallcapitalsourcesofcapitalequityanddebtratiorelations.Duetothereasonssuchasfund-raisingdecision-makingerrors,ourcountryenterprisecapitalstructureunreasonablephenomenonexistsgenerally,ismanifestedinthetotalcapitalofdebtcapital,manyhighproportionofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesassetsreachedmorethan70percent.Capitalstructureunreasonablecauseenterprisefinancialburdenisheavy,solvency,thusresultinginseriousshortageoffinancialrisk.4.Enterpriseinvestmentgrowthnotproperly.Somesmallandmedium-sizedenterpriseinordertoquicklydobig,the"highdebt,low-growthfirms"strategy,oftensparenoefforttoexpand,fundraisingislimited,investmentgapisverybig,causecapitalpaymentsimbalances.What'smore,inordertomakeupthemoneygap,manysmallandmedium-sizedenterpriseathigherratesforfinancing,becomesmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesthepotentialriskoffuturebusiness,oncethesmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesinsufficient,futureearningswillinevitablycreatehugepaystress,leadingtothefinancialcrisis.5.Enterprisereceivableslackofcontrol.Thesmallandmedium-sizedenterpriseswidespreadphenomenonofunmarketableproducts,somesmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesinordertoincreasesales,enlargetheshareofmarket,thesalesofproductsbywayofcredit,resultinginenterprisereceivablesswell.Meanwhile,intheprocess,thecreditcustomersdidn'tknowthecreditrating,blindcreditsales,causingrunawayaccountreceivable,andasignificantproportionofaccountsreceivablelong-termunabletorecoveruntilbecomebaddebt,assetsbytheobligorfreeoccupied,long-termseriousinfluencesmallandmedium-sizedenterpriseassetliquidityandsafety,theresultingfinancialrisk.6.Enterpriseinventorylevelstructureisnotreasonable.Inventorynotassetsbutdebt,butmostofthesmallandmedium-sizedenterprisestopresentit;inventoryistheenterprisemostexpensiveoneoftheassets.Incurrentassets,inventoryproportionisoppositebigger,andmanyoftheperformanceforChaoChubackloginventories.Inventoryilliquid,ontheonehand,occupiedtheenterpriselotsofcapital;Ontheotherhandenterprisesmustpayforstoringtheseinventory,leadingtolargeamountsofstoragecostsrisingcost,profitdecreaseenterprise.Long-termstockinventory,enterprisetaxingsaggingstockgenerateddepreciationlossesandkeepingthelosscausedbypoor,thusresultinginfinancialrisk.Chapter3Avoidfinancialrisksmeasures3.1EstablishriskconceptStrengthensmallandmedium-sizedenterprisemanagement,strengthentheinfrastructureconstructionofenterprisemanagementpersonnel'sservicetraining,increasetheirrisk,intheknowledgeofanalyzingriskandriskpreventionabilities,improvemanagementdecision-makinglevel.Basedonfinancialpersonnelintheenterprisefinancialrisktotheimportantposition,theenterprise'sfinancialpersonneltrainingshouldnotbeconfinedtotheaccountantcontinueseducation,financialpersonneldon'tgetboggeddownintheenterprise"ZhangFangsir"positioning,toimproveenterprisefinancialpersonnel'squality,graspstheenterpriseriskmanagementtheory,toadapttothemodernenterpriseintheexternalenvironmentoftheopenthesurvivalanddevelopment.Tostrengthenenterpriseriskeducation,canstrengthenenterprisemanagersandstaffawareness,fundamentallyguardagainstanddissolvemoralhazard,makethehealthydevelopmentofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisemanagementinthestate.3.2StrengthentheinvestmentriskcontrolExternalfinancialriskmainlyfrominvestmentandshould,therefore,tostrengthentheinvestmentriskcontrol.Investmentriskoftheenterpriseisforeignoperationshappenfinancialrisk.Alotofenterprise'slosses,failurecomesfromthis.Theriskiseconomicinteractionever-presentandshould,therefore,themostriskcontrol,theriskstothelowesteffectiveremedialinadvance,and,asthedefensefirststepinadvanceiscarriesondefenceadvancecommercialinvestmentriskanalysisandinvestigationcanreduceinvestmentblindness,reduceriskandavoiddecisionerror,makeenterpriseintheincreasinglyfiercecompetitioninthemarketneutralandinvincibleposition.Establishandperfecttheforeigninvestmentcollectivedecisionandauthorizedsystem.Clearinvestmentdecision-makingproceduresandcontrolmeasures,regulationShenPiRenpermissions,responsibilityanddutylimitsandworktheagencyrequirements.Accordingtothedifferentforeigninvestment,formulatethecorrespondingbusinessprocessofinvestmentproposalpreparation,investmentschemetodraft,investmentfeasibilitystudies,investmentprojectevaluation,investmentdecisionsmadespecificprovision,reasonablydeterminethescaleofinvestmentandinvestmentstructure,chooseinvestmentway,preventinginvestmentrisk.3.3StrengthenthecontroloffundraisingriskFundraisingriskisenterpriseforfinancingactivitiesandcauseincomeuncertaintyandexpirationcannotpayprincipalandinterestrisk.Thekeyliesinwhetherthefundraisingrisktimelytorepaytheprincipalandinterestsoffundraisingriskfundshigh-lowdiscriminantmainbasisenterprisesolvencyindexspecificcontrolmethodare:1.Perfectfinancingauthorizedsystem.ClearShenPiRenpermissions,responsibilityandagentresponsibilities,formulatecorrespondingbusinessprocess,clearfundraisingdecision-making,execution,paytheinternalcontrolrequirementssuchlinks,setupcorrespondingrecordorvoucher,truthfullyrecordedeverylinkbusinesscarryingcase.2.Perfectfinancingdecisionsystem.Establishandstrictlyenforcefinancingbudgetpreparationandapproval,financingschemessuchastheauthorizedpreparedanddecision-makingsystem,reasonablydeterminethefund-raisingsizeandfinancingstructure,raisefinancingmode,reducechoicecostoffunds,preventingfinancialrisks.Financingschemeshallcomplywiththerelevantstatelawsandregulationsandfinance,securitiesfinancingbudgetrequirementsofenterprisefinancingtiming,waystoselect,estimatedcost,potentialrisksandcopingmeasuresetcmakereasonablearrangement.3.Strictlyenforcefinancingplan.Strictlyinaccordancewithapprovedfinancingschemesandprescribedprocedureandfinancingobject,intermediaryinstitutionsand,inaccordancewiththecontractoragreementcontractoragreementtofund-raisinghasagreedrelatedassetsin.Strengthenfinancingbusinesspaylinktotheinternalaccountingcontrol,interest,rents,andtheprincipalofcalculation,check,paytomakeclearrulestoensurethepaymentwiththepayraisetheprovisionsofthecontractoragreement.3.4Strengthenthecontroloffinancialguaranteerisk1.Guaranteeprophasecontrol.Feasibility,guaranteeriskshouldbestrictinvestigationandanalysis,evaluation,riskaversion,transferandtakemeasurestoputinplace.Guaranteeagenciesmayhavetheaidofrelevantprofessionalorganizationstalents,technologyandexperience,improvetheircreditinvestigationandanalysisabilityandtheeffectiverecognitiontoguaranteeriskwithcontrolability.Suchasexplorationandprofessionalcreditserviceagenciesjointlyestablishwithseniorprofessionallevelofenterprisecreditratingagencies,throughthecreditratingbuildenterprisecreditfiles,maketheprojectapproval,tomakeafairandtransparentbecauseofinformationasymmetrycauselosstoaminimumlevel.2.Establishandperfecttheriskassessmentsystem.Someenterprisestostrengthentoguaranteeriskcontrol,suchasthedesignatedthefollowingpolicy:bayicoalmine,itisnecessarytoprovideguaranteeenterpriseapplicationguarantorqualityassets,solvency,financialcreditandthelegalityofapplicationassuremattersassessment,andformingawrittenassessmentreport.Irequesttheguarantorcountersecuritytoandcounterguaranteerelatedassetsevaluation,preventingguaranteebusinessrisk.Toprovideguarantee,associatedpartyandeconomicinterestsorcloserelativesthereintheexaminationandapprovaloftherelevantpersonnelrelationshipshallbeavoided.3.Strengthensupervision.Tobetheguarantoroffinancialrisksandsecuritymatters,theimplementationofthesupervisioninaccordancewiththeprescribedprocedurestoconcl