專四語法總結(jié)2

專四必備語法

一、時態(tài)、語態(tài)

時態(tài)、語態(tài)需要掌握的要點：

1.表達將來時的形式：

(1)在時間、條件、讓步從句中，i般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，但要注意區(qū)別從

句的類型，如：

Filtellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告訴他你什么時候再來電話。(賓語從

句)

比較：I'lltellhimwhenyouringagain.你再打電話時我告訴他。(狀語從句)

(2)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that從句中，謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)

在時代替將來時，如：

Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn'tknowthe

answertolasttime.

(include不能用willinclude或其他形式)

2,完成時是時態(tài)測試的重點，注意與完成時連用的句型和時間狀語：

(l)by/between/upto/till+過去時間、sincebythetime/when+表示過去發(fā)生

情況的從句，主句用過去完成時。如：Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldman

cametothedoor.

Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeings

wereportrayedhadbeenproduced.

(表示1919年時已發(fā)生的情況)

(2)by+將來時間、bythetime/when+謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時的從句，主句

用將來完成時。如：

BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.

Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknext

year.

(3)bynow>since+過去時間、in/during/fbr/over/thepast/lastfew(或具體數(shù)

字)years/days/months,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時，但在itis+具體時間since/befbre這，

句型中，主句更多的時候不用完成時。如：

Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswould

haveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnof

the19thcentury.

ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.

(4)在Itisthe+序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級+that的定語從句中，謂語動詞常用現(xiàn)在

完成時。如：

Itisn'tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassing

situation.

(5)在nosooner...than...,hardly/scarcely…when…句型中，主句常用過去完成

時。

3.完成進行時指動作在完成時的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如：

Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothing

hashappened.

時態(tài)、語態(tài)答題思路：

(1)先根據(jù)選項的區(qū)別點確定考題要點為時態(tài)，然后回到題句中尋找給出的

或暗示的時間狀語，縮小選擇范圍，進而選出正確答案；

(2)根據(jù)謂語動詞與句子主語或非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系，確定句子

是主動語態(tài)還是被動語態(tài)。

二、不定式

1.不定式做主語

(1)引導(dǎo)邏輯主語的介詞：不定式的邏輯主語一般由介詞for引導(dǎo)，但下列表示

人的性格行為特征的形容詞做表語時，不定式的邏輯主語則由of引導(dǎo)：

absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,

stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,

polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong0如：

Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.

It'scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.

(2)不定式做主語補足語：

掌握常用不定式做主語補足語的句型。注意不定式表示的動作發(fā)生的時間，

并采用相應(yīng)形式。如：

besaid/reported/thought/believed/known/supposed+todosth.

2.不定式做賓語

掌握要求接不定式做賓語的動詞：

afford,arrange,attempt,claim,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,

endeavor,intend,pledge,pretend,resolve,request,swear,tend,ventureo如：

Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceived

whentheycameintotheroom.

3.不定式做定語

(1)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next,last,only,nota,the,very

等限定詞時，該名詞用不定式做定語。如：thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon

第一個登上月球的女性

(2)如果其動詞要求不定式做賓語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：

tendencytodo一tendtodo,decisiontodo—decidetodo

ThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.

(3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定

語。如：

ambitiontodo”干...的雄心beambitioustodo“有雄心干...”

curiositytodo”對...的好奇心”-becurioustodo”對...好奇”

abilitytodo"做...的能力”—abletodo”有能力做....”

AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies9abilitytosurvive

arenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.

(4)表示方式、原因、時間、機會、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語，這些名詞

包括：

way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,

right,movement,drive(運動)，effbrt等。如：Iworkedsolateintheofficelastnight

thatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.

Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontothe

existingproblem.

(5)不定代詞something,nothing,little,much,alot習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。如:

Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.

4.不定式做狀語一

不定式做狀語主要表示目的、程度、結(jié)果、方式。

(l)inorderto(do),soasto(do)結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)目的狀語，soasto不能置于句首。如:

(2)so...asto,such...asto,enough...to,too...to結(jié)構(gòu)做程度狀語。如：

Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don'thavesmall

childrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.

ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmerican

Englisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.

(3)不定式做結(jié)果狀語只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的結(jié)果，有時用

only加強語氣。

常見的不定式動詞有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如:

Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofindit

locked.

(4)not/nevertoo...to,too...notto,but/onlytoo...to,too

ready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意義。如：

Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther,能再聽到你的消息，我太高興

To

三、動名詞

1.必須接動名詞做賓語的動詞

牢記下列要求接動名詞做賓語的動詞：

acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,confess,consider,

delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,involve,

justify,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,recall,recollect,risk,resist,suggest,

tolerateo如：

Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.

2.動名詞做介詞短語

考生尤其要識別下列短語中的to是介詞，不是不定式符號：

objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,be

committedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,be

opposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdown

to,giveoneselfupto,prefer...to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,

withaviewto,onthewayto。如：

四、分詞

分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中做定語或狀語。在概念上應(yīng)清楚：

?現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，表示動作在進行。

?過去分詞表示被動，表示動作結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。

1.分詞做定語，弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別

分詞短語做定語相當于省略了的定語從句，考生應(yīng)掌握：

(1)現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動意義。如：

Ifseasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandon

thevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相當于thechanges

whichtakeplace...)

TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIread

recentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic，相當于

whichgave...)

Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbe

interestedinthediscussion?

(相當于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)

(2)過去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動意義。如：

Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureof

theportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.(相當

于...recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced...)

Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedto

thesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthat

turnsout.(相當于?..eachnewphonewhichisaddedto...)

Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationof

nature.

(相當于...descriptionwhichwasbasedon...)

(3)下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義：

deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,

risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome。如：

anescapedprisoner一個逃犯aretiredworker一位退休工人

afadedcurtain一個褪了色的窗簾anewlyarrivedstudent一個新來的學(xué)生

2.分詞做狀語，注意區(qū)分分詞的一般式與完成式

(1)表示時間，多置于句首，注意如果分詞表示的動作的時間先于謂語動詞,

要用完成式。如：

Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.(complete先于start

之前發(fā)生)

(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根據(jù)情況有時要用完成式，有時用一般

式。如：

Hewasn'taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsidered

insufficientlypopularwithallmembers.

Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropical

forest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.

(3)表示伴隨、方式，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：

Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.

Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylosttotheoutsideworld.

(4)表示結(jié)果，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如:Thecityfounditselfinacrisis

situationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbroke

down,themunusable.

(5)表示補充說明(同位)，置于句尾,用分詞的一般式。如:Thearticleopens

andcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointin

contrastwiththeother.

Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask.

3.分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

分詞的邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則分詞短語要有自己的邏輯主語，稱

為分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)只是句子的一個部分。如：

Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotake

thetrain.

Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.

五、非謂語動詞的其他考點

1.接不定式或動名詞做賓語都可以,但在意思上有區(qū)別的動詞的用法

meantodo想要（做某事）proposetodo打算（做某事）

meandoing意味（做某事）proposedoing建議（做某事）

forgettodo忘記（要做的事）remembertodo記得（要做某事）

forgetdoing忘記（已做的事）rememberdoing記得（已做過的事）

goontodo繼而（做另一件事）stoptodo停下來去做另一件事

goondoing繼續(xù)（做原來的事）stopdoing停止正在做的事

regrettodo（對將要做的事）遺憾regretdoing（對已做過的事）后悔

2.不定式的習(xí)慣用法句型：

cannothelpbutdocannotbutdo

cannotchoosebutdocandonothingbutdo

havenochoice/altemativebuttodo

上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、"不禁做”、“不由自主地做“、"不能不

做“、"只能做如：

Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythe

sciencefiction.

WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthe

publicwillappreciatehisgift.

3.動名詞的習(xí)慣用法句型：

bebusy/activedoingsth.havedifficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.

It'snogood/use/picnicdoingsth.haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoing

sth.

spend/wastetimedoingsth.Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/

usedoingsth.

cannothelpdoingsth.Thereisnodoing

sth.

Iknowitisn'timportantbutIcan'thelpthinkingaboutit.

Alicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausethereweresomanyof

them.

Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.

4.therebe非謂語動詞的用法

（1）做賓語時取決于謂語動詞的持續(xù)要求。如：

Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinal

exams.（expect要求鹿不定式做賓語）

（2）做目的狀語或程度狀語時用fortheretobe,做其他狀語用therebeing。如：

Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessand

involvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent,（fortheretobe…在句中做目的

狀語）

Itisn'tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim'scarout

quitesafely.（fortheretobe...在句中做程度狀語）

Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we'llstopheretoday.（therebeing…做原

因狀語）

（3）引導(dǎo)主語用fortheretobe。如：Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomers

today.

（4）做除做r外的介詞賓語,用therebeing。如:

Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinner

thought.

六、虛擬語氣

L主從句謂語動詞的時態(tài)

（1）掌握主從句謂語動詞的規(guī)范搭配：主句從句

與現(xiàn)在事實相反wouW情態(tài)動詞過去式+dowere（不分人稱）/did

與過去事實相反would/情態(tài)動詞過去式+havedonehaddone

與將來事實相反wouW情態(tài)動詞過去式+doshoulddo/weretodo

如：Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.

Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebe

asuddenloudnoise.

（2）區(qū)分主從句表示的不同時間概念：

主從句謂語動詞所指時間不同，這叫做錯綜時間條件句，動詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實

際情況來調(diào)整。如:

Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompany

wouldnotbesothrivingasitis.

（主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反，從句與過去事實相反）

HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairman

now.

（主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反，從句與過去事實相反）

（3）識別事實和假設(shè)混合句：

Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexamination

hadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.（句子前半部分為假

設(shè)情況，而“父母病了”是事實）

Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwas

fullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.（前半部分為假設(shè)，后半部分是事實）

2.名詞性從句的虛擬形式

名詞性從句是指賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。從句的謂語

動詞需用（should+）動詞原形表示虛擬?？忌鷳?yīng)熟悉：

(1)下列動詞做謂語時，that賓語從句中的動詞用虛擬形式：

desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,

require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote。如：

Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.

Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.

(2)下列形容詞和分詞做表語或補語時，that主語從句中動詞用虛擬形式：

advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,

crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,

proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,

recommended,requested,required,suggestedo如：

Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.

Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.

(3)下列名詞接同位語從句或表語從句時，從句中動詞用虛擬形式：insistence,

preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,

request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understandingo如：

JohnWagner\mostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetry

ishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameof

reference.

Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesentto

theconferenceonschedule.

3.含蓄虛擬條件句的謂語動詞形式

含蓄虛擬語氣是指假設(shè)條件不通過if從句表達，而是暗含在其他結(jié)構(gòu)中。

考生應(yīng)熟悉：

⑴連詞but,butthat,or,orelse；副詞otherwise,unfortunately等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假設(shè)。

如：

Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.

Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.

Victorobviouslydoesn'tknowwhafshappened;otherwisehewouldn'thave

madesuchastupidremark.

(2)介詞短語暗含假設(shè)條件，常用的有：without,butfor,undermorefavorable

conditions等。如：

ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.

(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were+不定式完成式或had

intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished

+不定式一般式暗示虛擬語氣。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwas

busyatthattime.

(4)情態(tài)動詞完成式暗示虛擬語氣。如：Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairline

reservation,butIdidn't.

4.常用虛擬形式的句型

(1)從句中動詞用過去式或過去完成式表示虛擬的句型：

wouldratherwouldassoonasthoughsuppose...

hadratherwouldsoonerasifsupposing...

Ifonly...Itis(high)timethat…(從句中動詞只用過去式)

如：Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn'ttalkaboutthematteranymore.

I'dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan'tbeartheideaofyourbeinginan

airplaneinsuchbadweather.

IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmy

handsforacry.

Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.

(2)Ifitwerenotfor…(與現(xiàn)在事實相反)

Ifithadnotbeenfor…(與過去事實相反)相當于butfbr。如：

Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.

(3)Ifonly…謂語動詞視情況選用適當?shù)男问?。如?/p>

Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectas

soonaspossible.

(4)lest/forfearthat/incase從句謂語用(should+)動詞原形。如：

Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.

(5)whether...or…有時謂語用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法經(jīng)常

采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,

Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.

Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquite

smoothly.

七、情態(tài)動詞

注意情態(tài)動詞完成式的用法有兩方面的含義：

1.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況

(l)musthave+過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測，譯為“(昨天)一

定……如：

MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthe

firstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?^^

(2)can，t/couldn，thave+過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的否定推測，譯為“(昨

天)一定沒...如：

Marycouldn'thavereceivedmyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbefore

now.

(3)may/mighthave+過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小

的推測，或事實上根本沒發(fā)生，譯為“也許......”。如：AtFloridaPower9sCrystal

Riverplant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeen

unknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.

2.表示虛擬語氣

(l)needn\have+過去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，譯為“其實沒必要……工

如：

Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weneedn'thavedressedupso

formally.

(2)should/shouldnothave+過去分詞，表示應(yīng)該做某事但實際上未做，或本

不應(yīng)該做但實際上做了，譯為“本(不)應(yīng)該...,9o：Iregrethavingleftthework

unfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.

(3)oughttohave+過全分詞，表示動作按理該發(fā)生了，但實際上未發(fā)生，譯

為“該……”，與should的完成式含義類似。如:

Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthe

stock,whichwentupinsmoke.

(4)couldhave+過去分詞，表示過去本來可.以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可

以……”。如：

Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.

(5)may/mighthave+過去分詞，表示過去可以做但實際未做，譯為“(那樣)

也許會……”。如：

Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosof

equipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.

3.兒個情態(tài)動詞?？嫉木湫?/p>

(l)may/might(just)aswell”不妨，最好“，與hadbetter相近。如：

Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.

(2)cannot/can,t...too...“越...越好，怎么也不過分”。注意這個句型的變體

cannot…over…。如：

Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.

Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubject

cannotbeoveremphasized.

(3)usedn't或didn'tuseto為usedto(do)的否定式。

(4)should除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如:

Ididn'texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.

八、形容詞、副詞及其比較級

1.形容詞的句法功能

形容詞在句中做定語、表語和主語。考生應(yīng)注意：

(1)以"a"開頭的形容詞如alone,alike,asleep,awake等不能做前置定語，nJ'

做表語或后置定語。

(2)某些以副詞詞綴結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞，如friendly,leisurely,lovely等。

(3)下列動詞既是實義動詞又是系動詞，注意用做系動詞時，要求形容詞做

表語：remain,keep,become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,

appear,looko

2.考比較級時，考生應(yīng)把握

(1)形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否和比較連詞對應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級

比較及比較級的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoftenasgoodas,orbetter

thananactualperformance.

Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthan

arethosewithlittleambition.

(2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念。如：

Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear'smarathonwashalfthatoflast

year's.

Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofDickensfarmoreexciting

thanThackeray's.

(3)比較級的修飾語如alittle,alot,the,any,even,far,hardly,lots,much,

rather,還有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞等，他們的位置是：修飾語+as...as.?.，或修飾語

+more...than...o如：

Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeople

eachyearthanautomobileaccidents.

“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?”"No,Iwould

gladlyhavepaidtwiceasmuchforit.”

(4)下列詞和短語不用比較級形式卻表示比較概念：

inferior,minor,senior,prior,preferto,superior,major,junior,preferable,

differfrom,comparedwith,incomparisonwith,differentfrom,ratherthan0如：

Theirwatchissuperiortoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.

3.最高級形式應(yīng)注意的問題

比較級形式表示最高級意義時，比較對象的范圍應(yīng)用：

anyother+單數(shù)名詞

theother+復(fù)數(shù)名詞

theothers

anyone/anythingelse

上述詞是用來將比較級結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級意義的關(guān)鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，否

則會造成邏輯混亂的錯誤。如不能說：Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意與漢語表

達的不同。

4.有關(guān)比較級的特殊句型

(l)notsomuch…as…與其說...不如說....

Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn'tsomuchariseinbirthratesasa

fallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.

(2)no/notanymore…than…兩者——樣都不...Theheartisnomoreintelligent

thanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.

Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethan

theycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.

(3)no/notanyless...than…兩者——樣者B......Sheisnolessbeautifulthanher

sister.

(4)justas…so.…正如...，....也...(用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))Justasthesoilisapartof

theearth,soistheatmosphere.

九、平行結(jié)構(gòu)

L注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形式上是否相同。如：

Itisbettertodieonone'sfeetthantoliveonone'sknees.

Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputto

decreasingit.

2.其他具有并列或比較意義的短語。

(l)ratherthan,letalone雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個語法形式相

同的成分。如:

Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthan

inapersonalstyle.

Forthenewcountrytosurvive,letaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperity,new

economicpolicieswillberequired.

(2)如果平行的兩個成分在形式上是介詞短語，而且介詞相同，一般說來第

二個介詞不要省略。如：

Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazine

advertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.

十、代詞

1.與所指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致

如：Eachcigaretteapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygeta

seriousdiseasefromitseffect.

Itwasduringthe1920'sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwriters

HemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.

2.that的指代作用

that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those),后面通常跟有修

飾語，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的thatof。如：Conversationcallsforawillingnessto

alternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcallsfbroccasional"digestive

pauses“byboth.

Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.

3.one的指代作用

one指代不確指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。theone指代確指的單數(shù)可

數(shù)名詞。如：

Agoodwriterisonewhocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway.

十一、主謂一致問題

1.主語與謂語之間有定語從句或其他結(jié)構(gòu)修飾，所以距離較遠，考生易誤

認主語。如：

Theamountofpressurewhichthematerialsaresubjecttoaffectsthequalityof

theproducts.

2.關(guān)系代詞做主語的定語從句中，謂語的數(shù)要與先行詞一?致。如：

Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleofthe

insectthatarenotfullyunderstood.

Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,but

whichdonotbringareturninmoneytothecommunity.

3.動名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語，謂語用單數(shù)。如：

Buyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthataperson

likesarerarelytheonesthatfithimorher.

Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeen

giventhusfar.

4.主語帶有(together/along)with,suchas,aswellas,accompaniedby,including,

ratherthan等附加成分，謂語的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響。如：

Thepresidentofthecollege,togetherwiththedeans,isplanningaconference

fbrthepurposeoflayingdowncertainregulations.

5.表示時間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做

主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。

6.某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語的數(shù)：

agreatmany+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),謂語用復(fù)數(shù)

manya+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，謂語用單數(shù)

anumberof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)

thenumberof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用單數(shù)

themajorityof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)

each/every+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，謂語用單數(shù)

neither/eitherof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用單數(shù)

morethanone+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，謂語用單數(shù)

oneandahalf+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用單數(shù)

thegreaterpartof/alargeproportionof/50%of/onethirdof/plentyof/the

restof謂語的數(shù)與of后面的名詞一致

十二、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

1.下列否定詞及含有否定意義的詞組修飾狀語時，若置于句首，句子的主

謂要部分倒裝

never,no,neither,notonly,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,notuntil,

nowhere,atnotime,onnoaccount,innorespect,innosense,bynomeans,innoway,

nolonger,noless,nomore,nosoonerthan,undernocircumstances,invain,still

less。如:

Notonlyisitsdirectattackontheirdiscipline,itbypassestheessenceofwhat

sociologistsfocuson.

Undernocircumstancesshouldwedoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbut

harmtheinterestsofthestate.

2.以0nly修飾狀語開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝

Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdatacanyoucometoasound

conclusion.

3.以下列副詞或短語開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝

often,so,well,tosuchadegree,tosuchanextent,tosuchextremes,tosucha

point,manyatimeo如：

Soinvolvedwiththeircomputersdothechildrenbecomethatleadersatsummer

computercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.

4.以下列副詞開頭的句子，句子的主謂要全部倒裝

(1)出于修辭需要，表示方向的副詞:out,down,in,up,away,on0：

Downjumpedtheburglarfromthetenthfloorwhenheheardsomeoneshouted

athim.

(2)出于習(xí)慣用法：here,there,now,thus,hence,then。如：

Nowisyourturn.Theregoesthebell.

5.讓步從句的倒裝

(l)as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，必須采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被

強調(diào)的內(nèi)容置于句首。如：

MuchasIhavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequalher,inthoroughness,

whateverthejob.

(2)出現(xiàn)在句型be+主語+其他,comewhatmay中。如：

Ourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge-beit

scientificorartistic.

Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquite

smoothly.

Comewhatmay,I'llbeonyourside.

6.比較從句的倒裝

as,than引導(dǎo)的比較從句中，如果主語是名詞短語且較長，經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)

構(gòu)(不倒裝也可以)。注意：這種結(jié)構(gòu)主語一般為名詞，如果是代詞則不倒裝。如：

Hydrogenbumsmuchmorecleanlythandootherfuelsandiseasytoproduce.

Readingistothemindasisexercisetothebody.

十三、復(fù)合句——形容詞性(定語)從句

1.尤其要注意whose的用法

whose在從句中做定語，修飾名詞。所以，如果關(guān)系代詞后面緊接的是名詞，

且關(guān)系代詞又不在從句中做主語或賓語，那么，這個關(guān)系代詞就應(yīng)該是whose。

如：

2.介詞+which的用法

如果從句中主賓成分齊全，考生便可考慮關(guān)系代詞是否在從句中做狀語，而

狀語通常用介詞短語充當，于是可以得知，關(guān)系代詞前面應(yīng)有介詞，再分析所給

的選項，根據(jù)與名詞的搭配作出正確選擇。如：

Wearenotconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidesthepsychological

satisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.

3.as與which用作關(guān)系代詞的區(qū)別

⑴as與thesame,such,so,as等關(guān)聯(lián)使用。如：Astheforestgoes,sogoesits

animallife.

(2)as和which都可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，但as在句中的位置比較靈活,

可出現(xiàn)在句首、句中、句末，而which只能出現(xiàn)在句末，尤其是當先行詞是整個

句子時。如:

Asistrueinallinstitutions,juriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.

Asisgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmooth

developmentofproduction.

常見的這類結(jié)構(gòu)有：ashasbeensaidbefore,ashasbeenmentionedabove,as

canbeimagined,asisknowntoall,ashasbeenannounced,ascanbeseenfromthese

figures,asmight/couldbeexpected,asisoftenthecase,ashasbeenpointedout,as

oftenhappens,aswillbeshown等。

4.關(guān)系代詞that與which用于引導(dǎo)定語從句的區(qū)別

(1)如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中做賓語，用that,which都可以，而且可以省略；

(2)先行詞是不定代詞anything,nothing,little,all,everything時,關(guān)系代詞用

that；

(3)先行詞由形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾或由next,last,only,very修飾時,

用that；

(4)非限定性定語從句只能用which引導(dǎo)；

(5)關(guān)系代詞前面如果有介詞，只能用which。

5.but做關(guān)系代詞，用于否定句，相當于who...not,that...not

這個結(jié)構(gòu)的特點是主句中常有否定詞或含有否定意義的詞。如：

Therearefewteachersbutknowhowtouseacomputer.

Thereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedby