2023學(xué)年完整公開課版DEMOCRATICREPUBLICOFMALIDOUC

DEMOCRATICREPUBLICOFMALICapital:BamakoArea:1

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000squarekilometers.ItisalandlockedterritorylocatedinWestAfricaanditisborderedby7countries:Algeria,Niger,BurkinaFaso,IvoryCoast,Guinea,SenegalandMauritania.Itcomprises8administrativeregions:Kayes,Koulikoro,Sikasso,Ségou,Mopti,Timbuktu,Gaoandadistrict:Bamako.ItsreliefismainlyconstitutedofplateausandplainsandMount.Climate:TherearethreetypesofclimateinMali:-Sudaneseinthesouth(humidtropicalclimate).Thevegetation:isthesavannahsprinkledwithforests.–Sahelianinthewestandcenter(half-humidtropicalclimate).Inthiszone,theshrubbyplain,dominatedbygrassandthornytreesmeetsthewoodedsteppe.–SaharanintheNorth(drytropicalclimate).Somethornyshrubsgrowhere.ThecountryiscrossedbytheNigerriver(4200kmsofwhich1700inMali).Population:of16.9inhabitants,Maliisamedleyofcultureswheredifferentethnicgroupslivetogetherusing13languages.ThemostcommonlanguagesareBambaraandFrenchisoneoftheofficiallanguages.HISTORYOFMALIMaliisayoungrepublicbutitismainlyahistorycountry.GreatempiresandfamouspeoplefollowedeachotherinthispartofWestAfrica.IntheKidalregion,Neolithicremnantswerefoundwhichtestifytracesofhumanpresenceinthe5thmillenniumB.C.Ontheeveofourera,exchangesbetweenthedesertandthesavannadeveloped,hencefavoringthebirthofcitieslike(Djenné-Jenno),theoldDjennéintheheartofthecentraldeltaoftheNigerriver.TheremnantsofthiscitytestifytheexistenceoftheoldestSub-SaharanAfricancivilization.Aroundthe4thcenturyA.C,betweentheNigerandSenegalrivers,southoftheSahara,wasborntheGhanaEmpire(theOuagadou).Thankstothetradeofgoldandsalt,ithadflourisheduntiltheendofthe11thCwhenitdeclined.TheEmpireofMali(theMandé),whichwasfoundedinthe11thCwasmadeupofsmallkingdomsandwasunifiedbySoundiataKeitainthe13thC.Itreacheditsclimaxinthe14thCunderthereignofKankouMoussa,thenofhisbrotherMansaSouleymane.Thetradeofgold,copper,saltandfabriccontributedtoitspower.ThecitiesofTimbuktu,Djenné,Gaowhichwereimportantexchangecentershadshonewiththeircommercial,artisticandintellectualrichnessuptotheendofthe14thC.TheSonghaiEmpire,foundedinthe15thCbySonniAliBer,graduallyoutshonetheEmpireofMaliandreacheditsclimaxunderAskiaMohamedattheendofthe15thC.ThelegendarywealthoftheEmpireingoldattractedthecovetousnessofitsneighbors,theMoroccanswhodestroyeditalmostentirely.TheTondibibattlein1591markedtheendofthelastoftheMaliempires.Inthe16thC,theoldgreatempiresweresplitintosmallkingdoms.TheBambaraKingdomofSégou,wasfoundedaroundtheendofthe17thC.ButthewarsagainsttheMacinaPeulhKingdom,thenwiththeToucouleurEmpireaccelerateditsdeclineinthe19thC.Thenstartedthecolonialpenetration,andfrom1880theFrenchconquestwhichendedattheendofthe19thCin1898.MalibecametheFrenchSoudan.Thecountryproclaimeditsindependenceonthe22ndofSeptemberundertheprestigiousnameofMali.ECONOMYTheMalianeconomyischieflybasedontheprimarysector:-agricultureisthemainactivityof80%oftheactivepopulation.ItisthefirstcontributortotheGDPwithanaverageof40%duringtherecentyears-cattle-breedingandfishingarethemainactivityof30%oftheruralpopulation-cottonrepresents14%oftheGDPandprovides50%oftheexportrevenue.Theminingsectorrepresents15.5%oftheGDP.Theindustrysectorrepresents8%oftheGDP.TheGDPperinhabitanthasbeenestimatedatCFA166300(253Euros).TheGDPgrowthratewas+5.6in2003andthegrowthforecastsoftheGDPwere+6.7in2004.Tourismisthefirstsourceofserviceexportrevenue,estimatedat$90million.ThemainexportproductsinMaliaregold,cottonandcattle.Theotherexportedproductsarefruit,vegetables,cerealsandby-products.Themainimportedproductsareoilproducts,processedfoodstuffs,drugs,vehicles,capitalequipmentandfarmingandindustrialinput.Themaincommercialpartnersare:France,Senegal,Italy,China,SouthAfrica.Regardingimportsandexports,theyare:France,Germany,andSenegal.TheGovernmentofMalihasoptedforthedevelopmentofanationaleconomybasedonfreeenterprise.SOMEPICTURESABOUTMALIAncientbuildingTraditionalhomeBeautifulrocksOneoftheworldheritagesitesOneoftheworldheritagesitesTheHandofFatimahOneoftheworldheritagesitesMonumentofthefirstDemocraticPresidentoftheNationinBamakoSavannaParkAgroTourismSavannaParkSavanna