2023年英美文學(xué)選讀筆記完整筆記全面歸納各章重點

BriefIntroductiontotheRenaissancePeriodI.應(yīng)用

DefinitionsoftheLiteraryTerms:

1.TheRenaissance:TheRenaissancemarksatransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.Generally,itreferstotheperiodbetweenthe14th&17thcenturies.ItfirststartedinItaly,withthefloweringofpainting,sculpture&literature.FromItalythemovementwenttoembracetherestofEurope.TheRenaissance,whichmeans"rebirth"or"revival,"isactuallyamovementstimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricalevents,suchasthere-discoveryofancientRoman&Greekculture,thenewdiscoveriesingeography&astrology,thereligiousreformation&theeconomicexpansion.TheRenaissance,therefore,inessenceisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkers&scholarsmadeattemptstogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,&torecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.2.Humanism:HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.ItsprangfromtheendeavortorestoreamedievalreverencefortheancientauthorsandisfrequentlytakenasthebeginningoftheRenaissanceonitsconscious,intellectualside,fortheGreekandRomancivilizationwasbasedonsuchaconceptionthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.Throughthenewlearning,humanistsnotonlysawtheartsofsplendorandenlightenment,butthehumanvaluesrepresentedintheworks.Renaissancehumanistsfoundintheclassicsajustificationtoexalthumannatureandcametoseethathumanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfections,andthattheworldtheyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebuttoquestion,explore,andenjoy.Thus,byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.

3.Spenserianstanza:

SpenserianstanzawasinventedbyEdmundSpenser.Itisastanzaofninelines,withthefirsteightlinesiniambicpentameter&thelastlineiniambichexameter,rhymingababbcbcc.

4.Metaphysicalpoetry:Theterm"metaphysicalpoetry"iscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.Witharebelliousspirit,themetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.ThedictionissimpleascomparedwiththatoftheElizabethanortheNeoclassicperiods,andechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.Theimageryindrawnfromtheactuallife.Theformisfrequentlythatofanargumentwiththepoet'sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.5.TheRenaissanceherARenaissanceheroreferstoonecreatedbyChristopherMarloweinhisdrama.Suchaheroisalwaysindividualisticandfullofambition,facingbravelythechallengefrombothgodsandmen.HeembodiesMarlowe'shumanisticidesofhumandignityandcapacity.Differentfromthetragicheroinmedievalplays,whoseeksthewaytoheaventhroughsalvationandgod'swill,heisagainstconventionalmoralityandcontrivestoobtainheavenonearththroughhisownefforts.Withtheendlessaspirationforpower,knowledge,andglory,theherointerpretsthetrueRenaissancespirit.BothTamburlaineandFaustusaretypicalinpossessingsuchaspirit.

I.EdmundSpenser1.一般識記

BriefIntroductiontotheAuthor

Englishpoet，borninLondon,England,about1552,anddiedinLondon,Jan13,1599.2.識記HisMajorWorks

Spenser'smostimportantwork&masterpieceisTheFaerieQueene,agreatpoemofitsage.Acomplexmoral,religious,&politicalallegory,itisalsoanepicthatexaltsQueenElizabethⅠ&theEnglishnation.AccordingtoSpenser'sownexplanation,hisprincipalintentionistopresentthrougha"historicalpoem"theexampleofaperfectgentleman:"tofashionagentlemanornoblepersoninvirtuous&gentlediscipline."ItsprincipalheroistheArthurofmedievallegend.Thesixbooksofthepoemillustratethenatureofparticularvirtues,suchas,temperance&justice.OthermajorworksofSpenserareTheShepheardesCalender(1579),apoemconsistingof12eclogues-correspondingtothe12monthsoftheyear;Epithalamion(1595),apoemexpressingthedeeppersonalfeelingsoccasionedbythepoetssecondmarriage;Amoretti(1595),aseriesofsonnets.3.領(lǐng)會HisInfluence

1)MainqualitiesofSpenser'spoetry

①aperfectmelody

②araresenseofbeauty

③asplendidimagination

④aloftymoralpurity&seriousness

⑤adedicatedidealism

2)Inhiswriting,Spenserdrewontheconventions&thoughtofClassical,medieval,&Renaissanceliterature.However,headdedtohisfusionofthesediverseelementsmuchthatwasoriginal,&hisworksinspiredmanylaterEnglishpoets.Hecreatedanewstanza,calledtheSpenserianstanza,whichiswellsuitedtonarrativeverse.HisskillsinwritingmelodiousEnglishverse&hiscombinationofemotion,erudition,&spiritualvisionhavewonhimtheadmirationofgenerationsofEnglishpoets.Itishisidealism,hisloveofbeauty,&hisexquisitemelodythatmakehimknownas"thepoets'poet."4.應(yīng)用

TheFaerieQueene:

1)Itisalong,allegoricalpoem.Inthepoem,Spenserdramatizedpolitical,religious,&moralthemesbypersonifyingthem,ormakingthemcharacters.

2)Plot:Thestory,whichissetagainstabackgroundofArthur&medievallegend,dealswiththeadventuresofsixknightsofthecourtofthefairyqueennamedGloriana,whorepresentsQueenElizabethⅠofEnglish.

ThefaerieQueenwasleftunfinishedatSpenser'sdeath.Itwasoriginallyplannedasa12-bookpoem.Butonly6bookswerecompleted.Thepoemisparticularlyadmiredforthemelodicbeautyofitslanguage&foritsrichcontentofphilosophical&mythologicalmaterialpresentedintheformofvividnarratives.

II.ChristopherMarlowe1.一般識記

BriefIntroduction

Englishdramatist&poet,borninCanterbury,England,Feb,6,1567,diedinDeptford,England,May30,1593.MarlowewasthefirstgreatEnglishDramatist.HebroughttotheEnglishstageanewconceptoftragedy,oneinwhichthedramacentersaroundthestrugglesofamanoverwhelmedbyhispassions&ambitions.2.識記

HisMajorWorks

HismostfamoustragediesareDoctorFaustus,TheJewofMalta,Tamburlaine&EdwardⅡ.Inhisplays,Marloweusedblankverse,whichhemoldedintoasuperbinstrumentforexpressingintenseemotions.AfterhisdevelopmentofblankverseitbecamethestandardmediumforEnglishdramatic&epicpoetry.Hisnon-dramaticpoetryincludesHero&Leander,"thePassionateshepherdtoHislove,"&aversetranslationofOvid'sAmores.

Marlowe'sDoctorFaustus(about1589),generallyconsideredhisbestplay,wasbasedonarealDr.Faustus,whowaslaterassociatedwithamedievallegendofamansellinghissoultothedevil.Theplay'sdominantmoralishumanratherthanreligious.Itcelebratesthehumanpassionforknowledge,power&happiness;italsorevealsman'sfrustrationinrealizingthehighaspirationsinahostilemoralorder.Thelastscene,inwhichFaustusconfrontshisdoom,brilliantlyrendersthefear&agonyofacondemnedman.

TheJewofMalta(about1589)illustratesMarlowe'soutstandingportrayalofcharacter.Itshero,BarabastheJew,servedasthemodelforShylockinShakespeare'sTheMerchantofVenice.Inabout1592.MarlowewroteoneofthefirstsuccessfulEnglishhistoricaldramas,EdwardⅡ。Itishismostdramaticallymatureplay&exhibitshismasteryofcharacterization,stagecraft&rhetoric.

Tamburlaineisaplayaboutanambitious&pitilessTartarconquerorinthefourteenthcenturywhorosefromashepherdtoanoverpoweringKing.Bydepictingagreatherowithhighambition&sheerbrutalforceinconqueringoneenemyafteranother,MarlowevoicedthesupremedesireofthemanoftheRenaissanceforinfinitepower&authority.3.領(lǐng)會HisAchievements&Influence

Achievements:Marlowe'sgreatestachievementliesinthatheperfectedtheblankverse&madeittheprincipalmediumofEnglishdrama.

HissecondachievementishiscreationoftheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdrama.

ThethemeofhisworksisthepraiseoftheRenaissancespirit.

Hisinfluence:Amanofwidelearning,Marlowewasoneoftheextraordinarypoets&playwrightsofhistime."Marlowe'smightyline,"asBenJonsoncalledhisblankverse,wasoneofthemostimportantcontributionstotheartofEnglishliterature.4.應(yīng)用Dr.Faustus

TheselectionofActⅠfromDr.FaustusismainlyaboutFaustusisshowinghisgreatambition,thatis,ifhehadmanysouls,hewouldgivethemalltotheDevilsothathecouldcontroltheworld.InportrayingFaustus,amoreintrospective&philosophicalfigurethanTamburlaine,MarlowepraiseshissoaringaspirationforknowledgewhilewarningagainstthesinofpridesinceFaustus'sdownfallwascausedbyhisdespairinGod&trustinDevil.

Ⅲ.WilliamShakespeare1.一般識記BriefIntroductionWilliamShakespearewasthegreatestwriterofplayswhoeverlived.Hisfriend&fellowplaywrightBenJonsonsaidthatShakespearewas"notofanagebutforalltime."The18th-centuryEnglishessayistSamuelJohnsondescribedhisworkas"themirroroflife."The19th-centuryEnglishpoetSamuelTaylorColeridgespokeof"myriad-mindedShakespeare."The20th-centuryEnglishdramatistGeorgeBernardShawstressedhis"enormouspoweroverlanguage."2.識記HisLife&Career

TheexactdateofShakespeare'sbirthisnotknown,buthisbaptismwasrecordedonApril26,1564,intheparishregisterofHolyTrinityChurchatStratford-on-Avon.Sinceitwascustomarytobaptizeinfantswithintwoorthreedaysofbirth,April23isregardedasareasonablebirthdate.Itisalsothedateonwhichhediedin1616.Generally,hisdramaticcareerisdividedinto4periods.

TheFirstPeriod(1590-1594)-fivehistoricalplays&fourcomedies:

HenryⅥ,partⅠ(1590)

HenryⅥ,partⅡ(1590)

HenryⅥ,partⅢ(1591)

RichardⅢ(1592)

TitusAndronicus(1593)

TheComedyofErrors(1592)

TheTwoGentlemenofVerona(1594)

TheTamingoftheShrew(1593)

Love'sLabor'sLost(1594)

TheSecondPeriod(1595-1600)-fivehistoricalplays,sixcomedies&twotragedies:

RichardⅡ(1595)

KingJohn(1596)

HenryⅣ,PartⅠ&PartⅡ(1597)

HenryV(1598)

AMidsummerNight'sDream(1595)

TheMerchantofVenice(1596)

MuchAdoAboutNothing(1598)

AsYouLikeIt(1599)

TwelfthNight(1600)

TheMerryWivesofWinsor(1598)

Romeo&Juliet(1595)

JuliusCaesar(1599)

TheThirdPeriod(1601-1609)-Seventragedies&twodarkcomedies:

Hamlet

Othello

KingLear

Macbeth

Antony&Cleopatra

Troilus&Cressida

Coriolonus

All'sWellThatEndsWell

MeasureforMeasure

TheFourthPeriod(1609-1612)-Romantictragic-comedies&twoplays:

Pericles

Cymbeline

TheWinte'sTale

TheTempest

HenryⅧ

TheTwoNobleKinsmen

Shakespeare'sauthenticnon-dramaticpoetryconsistsoftwolongnarrativepoems:Venus&Adonis&TheRapeofLucrece&hissequenceof154sonnets.3.領(lǐng)會HisInfluence

1)Contributionstolanguage

ManywordsandcommonlyusedphraseshavebeenaddedtoeverydayEnglishvocabularythroughtheirappearanceinShakespeare'sworks.

2)Effectsonliterature

Shakespeare'splays&poetryhavehadapervasiveinfluenceonworldliterature.Mostofthegreatliteraryfiguresoftheworldhavebeeninspired&stimulatedbyhisachievement.

Onthewhole,however,Shakespeare'scontributionhasbeentothelanguage&spiritoflaterwritingratherthantoitsform.References¶llelstoShakespeare'sphraseologyhaveoccurredinliteraturesincethe16thcentury.

PerhapsthegreatestinspirationtosubsequentauthorshasbeenShakespeare'scapacitytodepictlifeinallitscomplexity&toilluminateman'scharacter&destiny.4.領(lǐng)會HisMajorWorks1)Drama

A.TheMerchantofVenice

Theme:topraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonio&Bassanio,toidealizePortiaasaheroineofgreatbeauty,wit&loyalty,&toexposetheinsatiablegreed&brutalityoftheJew.

Plot:Theplayhasadoubleplot(P39)

B.Hamlet

HamletisgenerallyregardedasShakespeare'smostpopularplayonthestage,forithasthequalitiesofa"blood-and-thunder"thriller&aphilosophicalexplorationoflife&death.Andthetimelessappealofthismightydramaliesinitscombinationofintrigue,emotionalconflict&searchingphilosophicmelancholy.

TheplayopenswithHamlet,PrinceofDenmark,appearinginamoodofworld-wearinessoccasionedbyhisfather'srecentdeath&byhismother'shastyremarriagewithClaudius,hisfather'sbrother.Whileencounteringhisfather'sghost,HamletisinformedthatClaudiushasmurderedhisfather&thentakenoverbothhisfather'sthrone&widow.This,Hamlet,isurgedbytheghosttoseekrevengeforhisfather's"foul&mostunnaturalmurder."Trappedinanightmareworldofspying,testing&plotting,&apparentlybearingtheintolerableburdenofthedutytorevengehisfather'sdeath,Hamletisobligedtoinhabitashadowworld,tolivesuspendedbetweenfact&fiction,language&action.Hislifeisoneofconstantrole-playing,examiningthenatureofactiononlytodenyitspossibility,forheistoosophisticatedtodegradehisnaturetotheconventionalroleofastagerevenger.BycharacterizingHamlet,Shakespearesuccessfullymakesaphilosophicalexplorationoflife&death.

C.TheTempest

TheTempest,anelaborate&fantasticstory,isknownasthebestofhisfinalromances.Thecharactersareratherallegorical&thesubjectfullofsuggestion.Thehumanlyimpossibleeventscanbeseenoccurringeverywhere,intheplay.Theplaywrightresortstothesupernaturalatmosphere&tothedreamstosolvetheconflict.ToShakespeare,thewholelifeisnomorethanadream.Thus,TheTempestisatypicalexampleofhispessimisticviewtowardshumanlife&societyinhislateyears.

2)Poems

A.Sonnets

Thefirst126sonnetsareapparentlyaddressedtoahandsomeyoungnobleman,presumablytheauthor'spatron.Thepoemsexpressthewriter'sselflessbutnotentirelyuncriticaldevotiontotheyoungman.

Twentyofthesonnetsareaboutayoungwomancharacterizedasa"darklady,"whomthepoetdistrustbutcannotresist.Thepoemsaddresseddirectlytoherareperhapsthemostremarkableinthesequencebecausetheirunsentimentaltoneisunlikethatoftraditionallovesonnets.

Aphilosophicalthemethatappearsinmanyofthesonnetsisthatoftimeasthedestroyerofallmortalthings.Alsoexpressedinthepoemsistheauthor'sdisillusionmentwiththefalsenessofearthlylife.

TheformofthepoemsistheEnglishVariationofthetraditionalItalian,orPetrarchan,sonnet,Shakespeare'ssonnetshavethreequatrains,orgroupsoffourlines,&afinalcouplet.Theirrhymeschemeisabab,cdcd,efef,gg.Athemeisdeveloped&elaboratedinthequatrains,&aconcludingthoughtispresentedinthecouplet.

B.Otherpoems

Venus&Adonis,inwhichShakespearemadehisfirstbidforliterarypatronage&fame,isaconventionalElizabethannarrativepoem.Itsmythologicalstory,takenfromOvidsMetamorphoses,tellsofthepassionatelovegoddesswhowoosthereluctantyouthAdonis.

TheRapeofLucrece,anothernarrativeofpassion,isbasedonthesemihistoricalstoryoftherapeofachasteRomanmatronbyTarquin,sonofthekingofRome.5.領(lǐng)會HisMajorTheme

1)Shakespeareisagainstreligiouspersecution&racialdiscrimination,againstsocialinequality&thecorruptinginfluenceofgold&money.

2)Hewasahumanistofthetime&acceptedtheRenaissanceviewsonliterature.6.領(lǐng)會HisLiteraryAchievements

1)Characterization

Hismajorcharactersareneithermerelyindividualonesnortypeones;theyareindividualsrepresentingcertaintypes.Eachcharacterhashisorherownpersonalities;meanwhile,theymaysharefeatureswithothers.Thesoliloquiesinhisplaysfullyrevealtheinnerconflictofhischaracters.Shakespearealsoportrayshischaractersinpairs.Contrastsarefrequentlyusedtobringvividnesstohischaracters.

Thewomenintheplaysarevividcreations,eachdifferingfromtheothers.Shakespearewasfondofportraying"mockingwenches,"suchasKateoftheTamingoftheShrew,RosalineofLove'sLabor'sLost,&BeatriceofMuchAdoAboutNothing,buthewasequallyadeptatcreatinggentle&innocentwomen,suchasOpheliainHamlet,DesdemonainOthello,&CordeliainKingLear.HisfemalecharactersalsoincludethetreacherousGoneril&Regan,theiron-willedLadyMacbeth,thewitty&resourcefulPortia,thetender&loyalJuliet,&thealluringCleopatra.

2)PlotConstruction

Shakespeare'splaysarewellknownfortheiradroitplotconstruction.Heseldominventshisownplots;instead,heborrowsthemfromsomeoldplaysorstorybooks,orfromancientGreek&Romansources.Thereareusuallyseveralthreadsrunningthroughtheplay,thusprovidingthestorywithsuspense&apprehension.

3)Language

InShakespeare'stime,Englishgrammar&spellingwerenotyetformalized,soShakespearecouldfreelyinterchargethevariouspartsofspeech,usingnounsasadjectivesorverbs,adjectivesasadverbs,&pronounsasnouns.Suchfreedomgavehislanguageanextraordinaryflexibility,whichenabledhimtoexpresshisthoughtsaseasilyinpoetryasinprose.

MostofShakespeare'sdramaticpoetryisinblankverse,orunrhymediambicpentameter.Hisblandverseisespeciallybeautiful&mighty.Hehasanamazingwealthofvocabulary&idiom.Hiscoinageofnewwords&distortionofthemeaningoftheoldonesalsocreatestrikingeffectsonthereader.7.應(yīng)用SelectedReadings

1)Sonnet18

Theme:aprofoundmeditationonthedestructivepoweroftime&theeternalbeautybroughtforthbypoetrytotheoneheloves.

Imagery:asummer'sday-youth

theeyeofheaven-thesun

2)TheMerchantofVenice

Theme:TopraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonio&Bassanio,toidealizePortiaasaheroineofgreatbeauty,wit&loyalty,&toexposetheinsatiablegreedandbrutalityoftheJew.

3)Hamlet

ThisisonepartofHamlet'smostfamousmonologue.Hamlet,facingthedilemmaofaction&mind,ishesitatingwhetherheshouldrevengeforhisfather,whichmaybringhimdeath,orheshouldsuffer&hidehishatredforhisuncleinhisdeepheart,whichmaysecurehislife.IV.FrancisBacon1.一般識記BriefIntroductionEnglishRenaissancephilosopher,essayist,statesman,borninLondon,England,Jan22,1561anddiedinLondon,April91626.

OneoftheoutstandingfiguresoftheRenaissance,Baconmadeimportantcontributionstoseveralfields.Hischiefinterestweresciencephilosophy,buthewasalsoadistinguishedmanofletters&heldseveralhighgovernmentalpositionsduringthereignofkingJamesⅠ.Hewasoneoftheearliest&mosteloquentspokesmenforexperimentalscience.Helaysthefoundationformodernsciencewithhisinsistenceonscientificwayofthinking&freshobservationratherthanauthorityasabasisforobtainingknowledge.2.識記Hisworks

Asanauthor,BaconismostfamousforhisEssays,whichdealwithsuchsubjectsashonor,friendship,love,&riches.Writteninaterse,polishedstyle,withmanylearnedallusions&metaphors,theessaysrankwiththefinestinEnglishliterature.

Bacon'sotherimportantliteraryworksincludeTheNewAtlantis,anaccountofanidealsociety&animaginaryvoyage,&TheHistoryoftheReignofKingHenryⅦ,aperceptivepsychologicalstudyofHenry'smind&characters.

Hisworkscanbedividedintothreegroups：

Firstgroup:TheAdvancementofLearning(1605)

NovumOrganum(1620)(Latinversion)

Secondgroup:Essays

ApophthagmesNew&Old(1605)

TheHistoryoftheReignofHenryⅦ(1622)

TheNewAtlantis(unfinished)

Thirdgroup:MaximsofLaw

TheLearnedReadinguponthe

StatureofUses(1642)3.領(lǐng)會HisMajorWorks

Essays

Theterm"essay"wasborrowedfromMontaigne'sEssais,whichappearedfrom1580to1588.BaconlearnedfromMontaigne,thefirstgreatmodernessayist,theeconomic&flexiblewayofwriting.However,asapractical&prudentialman,heintendstowritefortheambitiousElizabethan&Jacobeanyouthofhisclass&tellthemhowtobeefficient&maketheirwayinpubliclife.

Bacon'sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactness&powerfulness.Theessaysarewellarranged&enrichedbyBiblicalallusions,Metaphors&cadence.4.領(lǐng)會Hisachievements

Asaliteraryman,BaconisthefirstEnglishessayist,whoseEssayswonhimahighplaceinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.

Asaphilosopher,heisthefounderofEnglishmaterialisticphilosophy.Headvocatestheinductivemethodofreasoning.Inhisfamouspleaforprogress,Bacondemandsthreethings:1)thefreeinvestigationofnature,2)thediscoveryoffactsinsteadoftheblindbeliefintheories3)theverificationofresultsbyexperimentratherthanbyargument.Inourday,thesearetheABCofscience,butinBacon'stimetheywererevolutionary,Marxcalledhim"therealfatherofEnglishmaterialism&experimentalscienceofmoderntimesingeneral."5.應(yīng)用OfStudies

OfStudiesisthemostpopularofBacon's58essays.Itanalyzeswhatstudieschieflyservefor,thedifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies,&howstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter.Forceful&persuasive,compact&precise,OfStudiesrevealstousBacon'smatureattitudetowardslearning.Bacon'slanguageisneat,priest,&weighty.Itissomewhataffected,likethewaterinthereservoir,restricted&confined.V.JohnDonne1.一般識記Donne&theMetaphysicalPoetry

JohnDonne:Englishpoet&Clergyman,borninLondon,England,1572,anddiedinLondon,Mar.311631.Donneistheleadingfigureofthe17th-century"metaphysicalschool."Hispoemsgiveamoreinherentlytheatricalimpressionbyexhibitingaseeminglyunfocuseddiversityofexperiences&attitudes,&afreerangeoffeelings&attitudes,&afreerangeoffeelings&moods.Themodeisdynamicratherthanstatic,withingenuityofspeech,vividnessofimagery&vitalityofrhythms,whichshowanotablecontrasttotheotherElizabethanlyricpoems,whicharepure,serene,tuneful,&smoothrunning.ThemoststrikingfeatureofDonne'spoetryispreciselyitstangofreality,inthesensethatitseemstoreflectlifeinarealratherthanapoeticalworld."MetaphysicalPoetry"iscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17th-centurywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.Witharebellionsspirit,themetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanLovepoetry.Thedictionissimpleascomparedwithechoesthewords&cadencesofcommonspeech.Theimageryisdrawnfromtheactuallife.Theformisfrequentlythatofanargumentwiththepoet'sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.GeorgeHerbert,AndrewMarvell,RichardCrashaw,HenryVaughan,AbrahamCowley,&ThomasTrahernearealsoconsideredtobemetaphysicalpoets.Theywroteonavarietyofreligious&secularthemes,&toexpresstheirideas,theyusedstartling,highlyimaginativecomparisonsknownasconceits.Aconceitisacombinationofthoughtsorimagesthatarenotusuallyassociatedwithoneanother.

Thefinestworksofthemetaphysicalpoetscombineintellectualsubtletywithgreatemotionalpower.Thepoemsreflectabroadknowledgeofscience,art,&otherbranchesoflearning.Atthesametime,metaphysicalpoemsexpressanintenseawarenessofcommonhumanfeelings&experiences,suchasjealousy,thelossofreligiousfaith,thecomplexitiesoflove&thefearofdeath.Althoughtheimageryofmetaphysicalpoetryisfrequentlystrained,thelanguageisoftenasnatural&directasordinaryspeech.2識記Hismajorworks

Inhislife,Donnewrotealargenumberofpoems&proseworks,Hispoemsareespeciallyadmiredfortheiruniquecombinationofpassionatefeeling&intellectualwit.ManyofhispoemsrankwiththefinestintheEnglishlanguage.AmonghismostfamousworksarethepoemsDeathBeNotProud,"Go&CatchaFallingStar,"TheEcstacy,&AValedictionForbiddingMourning.

MostofTheElegies&Satires&agoodmanyofTheSongs&Sonnetswerewrittenintheearlyperiod.Hewroteproseworksmainlyinthelaterperiod.Hissermons,whichareveryfamous,revealhisspiritualdevotiontoGodasapassionatepreacher.

Hisworksareclassifiedassongs&sonnets,epistles,elegies,&satires.Whenreadinchronologicalorder,thepoemsrevealhisdevelopmentfrom"GayJackDonne,"areckless&cynicalyouth,toDeanJohnDonne,amandevotedtoGod.

Donne'sgreatproseworksarehissermons,whicharebothrich&imaginative,exhibitingthesamekindofphysicalvigor&scholasticcomplexityashispoetry.Forexample,thewell-knownDevotionsUponEmergentOccasions(1623-1624).Writtenwhenhewasseriouslyill,theycontainthefamouspassage:"NoManisanislandentireofitself;everymanisapieceofthecontinent,apartofthemain…Anyman'sdeathdiminishesme,becauseIaminvolvedinmankind,&thereforeneversendtoknowforwhomthebelltolls;ittollsforthee."3.領(lǐng)會CharacteristicsofHisPoems

Donne'spoetryissubtle,complex,&oftenstartling.Hemadeexpertuseofsuchpoetictechniquesastheparadox,astatementthatseemscontradictorybutactuallycontainstruth,&theconceit,apertinentcomparisonbetween2apparentlydissimilarthings.

HisearlyLyricsmostexistinTheSongs&Sonnets.Loveisthebasictheme.Donneholdsthatthenatureofloveistheunionofsoul&body.Theoperationsofthesouldependonthebody.Idealism&cynicismaboutlovecoexistinDonne'slovepoetry.

Asareligiouspoet,hischiefpowerisshownintheHolySonnets&thelasthymns.

Inhispoems,Donnefrequentlyappliesconceits,i.e.extendedmetaphorsinvolvingdramaticcontrasts.Hispoetryinvolvesacertainkindofargument,sometimesinrigidsyllogisticform.Withthebrief,simplelanguage,theargumentiscontinuousthroughoutthepoem.4.應(yīng)用SelectedReadings

1)DeathBeNotProud,oneofDonne'sHolySonnets,isan