2022年山東省煙臺(tái)市大學(xué)英語6級(jí)大學(xué)英語六級(jí)模擬考試(含答案)

2022年山東省煙臺(tái)市大學(xué)英語6級(jí)大學(xué)英語六級(jí)模擬考試(含答案)學(xué)校:________班級(jí):________姓名:________考號(hào):________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

Knowingthereasonsbehindthebuyingdecisionsmakesaperson______.

2.

Beforehewenttoelementaryschool,Nixonhadbecomeakeenreaderof______,______,and______.

3.

Oftenstudentsarequite______thattheyaremovingtheirheadswhilereading.

4.

Interestinenhancingself-esteemasapathtosuccessgotunderwayafter______.

A.therealizationoftheimportanceofself-esteem

B.theeducationalreform.in1960's

C.theadventoftheself-actualizationtheories

D.theeducators'commentofself-esteem

5.

DuringChristmasof1963______wascomingintoMiamiforalanding.

6.

Bilingualprogramscandomuchbetteriftheproblemsof______canbesolved.

7.ThegapbetweenLatinosandothergroupssuggeststhat______.

A.Latinosaremostunlikelytobeinsured

B.notmerelyeconomicforcesareworking

C.insuranceisseldomavailabletothepoor

D.economicforcesaloneinfluenceinsurance

8.

Thevalueofunderstandingthelanguageofaforeigncountryshouldnotbeover-estimated,thoughmanyblundersininternationaladvertisingresultdirectlyfromtranslationmistakes.

A.YB.NC.NG

9.

Whenitcametomoneymatters,onedadhadahabitofputtinghisbraintosleep,theotherhadahabitof______.

10.

PrivategroupshelpthosepatientswithAIDSbyorganizingsupportgroupsandestablishingmanyspecialcenterswherepeoplewithAIDScan______.

11.SmotherLove

Everymorning,LeanneBricklandandhersisterwouldbicycletoschoolwiththesamewordsringingintheirears:"Watchoutcrossingtheroad.Don'tspeaktostrangers"."Mumwouldstandatthetopofthestepsandcallthatout,"saysBrickland,nowaprimary-schoolteacherandmotheroffourfromRotorua,NewZealand.Substituteboxersandthongsforundies(內(nèi)衣),andthenaggingfearsthathauntparentshaven'treallychanged.Whathasaltered,dramatically,istheconfidenceweoncehadinourchildren'sabilitytoflingthemselvesatlifewithoutagrown-upholdingtheirhands.

Worry-riddenParentsandStifledKids

Bytoday'sstandards,thechildhoodfreedomsBricklandtookforgrantedpracticallyvergeonparentalneglect.Hermotherworked,sosheandhersisterhadakeytoletthemselvesinafterschoolandwereexpectedtodotheirhomeworkandputonthepotatoesfordinner.Atthefamily'sbeachhousenearWellington,thetwogirls,fromtheageoffiveorsix,woulddisappearforhourstoplayinthelakesandsands.

Agenerationlater,Brickland'schildrenaregrowingupinaworldmoreindulgedyetmoreaccustomedtoperil.Thetechno-mindedgenerationofPlayStationkidswhocanconquerentirearmiesandrocketthroughspacecan'tevenbetrustedtocrossthestreetalone."Iwalkedorbikedtoschoolforyears,butmychildrendon't,"Brieklandadmits."Iworryabouttheroad.Iworryaboutstrangers.InsomewaysIthinkthey'remissingout,butIliketobeabletoseethem,toknowwheretheyareandWhatthey'redoing."

Callitsmotherlove,indulged-kidsyndrome,parentalneurosis(神經(jīng)病).Eventhoughtoday'schildrenhavetheuniverseattheirfingertipsthankstotheInternet,theirphysicalboundariesareshrinkingatarapidpace.AccordingtoBritishsocialscientistMayerHillman,achild'splayzonehascontractedsoradicallythatwe'reproducingthehumanequivalentofhenhousechickens-plumpfromlackofexerciseandwithouttheflexibilityandinitiativeoffree-rangekidsofthepast.ThespiritofourtimesisnolongertheresourcefuladventurerTomSawyerbutrathertheworry-riddendadandhisstifledonlychildinFindingNemo.

Inshort,childrearinghasbecomeanexerciseinriskminimization,representedbystoriessuchasthefatherwhorefusedtoallowhisdaughteronaschoolpicnictothebeachforfearshemightdrown.Whileit'snaturalforaparenttowanttoprotecttheirchildrenfromdanger,youhavetowonder:Havewegonetoofar?

ParentsWrapKidsupinCottonWool

AstudyconductedbyPaulTranter,alectureringeographyattheAustralianDefenceForceAcademyinCanberra,showedthatwhileAustralianandNewZealandchildrenhadsimilaramountsofunsupervisedfreedom,itwasfarlessthanGermanorEnglishkids.Forexample,onlyathirdoften-year-oldsinAustraliaandNewZealandwereallowedtovisitplacesotherthanschoolalone,comparedto80percentinGermany.

Girlswereevenmorerestrictedthanboys,withparentsfearingassaultormolestation(騷擾),whiletrafficdangerswereseenasthegreatestthreattoboys.Bikeownershiphasdoubledinageneration,but"independentmobility"-theabilitytoroamandexploreunsupervised-hasradicallydeclined.InAuckland,forexample,manyprimaryschoolshavedoneawaywithbicycleracksbecausethestreetsareconsideredtoounsafe.AndinChristchurch,NewZealand'smostbike-friendlycity,thenumberofpupilscyclingtoschoolhasfallenfrommorethan90percentinthelate1970stolessthan20percent.Safelystrappedintothefamily4×4,childrenareinsteaddrivenfromhometotheschoolgate,thenofftoballet,soccerorswimminglessons-rarelystrayingfromwatchfuladulteyes.

IntheU.S.JournalofPhysicalEducation,Recreation&am

A.standardsofthechildren'sproperdressing

B.worryaboutthechildren'spersonalsafety

C.waystocommunicatewithchildren

D.confidenceinthechildren'sability

12.

DrPagelstudied122familytreesinthatthereweremoregeneticchangesinthem.

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13.

Apersonwithsleepapneawillpossiblyhavethesymptomlike______.

A.failingtowakeupinthemorning

B.stoppingbreathingrepeatedly

C.failingtoconcentrateonhisthinking

D.stayingawakeallthenight

14.Ifyouaredoingacademicreadinginyourlibrary,you'readvised______.

A.tohitoverstuffedcouchesandchairstoproduceideas

B.touseoverstuffedcouchesandchairsforarefreshment

C.nottouseoverstuffedcouchesandchairs

D.nottostuffcomfortablecoachesorchairs

15.

Forbesisaboutasexcitedas______.

16.

ThenegotiationsinAsiashouldbetterbestartedbyonepersonandcompletedby______ifpossible.

17.

MarkTwaingotmarriedwhenhewas______yearsold.

18.

TheprivatejetthatcarriedSalopekhomestoppedinFrance,Ireland,andCanadafor______.

19.CreativeJustice

Throwingcriminalsinjailisanancientandwidespreadmethodofpunishment,butisitawiseone?Itdoesseemreasonabletokeepwrongdoersinaplacewheretheyfindfeweropportunitiestohurtinnocentpeople,andwheretheymightdiscoverthatcrimedoesn'tpay.Thesystemhaslongbeenconsideredfairandsoundbythosewhowanttoseetheguiltypunishedandsocietyprotected.Yetthevalueofthisform.ofjusticeisnowbeingquestionedbytheverymenwhohavetoapplyit:thejudges.Thereason,theysay,isthatprisondoesn'tdoanyoneanygood.

Doesitreallyhelpsociety,orthevictim,orthevictim'sfamily,toputinjailamanwho,whiledrunkatthewheelofhiscar,hasinjuredorkilledanotherperson?Itwouldbemorehelpfultomakethemanpayforhisvictim'smedicalbillsandcompensatehimforthebadexperience,thelossofworkingtime,andanyotherproblemsarisingfromtheaccident.Ifthevictimisdead,inmostcaseshisfamilycouldusesomefinancialassistance.

Theideaofcompensationisfarfromnew,someancientnationshadlawsdefiningverypreciselywhatshouldbepaidforeveryoffenseandinjury.InBabylon,around2700B.C.,athiefhadtogivebackfivetimesthevalueofthegoodshehadstolen;inRome,centurieslater,thievesonlypaiddouble."Goodsystem!"saymodemjudges,whoknowwhatbadeffectsaprisontermcanhaveonanonviolentfirstoffender.Ayoungthiefwhospendstimeinjailreceivesthereathorougheducationincrimefromhisfellowprisoners.Willinglyornot,hehastoassociatewithtoughcriminalswhowilldraghimintomoreseriousoffenses,moreprisonterms—alifeofrepeatedwrongdoingthatwillleaveatrailofvictimsandcostthecommunityagreatdealofmoney;foritisveryexpensivetoputamanontrialandkeephiminjail.

SuchconsiderationshavecausedanumberofEnglishandAmericanjudgestotryotherkindsofpunishmentfor"light"criminals,allunpleasantenoughtodiscouragetheoffendersfromrepeatingtheiroffenses,butsafeforthembecausetheyarenotexposedtodangerouscompany.Theypayfortheircrimebyhelpingtheirvictims,financiallyorotherwise,orbydoingunpaidlaborfortheircommunity;theymayhavetoworkforthepoororthementallyill,tocleanthestreetsoftheirtown,collectlittleorplanttrees,ortodosomeworkforwhichtheyarequalified.Orperhapstheytakeajobandrepaytheirvictimoutoftheirsalary.Thissortofpunishment,calledanalternativesentence,isappliedonlytononviolentcriminalswhoarenotlikelytobedangeroustothepublic,suchasforgers,shoplifters,anddriverswhohavecausedtrafficaccidents.Alternativesentencesareconsideredparticularlygoodforyoungoffenders.Thesentencedcriminalhastherighttorefusethenewtypeofpunishmentifheprefersaprisonterm.

Sincealternativesentencesarenotdefinedbylaw,itisuptothejudgestofindthepunishmentthatfitsthecrime.Theyhaveshownremarkableimaginationinapplyingwhattheycall"creativejustice."

Adentistconvictedofkillingamotorcyclistwhiledrivingdrunkhasbeencondemnedtofixtheteethofthepoorandtheelderlyathisownexpenseonedayaweekforafullyear.Anotherdrunkdriver(agenineteen)wasorderedtoworkintheemergencyroomofahospitalonceaweekforthreeyears,sothathecouldseeforhimselftheresultsofcarelessdriving.

Athiefwhohadstolensomeequipmentfromafarmerhadtoraiseapigandacalfforhisvictim.Aformercitytreasurer,guiltyofdishonestactions,wasputtoraisingmoneyfortheRedCross.

Agroupofteenagersweresentencedtofixtentimesthenumberofwindowsthattheyhadsmashed"justforfunonewildevening.Graffitiartistshavebeenmadetoscrubwalls,benches,andother"decora

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20.

FedExiswell-knownforalistof"firsts"mainlyforadopting______

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.(32)

A.Every2years.

B.Wheneveronediesormustresign.

C.Every6years.

D.Every4yearslikethepresident.

22.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

聽力原文：W:I'msorryyoufailedthephysicscourse,Todd.

M:Let'sfaceit.I'mjustnotcutouttobeascientist.

Q:WhatdowelearnaboutTodd?

(12)

A.He'supsetbecausehehascuthimself.

B.Hecan'tfacethephysicsinstructoranylonger.

C.Hewantsthewomantocutoutsciencecourses.

D.Hedoesn'thavetheabilitytobeascientist.

23.(35)

A.Girlsleftthevillagetofindhope.

B.Menleftthevillagetoseekopportunities.

C.Thelong-establishedorderofsociety.

D.FreshideasbroughtbythetwoWorldWars.

24.

【B6】

25.

【B7】

26.聽力原文：W:Why,Peter!Youaresweatingheavily.Wherehaveyoubeen?

M:I'vejustbeentotheFitnessCentretolearnStreetdance.

W:Whatisstreetdance?

M:Streetdanceisanewlyemergedwayofkeepingfit.ItwasintroducedintoChinain1999.

W:WhydoyouchooseStreetdance?

M:Ifoundthatthisclassisthemostinteresting.

W:Ohreally?Tellmemoreaboutit.

M:Well,Streetdanceusesitsmusic,itsbasicmovements,andalsoitsfreedomforself-expression.

W:Itsoundslikeanaerobicsclass.

M:Notexactly.Theparticipantsandtheinstructoraredressedintheirordinarycasualwear.Moreover,themusictheyuseisnotthedancingmusicthatanaerobicsclassusuallyuses.

W:sthatthemaindifferencesfromnormalaerobics?

M:No,Streetdanceisalotmoretiring.

W:Doesitmeanyoufeellikeyou'vebeentiredout?

M:Ha,no.Ithinkitisagoodwaytorelax.

W:Isthereanyageorskilllevellimitforentering?

M:No.Inourclass,theyoungeststudentis15andtheoldestis50.Andeveryonecanchoosewhateverdifficultylevelheorshewantsto.

W:Soundsinteresting.I'llgowithyounexttime.

(20)

A.Howtoloseweight.

B.Streetdance.

C.Exercisinginagym.

D.Dancingmusic.

27.聽力原文：M:YoumustbelookingforwardtoyourtripbacktoColorado.Itshouldbefuntohikeupintothosemountainsagain.

W:Well,theremightnotbetimeforthat.ThethingisIhaven'tseenmysisterandherkidsforthreeyears.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply?

(14)

A.Shehasn'tseenhersisterforyears.

B.Shehasnotimetoenjoythesceneofthemountain.

C.SheiseagertogobacktoColoradoforthescene.

D.Sheissobusythatshehasnotimetoclimbtilemountain.

28.

【B8】

29.

【B9】

30.(18)

A.Shegotuplaterthanusual.

B.Thebuswaslate.

C.Sheforgotherclass.

D.Herclockwaswrong.

31.(29)

A.Becausetheyseeagrowingmarketforprinters.

B.Becausesmallcompaniesneedmorehardcopies.

C.Becausepeopleareconcernedabouttheenvironment.

D.Becauseprintersinmanyofficesareworkingovertime.

32.(36)

A.Itincreasedthestudents'whitebloodcellcount.

B.Itincreasedsomestudents'energylevel.

C.Itimprovedthestudents'abilitytoplaymusicalinstruments.

D.Itreleasedanaturalpainkillerinsomestudents'bodies.

33.【B7】

34.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽力原文：Mostsingle-parentfamiliesresultwhenamarriageendsindivorce.Inmostcasesthedivorcedparentsdecidewhowillhavethechildren.About85percentofthechildrenlivewiththeirmotherafterdivorce.However,moredivorcedmenwanttheirchildrentolivewiththem.Sometimesadivorcecausesadisputeaboutwhowillcareforthechildren.Inthesecasesajudgedecides.Inanincreasingnumberofdisputes,ajudgeordersthatbothparentssharethechildren.Usuallythechildrenwilllivewithoneparent,andboththemotherandfatherwilltakepartindecisionsaffectingthem.Inothercasesthechildrenwilllivewiththemotherpartofthetime,andwiththefatherpartofthetime.Frankandhisdivorcedwife,forexample,shareresponsibilityforcaringfortheir6-year-olddaughter.ThelittlegirlliveswithFrankfor10days,thensheliveswithhermotherfor10days.

Inothercasesmencarefortheirchildrenalone.Tony,forexample,was18whenhisgirlfriendhadababy.Hisgirlfrienddisappearedandleftthebabybehind.Tonydecidedhewantedtocareforhissonbyhimself.Yethewasnotsureheknewhowtodoit.SohejoinedagroupinBostoncalledFathersIncorporated.Thegroupoffersadviceandskillstohelp.Tonytakescareofhisson.Tonybelieveshecanbeagoodparent.Hesayswomenhavebeendoingthejobforalongtime."So,"hesays,"whynotmen?"

26．Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage?

27.Whomwillmostchildrenlivewithaftertheirparentsaredivorced?

28.WhatdoesTonymeanbysaying"Whynotmen"?

(27)

A.DivorceRate.

B.FathersIncorporated.

C.Single-parentfamilies.

D.Children'scareinsingle-parentfamilies.

35.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.Forthesechildrentodeveloptheirfulladult【B1】______,theireducationmustbe【B2】______tothosedifferences.

Althoughwefocusontheneedsofexceptionalchildren,wefindourselves【B3】______theirenvironmentaswell.Boththefamilyandthesocietyinwhichexceptionalchildrenliveareoftenthekeytotheirgrowthanddevelopment.Anditisinthepublicschoolsthatwefindthefull【B4】______ofsociety'sunderstanding—theknowledge,hopes,andfearsthatare【B5】______ontothenextgeneration.

Educationinanysocietyisamirrorofthatsociety.Inthatmirrorwecanseethestrengths,theweaknesses,thehopes,the【B6】______,andthecentralvaluesofthecultureitself.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecades【B7】______thestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,【B8】______theopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.

"Allmenarecreatedequal."We'vehearditmanytimes,butitstillhasimportantmeaningforeducationinademocraticsociety.【B9】______Thatconceptimplieseducationalopportunityforallchildren—【B10】______Recentcourtdecisionshaveconfirmedtherightofallchildrentoanappropriateeducation,【B11】______Inresponse,schoolsaremodifyingtheirprograms,adaptinginstructiontochildrenWhoareexceptional,tothosewhocannotprofitsubstantiallyfromregularprograms.

【B1】

36.聽力原文：M:Ineedtosendinanaccidentreport.TellmeinyourownwordsMrs.Nanthy.

W:Well,IwasdrivingalongJeffersonStreet,between19thand20thStreet.Iwasn'tgoingfastatall.Isawacarbackingoutofthedriveway.ItwasMrs.Kathywhodidn'tstopatall.Shebackedrightintome.

Q:Wheredidtheaccidenthappen?

(16)

A.Between19thand20thJeffersonStreet.

B.Between19thand20thJacksonStreet.

C.Between9thand10thJacksonStreet.

D.Between90thand91thJeffersonStreet.

37.(28)

A.Allsharkshaveteeth.

B.Asharkcanhavesixrowsofteeth.

C.Asharkcanhavehundredsofteeth.

D.Allsharkshaveextremelysharpteeth.

38.(21)

A.Spendingmoremoney.

B.Complainingtothemanager.

C.Fightingforthem.

D.Waitingforasale.

39.聽力原文：W:MarkreallyneedstoseethisarticleinPsychologyWeekly.

M:Why?What'siton?

W:Reasonsfornegativebehavior.patterns—likehabituallateness...

M:You'reright.That'sMark.He'sneverontime.Sowhatdoesitsay?

W:Thatpeoplewhoarealwayslateoftendoitforareason—eitherconsciousorunconscious.Itcouldbeanexpressionofangerandresentment—orawayofresistingauthority.Itcouldevenbeanxiety.

M:Well,Idon'tknow.InMark'scase,Ithinkit'sbecausehewantstobenoticed.

W:That'sthenextreasoninthearticle—theneedforattention.Theygivetheexampleofmoviestarswhousedtomakethesegrandentrances.

M:That'snotreallyMark'sstyle.though—he'ssoquiet.

W:Whatgetsmeisthathe'slateforhisfriendsallthetime—butnotforotherthings,likework.

M:Well...buttheymightdeductpayforthat.

W:Exactly.Youknow,sometimesI'mtemptedtotellhimtocomeat,say,seven,andeverybodyelseat7:15.Thenmaybewewouldn'thavetowaitsolong.

M:Wehavetotrysomething.Youknow,heconfessedtomeonedaythathewasevenlateforhissister'swedding.Shewasreallyangry.

W:Irememberthat.Hewasintheweddingsotheycouldn'tstartuntilhegotthere.

M:Maybeyoushouldslipthatmagazineunderhisdoor.Andhopehegetsthemessage.

(23)

A.Acomparisonofunconsciousbehavior.patterns.

B.Recenttrendsinpsychology.

C.Rblems.

D.Causesofanxiety.

40.聽力原文：M:YoucallHenryadreamer，butIthinkhe'sgotalotofgoodideas．

W:Goodideasareonlyusefulifyoumakesomethingoutofthem．

Q:WhatdoesthewomanthinkaboutHenry?

(19)

A.Hehastoomanydreams.

B.Hejustlikestosleep.

C.Hedoesn'tputhisideasintopractice.

D.Hedoesn'thavemanygoodideas.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

Evenifmostpeopledonotrecogniseanythingwhenglancingatapicture,theycanstillmakearightguessbecausethebrainhasdone______.

42.Accordingtothepassage,thepurposeofHCZ'sblackeducationisto______.

A.offerstudentsanintegratedsystem

B.reducethenumberofasthmaticchildren

C.getridofpovertyatthefirstplace

D.setupanetworktoprotectstudentsfromhazards

43.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Sleepisafunnything.We'retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanight,butalotofusgetbyjustfineonless,andsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffalolastmonthreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozing(睡)soundly.

Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residents(住院醫(yī)生)arefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeaneurosurgeon,itwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookkinstride,confidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare.Maybeweshouldn'thavebeensosumofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessness,aperson'smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiously,surgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon'tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughdeep.

"Icouldtellyouhorrorstories,"saysJayaAgrawal,presidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociation,whichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying."Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hours,"onewrites."Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound."

"PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork,"writesanother."Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcats.Anotherhita'Jerseybarrier'ontheNewJerseyTurnpike,going65m.p.h.""Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy,"writesathird,bemusetheyare"theonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep."

Agrawal'sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001,introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.Itskeyprovisions,modeledonNewYorkState'sregulations,includean80-hourworkweekanda24-hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctors,however,resistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkley,aseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichigan,agreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelieves"doctorsshouldbehoundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment."

TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctors,patientsareontheirown.Ifyou'reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouoralovedone,youshouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehadandifmore-restedstaffersareavailable.Doctors,fortheirpart,havetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibility(不出錯(cuò))andgettheresttheyneed.

WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph1?

A.Peoplewhosleeplessthan8hoursadayaremorepronetoillness.

B.Poorsleepqualitymaybeasignofphysicaldisorder.

C.Strokeisoftenassociatedwithsleep.

D.Toomuchsleepcanbeasharmfulaslackofdeep.

44.FreshwaterlifeitselfhasnevercomeeasyintheMiddleEast.EversinceTheOldTestament(舊約全書),Godpunishedmanwith40daysand40nightsofrain.Watersuppliesherehavebeendwindling.Therainfallonlycomesinwinteranddrainsquicklythroughthesemiaridland,leavingthesoiltobakeandtothirstfornextNovember.

Theregion'sacceleratingpopulation,expandingagriculture,industrialization,andhigherlivingstandardsdemandmorefreshwater.Droughtandpollutionlimititsavailability.Warandmismanagementwasteit.SaidJoyceStartoftheGlobalWaterSummitInitiative,basedinWashington,D.C."NationslikeIsraelandJordanareswiftlyslidingintothatzonewheretheyaresuingallthewaterresourcesavailabletothem.Theyhaveonly15to20yearsleftbeforetheiragriculture,andultimatelytheirfoodsecurity,isthreatened."

Icameheretoexaminethiscrisisinthemaking,toinvestigatefearsthat"waterwars"areimminent,thatwaterhasreplacedoilastheregion'smostcontentiouscommodity.FormorethantwomonthsItraveledthroughthreerivervalleysandsevennations--fromsouthernTurkeydowntheEuphratesRivertoSyria,Iraq,endontoKuwait;toIsraelendJordan,neighborsacrossthevalleyoftheJordan;tothetimelessEgyptianNile.

Evenamidthescarcitytherearehavesandhave-nots.ComparedwiththeUnitedStates,whichin1990hadfreshwaterpotentialof10,000cubicmeters(2.6milliongallons)ayearforeachcitizen,Iraqhad5,500,Turkeyhad4,000,andSyriahadmorethan2,800.Egypt'spotentialwasonly1,100.Israelhad460.Jordanhadameager260.Butthesearenotfirmfigures,becauseupstreamuseofriverwatercandramaticallyalterthepotentialdownstream.

Scarcityisonlyoneelementofthecrisis.Inefficiencyisanother,asisthereluctanceofsomewater-poornationstochangeprioritiesfromagriculturetolesswater-intensiveenterprises.Someexpertssuggestthatifnationswouldsharebothwatertechnologyendresources,theycouldsatisfytheregion'spopulation,currently159million.Butinthispatchworkofethnicandreligionsrivalries,waterseldomstandsaloneasanissue.Itisentangledinthepoliticsthatkeeppeoplefromfrostingandseekinghelpfromoneanother.Here,wherewater,liketruth,isprecious,eachnationtendstofinditsownwaterendsupplyitsowntruth.

AsIsraelihydrologyprofessorUriShamirtoldme:"Ifthereispoliticalwillforpeace,waterwillnotbeahindrance.Ifyouwantreasonstofight,waterwillnotbeahindrance.Ifyouwantreasonstofight,waterwillgiveyouampleopportunities."

Whydoestheauthorusethephrase"f