托福閱讀講義

目錄

一、托福閱讀的基本特征1

二、詞匯能力2

三、讀復(fù)雜句能力8

四、托福邏輯思維能力15

五、句子簡化題：16

六、事實信息題：23

七、否定事實信息題30

八、段落結(jié)構(gòu)分析37

九、推斷題39

十、指代題46

十一、修辭目的題53

十二、插入題61

十三、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)：72

十四、讀文章方法75

十五、總結(jié)題&圖表題76

補充文章80

講義參考答案：98

附錄：99

一、托福閱讀的基本特征

（-）托福考試閱讀部分的結(jié)構(gòu)：1.篇章數(shù)：3+1；2.7。。字左右/篇；

（二）托福閱讀文章分類：1.解釋說明型文章2.立論型文章3.歷史題材型文章

（三）題目特點：

1.題目數(shù)量：12-14/篇,填表和總結(jié)題標(biāo)為13-M

2.十種題型：

①詞匯題②事實信息題

③否定事實信息題④推斷題

⑤句子簡化題⑥修辭目的題

⑦指代題⑧插入題

⑨總結(jié)題⑩填表題

（四）托福算分方法：根據(jù)RawScore排Rank（percentile）

（五）考試時間劃分：純考試時間：200,?250，

閱讀60'（80，）+聽力60，（90，）+休息10，+口語20，+寫作50'

（六）加試：（1）兩種：閱讀/聽力；ETS說有口語，不可能；（2）遇到的4種情況：1.

無;2.聽;3.閱;4.雙（3）算分：1.不算（￡T5）;2.不做三幻覺；3.5選3（4）作用

課程框架：

C詞匯能力：詞匯量+邏輯猜詞能力（詞匯題）

‘句內(nèi)邏輯

“讀句子能力J長難句（句子簡化）

閱讀能力（I句子含義

J（事實信息，否定事實信息,推斷）

托福邏輯思維能力《

〃句與句間

（修辭目的，指代，插入）

（文章結(jié)構(gòu)和脈絡(luò)＜

、段與段間（總結(jié)，填表）

二、詞匯能力

（―）閱讀詞匯量：6000-8000-10000,

（二）推薦書目:（1）張洪偉，戴云?《TOEFL-ibt詞匯loooo》基礎(chǔ)詞到難詞都有（2）針對閱讀李笑

來《托福核心詞匯21天突破》2200；熟詞僻意，?？荚~/組，分類詞，詞根詞綴；美國傳統(tǒng)詞典10中取

?？?。（3）蔣錚《英語詞匯的奧秘》（4）俞敏洪《托福詞匯詞根+聯(lián)想》（5）張紅巖《托福詞以類記》

（三）背單詞方法：

背單詞的三個方法

1.讀文章并背單詞。2年以上復(fù)習(xí)時間。弊端：30（）/天，起初打擊大，后期量少。

2.楊鵬17天搞定GRE單詞方法。小軟件規(guī)劃2個月復(fù)習(xí)，楊鵬單個list劃分很好

3.把書從頭到尾翻著看。周一到六往前走，周日復(fù)習(xí)。一直循環(huán)下去，直到考試為止

（四）詞匯題特征：1.Thewordj<inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto...

2.InstatingX,theauthormeansthat...

（五）解題方法：

1.認(rèn)識直接找同義詞

2.詞根詞綴線索：后綴：詞性詞根：木義前綴：意思變化方式

3.同義重復(fù)線索：

”修飾成分相同：adji=adj2

動作特征相同：V1=V2

同一名詞《修飾成分與動作特征相互體現(xiàn)：adj=v

［所有物的特征相同：m=n2

4.對比線索：轉(zhuǎn)折或否是單獨出現(xiàn)，邏輯相反

5.標(biāo)點符號線索：“一”“：”“；”“（）”

6.總分線索：舉例子/展開描述

9.指代線索

7.感情色彩線索：褒義/貶義

8.常用語線索

1.認(rèn)識直接找同義詞

例題1：Indeed,forWhigstheconceptofgovernmentpromotingthegeneralwelfarewent

beyondtheeconomy.

Thewordconceptinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Opower

Oreality

Odifficulty

Oidea

2.詞根詞綴線索：

例題2：Inthe1960s,improvementsintheaircrafttechnologyandthedevelopmentof

commercialjetairlinesenabledfastinternationaltravel.Thetourismindustryexploded.

Thewordexplodedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Owascompetitive

Oexpandedrapidly

Owasexpensive

Obecamedangerous

例題3：Theemployeeswhoareresponsibleforpreparingthereportmusthaveaclear

understandingofhowthereportwillbeusedbeforetheycompileit.

Thewordcompileinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Oagreewith

OPuttogether

Oaskabout

Olookforwardto

例題4：Atfirstthoughtitseemsincrediblethattherecanbeenoughspaceinthe“solid”

groundunderfoottoholdallthiswater.

Theword“incredible"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Oconfusing

Ocomforting

Ounbelievable

Ointeresting

例題5:Theincreaseinpressurefromthiscontractioncausedthetemperaturetorise

untilthecloudletsbegantoglowasindividualluminousstar.

Thewordluminousisclosestinmeaningto

Olight-emitting

Odenselypacked

Ohigh-preasure

Overybeautiful

3.同義重復(fù)線索:

修飾成分相同：adj1=adj2

動作特征相同：V1=V2

同一名詞修飾成分與動作特征相互體現(xiàn)：adj=v

所有物的特征相同：ni=n2

例題6：Turbulentwaterstoreintothehardenedsaltflats,brokethemup,andground

themintothepebblesobservedinthefirstsampletakenbytheChallenger.

ThewordTurbulentinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Ofresh

Odeep

Oviolent

Otemperate

例題7：Themostwidelyacceptedtheory,championedbyanthropologistsinthelate

nineteenthandearlytwentiethcentury,envisionstheaterasemergingoutofmythand

ritual.

Thewordchampionedisclosestinmeaningto

Ochanged

Odebated

Ocreated

Osupported

例題8：Eventoday,microscopicmeteoritescontinuallybombardEarth,fallingonboth

landandsea.

Thewordbombardinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Oapproach

Ostrike

Opass

Ocircle

例題9：Theexactroleofotherfactorsismuchmoredifficulttopinpoint-forinstance,

Teotihuacan^religioussignificanceasashrine,thehistoricalsituationinandaroundthe

ValleyofMexicotowardtheendofthefirstmillenniumB.C.,theingenuityand

foresightednessofTeotihuacan^elite,and,finally,theimpactofnaturaldisasters,such

asthevolcaniceruptionsofthelatefirstmillenniumB.C.

Thewordingenuityinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Oambition

Osincerity

Ofaith

Ocleverness

4.比較/對比線索：比較：方面相同但程度不同；轉(zhuǎn)折或否定：邏輯相反。

例題10：Thelarger,lessfastidiousfeeders,thezebras,moveinfirst;thechoosier,smaller

wildebeestscomelater;andthesmallestspeciesofall,Thomson'sgazelle,arriveslast.

Thewordfastidiousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Orapid

Odetermined

Oflexible

Odemanding

例題II：Manyscholarssuspectthatmusicalandlinguisticexpressionhadcommon

originsbutthensplitofffromoneanotherseveralhundredthousandyearsago.

Thephrasesplitoffinthispassageisclosestinmeaningto

Oseparated

（）borrowed

Qevolved

Olearned

例題12：Groupsworkbestwhentheyconsistofpeoplewhohavesimilarduties,

responsibilities,andmissions.Thisdoesnotmean,however,thateveryoneinthegroup

mustthinkinlockstep.

Thephraseinlockstepisclosestinmeaningto

Oalike

Ocritically

Oaloud

Oquickly

例題13：Therainseepundergroundandthewatermayreappearlaterasspring.

Thewordseepisclosestinmeaningto

Odriesgradually

Oflowsslowly

Ofreezesquickly

Owarmsslightly

同義重復(fù)及比較對比綜合

例題14：HurstoncontinuedherfieldworkintheCaribbeanbuteventuallyfollowedher

mostcherishedcalling,thatoffictionwriter.

Thewordcallingisclosestinmeaningto

qprofession

Qexample

Ocharacter

Odescription

5.標(biāo)點符號線索：“一”“：”“（）”

例題15：Methodsofapplyingcolorvaried:somecolorswerebrushedorsmearedonrock

surfacesandotherswereblownorsprayed.

ThewordMethodsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

O卬ays

Oshades

Oprocess

Orules

6.總分線索：舉例子/展開描述

例題16：Makinganefficienticeboxwasnotaseasyaswemightnowsuppose.Intheearly

nineteenthcentury,theknowledgeofthephysicsofheat,whichwasessentialtoascience

ofrefrigeration,wasrudimentary.

Theword"rudimentary"isclosestinmeaningto

Ogrowing

Oundeveloped

Onecessary

Ouninteresting

例題17：Thepublicschoolsystemsuddenlyfounditselfovertaxed.Whilethenumberof

schoolchildrenrosebecauseofwartimeandpostwarconditions,thesesameconditions

madetheschoolsevenlesspreparedtocopewiththeflood.

Thewordovertaxedisclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?

Owellprepared

Oplentifullysupplied

Oheavilyburdened

Ochargedtoomuch

9.指代線索

例題18：Accordingtosomeestimates,themajorityofallextinctionsofspeciesmaybe

duetosuchimpacts.Suchaperspectivefundamentallychangesourviewofbiological

evolution.

Thewordperspectiveinthisparagraphisclosestinmeaningto

Osenseofvalue

Opointofview

Ocalculation

Ocomplication

例題19：Sometimes,newrecruitsforagangare“jumpedin.”Thisiswhentheothergang

membersbeatupthenewrecruittotesttheirdedicationandloyalty.

Instatingthatnewrecruitsforagangare“jumpedi"theauthormeansthattheyare

Ohitbyothertnembers

Oaskedtobuilduptheirphysicalstrength

Oorderedtostealmoney

Oforcedtoshowtheircourage

7.感情色彩線索：褒義/貶義

例題20：In1815hepublishedthefirstmoderngeologicalmap“AMapoftheStrataof

EnglandandWaleswithaPartofScotland"，mapsometiculouslyresearchedthatitcan

stillbeusedtoday.

Thewordmeticulouslyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Ocarefully

Oquickly

Ofrequently

Oobviously

例題21：Theymustgainanunderstandingofhumannature,includingitsnegative

aspects,suchasthesourcesofhumanconflictandpitfallsofpower.

Thewordpitfallsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Obenefits

Ostages

Ocauses

Ohazards

8.常用語線索

例題22：Similarly,aplantoranimalcannotsquanderallitsenergyongrowingabigbodyif

nonewouldbeleftoverforreproduction,forthisisthesurestwaytoextinction.

Thewordsquanderinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Oextend

Otransform

Qactivate

。waste

詞性活用

伊！1題23：Thereare3billioncodesinthehumangenome.Allofthesehavebeenidentified.

Buttheystillneedtobesequenced.

Thewordbesequencedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Obetakenapart

Obeputinorder

Obediscovered

Obeprocessed

熟詞僻義

例題24：Adroughtisanabnormallylongspellofdryweather.Itisatimewhenthereis

notenoughwatertosupportfarming,urban,orenvironmentalneeds.

Thewordspellinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Ocharm

Ozone

Osignal

Operiod

Tips：

三、讀復(fù)雜句能力1.句子結(jié)構(gòu):(l)nvn(2)nv(3)vn

2.v+prep+nl+n2=v+n2+prep+n1

3.平行結(jié)構(gòu)，前后語法結(jié)構(gòu)相同

1.句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)4.What只引導(dǎo)名詞性從句

5.VI,V2,...,Vn:Vn為上層句子謂語動詞

1.S+V_______________________6.N1WN2(1)新句子主語；(2)謂語動詞

2._S±V±P_____________________(3)N1修飾N2busstop

3.S+V+O_____________________N1=N2互相解釋說明

4,S+V+o+O___________________

5.S+V+O+C___________________

2.主要詞性成分包含內(nèi)容

名詞詞性成分：_______________________________________________________________

形容詞性成分：_______________________________________________________________

副詞詞性成分：_______________________________________________________________

動詞詞性成分：_______________________________________________________________

3.從句

(1)名詞性從句(NounClause)：

弓I導(dǎo)詞特例：沒有連接副詞when,where______________________________

①主語從句：(SubjectiveClause)

例1：Howaspeakerperceivesthelistener'sreceptiveness,interest,orsympathyinany

givenconversationcandrasticallyalterthetoneofpresentation,byencouragingor

discouragingthespeaker.

形式主語：that不省略，但口語中可以。

that+SVOItisindubitablethatTaiwanisanintegralpartofChina.

It+V+Oto+VOItisnicetomeetyou.

Ving+OItisnicemeetingyou.

、V-ed+OItisterriblebittenbyadog.

例2：Itisunclearwhenhumansbegantousehomebases,whatkindofcommunications

andsocialrelationswereinvolved,andwhattheecologicalandfood-choicecontexts

oftheshiftwere.

強調(diào)句：

句型：Itis(was)+被強調(diào)的部分+that(who)+原句其它部分。

例句ItwasonMondaynightthatallthishappened.

注意：被強調(diào)部分不能是謂語______________________________________

區(qū)別：形式主語：去掉itisthat句子不完整_________________________________

強調(diào)句：去掉itisthat(who),句子完整___________________________

根本原因：形式主語的謂語動詞為is,不可去掉。強調(diào)句that(who)之后為主句，不缺失成分.

例3：Itisthesecellulose-destroyingenzymesthatenablefungitoattackanythingmade

fromwood,woodpulp,cotton,flax,orotherplantmaterial.

②賓語從句：(ObjectiveClause)

時態(tài)：

主句一般現(xiàn)在過去

客觀真理一般現(xiàn)在

從句任意過去任意

例4：Whatisparticularlymeaningfultoanthropologististherealizationthatalthoughthe

materialsavailabletoasocietymaytosomeextentlimitorinfluencewhatitcando

artistically,thematerialsbynomeansdeterminewhatisdone.

形式賓語：

Ithinkitnecessarytomastereveryskillanddetailteachertoldyou.

IfeelitapitythatyouhaveforgottenwhatFvejustsaid.

例5：Theagriculturalrevolutionstimulatedmanyinthecountrysidetoseekanewlifein

thecityandmadeitpossibleforfewerfarmerstofeedthelargeconcentrationsof

peopleneededtoprovideaworkforceforgrowingnumbersoffactories.

(2)形容詞性從句(AdjectiveClause)

1)弓I導(dǎo)詞特例：絕對沒有what____________________________________________

2)That省略條件：that作從句的賓語時，可以省略_______________________________

例6：Theterminologybywhichartistsweredescribedatthetimesuggeststheirstatus:

"limner"wasusuallyappliedtotheanonymousportraitpainteruptothe1760's;

"painter”characterizedanyonewhocouldpaintaflatsurface.

3)與同位語從句區(qū)別

同位語：用來解釋和說明某些名詞或代詞。可山名詞、代詞、名詞性短語或從句充當(dāng)。

例7：Theperspectivethattheday,Dec21,2012,willbethedoomsdaystillneedsmore

supports.

例8：Theachievementsofthecolonialartistslentcredencetotheboastthatthenew

nationwascapableofencouraginggeniusandthatpoliticallibertywascongenialto

thedevelopmentoftaste-anecessarystepbeforeartcouldassumeanimportant

roleinthenewrepublic.

區(qū)別:

同位語從句：被解釋名詞在從句中補充當(dāng)任何成分

定語從句：先行詞在從句中作某一成分_________________

注意：閱讀中無需區(qū)分同位語從句與定語從句

Thenewsthattheywonthematchistrue.

Thenewsthatyoutoldusyesterdayistrue.

例9：Themostgraphicproofthatthegrandspectacleofacometdevelopsfromarelatively

smallandinconspicuouschunkoficeanddustwastheclose-upimagethatwas

obtainedin1986bytheEuropeanGiottoprobeofthenucleusofHalle/sComet.

4)非限定性定語從句：＜1＞與主句用逗號隔開。＜2＞去掉對句子意思完整無影響

總結(jié)：限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別

從句地位That引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)詞省略逗號修飾范圍

限定性不可刪除可以That作賓語不需要先行詞

包「或先行

非限定性可刪除不可以不可以需要

遍

例io:Someofthoseslabsappeartohavebeenpaintedasmuchas28,000yearsago,

whichsuggeststhatpaintinginAfricaisasoldaspaintinginEurope.

(3)狀語從句(AdverbialClause)

狀語從句的省略

當(dāng)同時具備下列兩個條件時，主語和Be動詞可以省略

①主句和從句的主語一致，或從句主語為“________________________________________

②從句主要動詞是be的某種形式_________________________________________________

例11：(l)When(thecinemais)completed,thecinemawillattractmanypeople.

(2)Hellcomewithusif(itis)possible.

例12：Althoughsubjecttofluctuationsintheireconomicstatus,allthreeenjoyed

sufficientpatronagetoallowthemtomaintainanimageofthemselvesas

professionalartists,animageindicatedbytheircustomofsigningtheirpaintings.

(4)分詞作修飾成分

①現(xiàn)在分詞：

1.作定語：adancinggirl;asmilingface.

2,作補語：感官動詞/使役動詞+N+Ving：seesomebodydoingsomething

3.作表語：Thegameisexciting.

4.作狀語：Lyingunderthetree,Newtonwashitbyanapple.

=Whenhewaslyingunderthetree,...

Theoldmandied,leavinghiswifeplentyofmoney.

②過去分詞:

1.作定語：Changedenvironment,belovedfriend

2,作補語：感官動詞/使役動詞+N+Ved:gettheworkdone,havemyhaircut

3.作表語：Mostareaoftheearthiscoveredbysea.

4.作狀語：Constructedwithmaterialoflowquality,thedamnistornbyflood.

Sincethedamnisconstructedwithmaterialoflowquality...

派分詞作狀語和分詞作定語的區(qū)別：（判定邏輯主語）

①分詞作狀語的位置：句首或句尾+逗號，與主句隔開

分詞作定語的位置：1.緊跟名詞后；2.非句首，句中或句末有無逗號皆可。

②分詞作狀語：L在句首必為狀語；2.在句末，應(yīng)表：伴隨、方式、目的、結(jié)果

分詞作定語：不表狀語意思，只表示先行詞的屬性或特征________________

派分詞作狀語：邏輯主語為主句主語；分詞作定語，主語為先行詞____________________

例13：Tom,wearingablackT-shirt,andhisfatherwentintoteachers*office,leavingthe

dooropen.

例14:Fungi,ofwhichthereareover100,000species,includingyeastsandother

single-celledorganismsaswellasthecommonmoldsandmushrooms,were

formerlyclassifiedasmembersoftheplantkingdom.

例15:Theweightofagibbon(asmallape)hangingbelowabrancharchestheterminal

leavesdownsothatfruit-bearingfoliagedropstowardthegibbon'sface.

例16:BrightjetsofgasfromevaporatingiceburstoutonthesidefacingtheSun,where

thesurfacegetsheatedup,carrjdngdustwiththem.

例17:Ontheotherhand,fungibringaboutthedecompositionofdeadorganicmatter,

enrichingthesoilandreturningcarbondioxidetotheatmosphere.

例18:Bothdefensemechanisms,however,aretriggeredinreactiontointrusion,implying

thatthehosthassomemeansofrecognizingthepresenceofaforeignorganism.

例i9：Moreover,inadditiontoitsbeingatransportationpathwayequippedwitha

mammothphysicalplantoftrackssignals,crossings,bridges,andjunctions,plus

telegraphandtelephonelinestherailroadnurturedfactorycomplexes,coatpiles,

warehouses,andgeneratingstations,formingalongitsright-of-waywhathasaptly

beencalled"themetropolitancorridor”oftheAmericanlandscape.

③獨立主格：1.在句中作狀語2.與主句主語不一致，有自己的主語__________________

Herhusbanddying,theoldwomangotplentyofmoney.

Hisworkdone,Tomhasnothingtodo.

(5)AS引導(dǎo)的從句

①AS引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句

倒裝：倒裝+as,加“盡管”二字_______________________________________________

1)提前?表語：Childashewas,hecouldfigureoutwhatwasright.

2)提前動詞原形:Tryashemight,hefailedintheexam.

3)提前狀語:MuchasIlikeit,Ican'taffordthelaptop.

②AS用作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句

1.as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句：先行詞一般被thesame,su先等詞修飾時。

2.as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句：⑴ISVOl,AS;(2)SV|].AS

例20：Withtheadventofprojection,theviewer'srelationshipwiththeimagewasno

longerprivate,asithadbeenwithearlierpeepshowdevicessuchastheKinetoscope

andtheMutoscope.

3.Hyperbaton(倒裝)

倒裝：主謂倒置_____________________________________________

r全部倒裝：全部謂語動詞放在主語之前

L部分倒裝：助動詞或be動詞放在主語之前

Herecomesthebus.(全倒)

NeverhadIfeelsostrong.(半倒)

(1)全部倒裝

①副詞開頭的句子里面，表示強調(diào)。代詞做主語，主謂順序不變。

1)there+be句型

2)here(there,now,then)+vi+主語(或out,in,up,down,away)

例21：Theregoesthebell；Nowcomesyourturn；Hereyouare；Thereyougo.

②當(dāng)句首狀語是表示地點的介詞詞組時

,Fromthehousecameascream.

?Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatahusky.

例22:OnwhatbasisweretheSouthernstatestobebroughtbackintotheUnion?

例23：AmongthespeciesofseabirdsthatusethewindsweptcliffsoftheAtlanticcoastof

Canadainthesummertomate,layeggs,andreartheiryoungarecommonmurres,

Atlanticpuffins,black-leggedkittiwakes,andnortherngannets.

(2)部分倒裝：

①only;never,hardly,seldom,little,atnotime,notonly,rarely,notabit

例24:OnlyinthiswaycanyoulearnEnglishwell.

NevershallIdothisagain.

②nosoonerthan,hardlywhen和notuntil的句型中。

例25:Nosoonerhadshegoneoutthantheclassbegan.

Hardlyhadshegoneoutwhentheclassbegan.

Notuntiltheteachercamedidhefinishhishomework.

③so/such...that置于句首，則句子部分倒裝.

例26:ItissointerestingabookthatJohnhasreadittwice.

SointerestingabookisitthatJohnhasreadittwice.

④as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句(見AS引導(dǎo)從句)。

⑤省略if的虛擬條件句

例27：RarelydotheAmishmarryoutsidetheirsect.

例28:Astherolesmenandwomenplayedinsocietybecamemorerigidlydefined,sodid

therolestheyplayedinthehome.

例29：Notuntilneartheendofthenineteenthcenturydidinventorsachievethedelicate

balanceofinsulationandcirculationneededforanefficienticebox.

例30:Variouslyknownasbuffalograss,gramagrass,ormesquitegrass,notonlywere

theyimmunetodrought;buttheywereactuallypreservedbythelackofsummer

andautumnrains.

4.Subjunctive(虛擬語氣)

i.if條件從句。

(1)與事實相符：Ifhedoesn'tworkhard,hewillflunkinthisexam.

(2)與事實不符：IfIwereaboy,evenjustforaday...

注意：If可以省略：WereIaboy,Tddrinkbeerwiththeguy.

2.條件從句和主句表示的時間不一致，退一步法則：

虛擬現(xiàn)在用過去，虛擬過去用過去完成，虛擬將來用過去將來時

5.Comparative（比較結(jié)構(gòu)）

Aplayspianobetterthan___。

①B（省略性）

②Bdoes（對稱性）

③doesB（倒裝性）

傷!J句：Surprisingly,StephenWilliamHawking,aprominentphysicalscientistdisabledto

takecareofhimself,gotmuchmoreachievementsthanhadhispredecessorsachieved.

6.Parenthesis（插入語）

插入語：與句中其它部分沒有語法上的聯(lián)系，將它刪掉之后，句子結(jié)構(gòu)仍然完整。

插入語作用：___________________________________________________________________

常見插入語：形容詞（短語）：mostimportantofall,availabletous,

副詞（短語）：indeed,however,generally,maybe,

介詞短語：infact,inaword,ontheotherhand,

V-ing短語：generallyspeaking,

不定式：tobehonest

7.CompoundSentence（復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)）

SVO,HOWEVER/ANDSVO

例句1：Nordoesthehypothesisthatinfantileamnesiareflectsrepression-orholding

back-ofsexuallychargedepisodesexplainthephenomenon.

例句2：WildlifezoologistHulmutBuechner（i953）,inreviewingthenatureofbiotic

changesinWashingtonthroughrecordedtime,Saysthat"sincetheearly1940s,thestate

hashadmoredeerthanatanyothertimeinitshistory,thewinterpopulationfluctuating

aroundapproximately320,000deer（muleandblack-taileddeer）,whichwillyieldabout

65,000ofeithersexandanyageannuallyforanindefiniteperiod.M

推薦閱讀材料：老托福閱讀文章

四、托福邏輯思維能力

（-）邏輯的重要性：1.邏輯是文章的骨架

2.作者寫邏輯，考生看邏輯：

（二）托福閱讀中常見邏輯：否定，并列，比較，轉(zhuǎn)折，因果，條件

（三）常見邏輯功能詞：

1.否定

明顯：no、not,none,neither、never,deny______________________________

隱含：failto,absencefrom,lackof,refusetoJittle,few____________________

否定前綴：a-,ab-,anti-、counter-,de-,dis-、il-、im-,in-,ir-,mal-,mis-,non-,un-…

否定后綴：-less.:free-,pro0fL______________________________________

2.并列：and/or,like,likewise,equally,thesameas,same/similarto,inthesameway

both…and...,neither...nor...aswellas,notonly…butalso.../viceversa

3.因果

明顯：because,since、for,as,dueto、owingto,inthat,so...that...,therefore,thus,

hence.

隱含：導(dǎo)致：inasmuchas,cause,leadto,stimulate,spur,spark,push,motive,

prompt,beresponsibleto

由于：derivefrom、resultfrom、comefrom、originatefrom、initiatefrom

onaccountof,inviewof,accordingto,relyon,dependon

4.條件

明顯：if,unless,aslongas,incasethat/of__________________________

隱含：suppose/supposingthat,providing/providedthat,onconditionthat,

exceptwhen=imlessAisevidentbyB（條件）

5.比較

明顯：比較級，最高級+than______________________________________

隱含：最高意義：maximum,favorite,outstanding,top___________________

6.轉(zhuǎn)折

明顯：but,yet,however,though,although,evenif,eventhough,while,whereas,

nevertheless,despite、inspiteo￡instead,incontrast,contrastto

onthecontrary,differentfrom,differfrom,conversely

隱含：forall倒裝+aseven+時間（evenwhen）______________________

超隱含：時間，空間，事物對比_____________________________________________

五、句子簡化題：

簡化題特征：1.長陰影；2.提問方式千篇?律

解題思想：

1.邏輯關(guān)系正確：把握邏輯類型，檢驗邏輯連接對象，認(rèn)清邏輯位置關(guān)系：

一級邏輯:____________________________________

二級邏輯:____________________________________

特殊邏輯:____________________________________

2.極端詞有對應(yīng)且修飾關(guān)系正確____________________________

3.不可混搭_______________________________________________

4.不可推理_______________________________________________

5.主干不可缺失___________________________________________

6.不可出現(xiàn)未衣述新信息（原文背景內(nèi)容除外）_______________

（一）解題步驟：

1.有邏輯的句子簡化題：

注意：1.原文有因果等邏輯時，正確答案中會出現(xiàn)因果，或者表達(dá)因果含義的內(nèi)容。

2.轉(zhuǎn)折包含比較，但比較程度不可改變；轉(zhuǎn)折中，雖然為次要，但.是為主:要

2.沒有明顯邏輯的句子簡化題：

注意：原文無因果，但含有A和B,A解釋或作用于B,正確選項中仍可出現(xiàn)因果。

例題1:Herefusedtodevelopprojectiontechnology,reasoningthatifhemadeandsold

projectors、thenexhibitorswouldpurchaseonlyonemachine-aprojector-fromhiminsteadof

several.

Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlighted

sentencefromthepassage?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantways

orleaveoutessen