大學英語四級閱讀理解出題類型及做題方法

選擇題型的篇章閱讀理解應試策略2篇文章，每篇閱讀量約250-350詞左右。共計10個多項選擇題。文章的題材：歷史、文化、科技、地理、生物、化學、醫(yī)學、文學、人物傳記、電子、一般常識等文章的體裁：記敘文、議論文、說明文，其中說明文和議論文較為多見敘述文描述人或事的發(fā)生和發(fā)展經(jīng)過，或者描述人或事及相關情景。說明文是對事物現(xiàn)象的說明或解釋。議論文論證某一觀點是否正確，由論點、論據(jù)與結(jié)論構(gòu)成?？碱}類型：主旨題、細節(jié)題、詞義題、推斷題、觀點態(tài)度題主要考察考生的以下能力：正確理解英文原文；掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意；了解用于闡述主旨和大意的事實和有關細節(jié)；根據(jù)上下文判斷詞匯和短語的具體含義；既能理解單句的意思，也能理解上下文之間的邏輯關系；根據(jù)所讀材料進行一定的判斷和推理；領會作者的觀點和態(tài)度?？忌谄麻喿x理解部分獲得理想的分數(shù)，必須提高閱讀速度，提高通過閱讀獲取信息的能力。具備一定詞匯量、熟悉語法的基礎上，拓寬知識面，熟悉各種題材和體裁的文章。此外，還必須掌握有關閱讀的基本技巧：.通過上下文猜測詞義是提高閱讀速度的重要手段之一。.善于分析和理解句子的內(nèi)在關系。分析和理解句子的內(nèi)在關系，能準確判斷句子的含意，提高閱讀能力。遇到較長復合句時，首先要找出表達句子主要意思的部分，如：①逗號之后的句子像which,that,who等關系代詞引導的從句通常是對前面的某個名詞和句子作進一步解釋和說明的。②在短語或句子前后都有逗號時，可以把這一部分遮蓋起來不要管它，再來重讀句子，句子主謂結(jié)構(gòu)就會突然變得清楚而又明朗了。③另外在句子較長找不到主語時，可以先找出謂語來句子中動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)變化部分），然后就可確定在謂語動詞前和句子主語核心名詞后面的部分為該核心名詞的后置定語，這樣問題就迎刃而解了。④利用句子中的標點符號和反映句子內(nèi)在關系的關鍵詞或詞組來分析理解句子。如：notonly...but（also）;什om...to;asaresultof;instea等。.閱讀過程中利用有用的語言信號進行預測要成為一個有效率的閱讀者，我們還要善于發(fā)現(xiàn)和識別有用的語言信號，如：讀郵us這個單詞時，我們就會期待著一個結(jié)果”或“結(jié)論”，而見到however、but時，我們就會知道隨之而出現(xiàn)的必定是一種和上文不同的情況。because、result...from引導"原因"；ontheotherhand表示“對比"；suchas表示“舉例"；consequently表示"結(jié)果"；furthermore表示提供進一步的信息；infact表示進一步地說明和解釋；similarly表示“相似“；onthecontrary指一件事的相反方面；eventually表示“最終”的結(jié)果等。.解題步驟關于閱讀理解，應該先讀問題還是先看文章一直存在著分歧。由于兩者各有利弊，而且每個人的閱讀習慣不同，因而我們可以針對不同的文章采取不同的解題步驟。通常有以下幾種方法：1）先讀懂全文，然后做題，做題時如遇到困難再重讀有關的文字。這種方法的缺點在于第一遍閱讀時，閱讀目的性不明確，該記住的一些事實或細節(jié)未留心注意，答題時不得不再去查找。2）先讀問題，然后帶著問題讀文章。這種方法的優(yōu)點在于目的明確，知道考查重點所在，因此閱讀時就有側(cè)重點，能節(jié)省解題時間。缺點在于，由于沒有讀過短文，不了解文章的主題、細節(jié)分布情況，因而可能不能很快找到所需信息。3）首先快速通讀全文，對文章內(nèi)容形成總體印象。然后讀問題，再把全文認真讀一遍，最后回答問題。這種方法避免了前兩種方法的缺點，使考生在快速閱讀的過程中了解了文章的題材、主要結(jié)構(gòu)，并對細節(jié)有所了解，這樣既提高了做題的準確率，又能有效地利用時間。但此種方法對考生要求很高，要求考生閱讀速度要比較快?？碱}類型：第一類主旨大意題把握文章的主旨大意，有一個重要前提就是要通過略讀了解文章的主題和行文結(jié)構(gòu)。常見的英語文章有四種結(jié)構(gòu)：一般特殊型或演繹型；問題解決型；匹配型；駁論型和勸說型。主旨大意題的考查形式有：考查文章/段落的主題、考查文章的標題、考查文章的寫作目的、考查文章的選材來源。確定文章主旨或段落大意的提問方式主要有：Themainpointofthepassageis….ThepassagedealsmainlywithThetitlethatbestexpressestheideaofthepassageis….Themainideaofthepassagemaybebestexpressedas….Thepassageismainlyconcernedwith….ThepassageillustratesThepassagemakesclearthat….Themainsubjectofthepassageisthat….What'sthemainidea/subject/purpose/topicofthepassage?Thepassageisabout….Themostaccurateofthefollowingstatemnts,onthebasisoftheaboveparagraph,isthat….Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassageis….n.Theparagraphcouldbeentitled….中心思想或主旨是一篇文章或一個段落的核心。但是不同作者表現(xiàn)主題思想的手法也不盡相同。為使讀者能夠直接了解文章的主要內(nèi)容，作者通常采用主題句的寫作手法，即用一句或幾句話來直接表達主題。因此正確把握文章的主題句topsentence是解答這類問題的關鍵。主題句一般結(jié)構(gòu)簡單而且完整，一般不采用長句子的形式，在句法上簡潔明了。主題句意思完整、概括段中其他句子起解釋、支持或擴展主題句所表述的中心思想的作用，這些句子叫做闡述句(supportingsentences)。一個段落由一個主題句和幾個闡述句構(gòu)成，所有闡述句必須緊密圍繞主題句展開。如果一篇短文包括幾個段落，那么每個段落的主題句都必須圍繞短文的主題句展開。主題句在文中出現(xiàn)的位置不盡相同。在演繹性文章中，主題句一般位于開頭部分，一開始就明確主題，然后展開討論和說明。而在歸納性文章中，主題句常位于文章末尾，以加強文章的說服力。還有的主題句位于中間部分，這種段落開頭的一、兩句或幾句都是鋪敘，進而引出主題。主題句之后仍有一定數(shù)量的句子陳述、論述或引申這一主題句。例文：(2006年6月17日大學英語四級閱讀真題)這是一篇關于對女性教育問題的論說文。Educatinggirlsquitepossiblyyieldsahigherrateofreturnthananyotherinvestmentavailableinthedevelopingworld.Women,seducationmaybeunusualterritoryforeconomists,butenhancingwomen,scontributiontodevelopmentisactuallyasmuchaneconomicasasocialissue.Andeconomics,withitsemphasisonincentives（激勵）,providesguidepostthatpointtoanexplanationforwhysomanygirlsaredeprivedofaneducation.Parentsinlow-incomecountriesfailtoinvestintheirdaughtersbecausetheydonotexpectthemtomakeaneconomiccontributiontothefamily:girlsgrowuponlytomarryintosomebodyelse,sfamilyandbearchildren.Girlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandarekeptathometodohouseworkwhiletheirbrothersaresenttoschool-theprophecy（預言）becomesself-fulfilling,trappingwomeninaviciouscircle（惡性循環(huán)）ofneglect.Aneducatedmother,ontheotherhand,hasgreaterearningabilitiesoutsidethehomeandfacesanentirelydifferentsetofchoices.Sheislikelytohavefewerbuthealthierchildrenandcaninsistonthedevelopmentofallherchildren,ensuringthatherdaughtersaregivenafairchance.Theeducationofherdaughtersthenmakesitmuchmorelikelythatthenextgenerationofgirls,aswellasofboys,willbeeducatedandhealthy.Theviciouscircleisthustransformedintoavirtuouscircle.Fewwilldisputethateducatingwomenhasgreatsocialbenefits.Butithasenormouseconomicadvantagesaswell.Mostobviously,thereisthedirecteffectofeducationonthewagesoffemaleworker.Wagesriseby10to20percentforeachadditionalyearofschooling.Suchbigreturnsareimpressivebythestandardofotheravailableinvestments,buttheyarejustthebeginning.Educatingwomenalsohasasignificantimpactonhealthpractices,includingfamilyplanning.Thepassagemainlydiscuses.unequaltreatmentofboysandgirlsindevelopingcountriesthemajorcontributionsofeducatedwomentosocietytheeconomicandsocialbenefitsofeducatingwomenthepotentialearningpowerofwell-educatedwomen文章第一句指出“讓女孩受教育在發(fā)展中國家比其他任何投資所產(chǎn)生的回報率都要高'，最后一段為結(jié)論段，本段第一句‘女性受教育不僅有社會效益，而且產(chǎn)生經(jīng)濟效益。故答案為C。有的文章沒有主題句，他的主旨（中心思想）是通過文章中各部分內(nèi)容及其內(nèi)在聯(lián)系體現(xiàn)出來的，主要考查考生能否通過理解、分析全文，區(qū)分主要信息和次要信息，進而總結(jié)歸納文章的大意。如：（2002年6月大學英語四級閱讀真題）Itishardtotrackthebluewhale,theocean,slargestcreature,whichhasalmostbeenkilledoffbycommercialwhalingandisnowlistedasanendangeredspecies.Attachingradiodevicestoitisdifficult,andvisualsightingsaretoounreliabletogiverealinsightintoitsbehavior.Sobiologistsweredelightedearlythisyearwhen,withthehelpoftheNavy,theywereabletotrackaparticularbluewhalefor43days,monitoringitssounds.ThiswaspossiblebecauseoftheNavy,sformerlytop-secretsystemofunderwaterlisteningdevicesspanningtheoceans.TrackingwhalesisbutoneexampleofanexcitingnewworldjustopeningtocivilianscientistsafterthecoldwarastheNavystartstoshareandpartlyuncoveritsglobalnetworkofunderwaterlisteningsystembuiltoverthedecadestotracktheshipsofpotentialenemies.Earthscientistsannouncedatanewsconferencerecentlythattheyhadusedthesystemforcloselymonitoringadeep-seavolcaniceruption（爆發(fā)）forthefirsttimeandthattheyplansimilarstudies.Otherscientistshaveproposedtousethenetworkfortrackingoceancurrentsandmeasuringchangesinoceanandglobaltemperatures.Thespeedofsoundinwaterisroughlyonemileasecondslowerthanthroughlandbutfasterthanthroughair.Whatismostimportant,differentlayersofoceanwatercanactaschannelsforsounds,focusingtheminthesamewayastethoscope（聽診器）doeswhenitcarriesfaintnoisesfromapatient,schesttoadoctor,sear.Thisfocusingisthemainreasonthatevenrelativelyweaksoundsintheocean,especiallylow-frequencyones,canoftentravelthousandsofmiles.Thepassageischieflyabout.anefforttoprotectanendangeredmarinespeciesthecivilianuseofamilitarydetectionsystemtheexposureofaU.S.Navytop-secretweaponanewwaytolookintothebehaviorofbluewhales第1,2段以追蹤藍鯨為例引出話題，水下監(jiān)聽技術在非軍事領域的應用，第3段加以明確，第4，5段是說水下監(jiān)聽技術在monitoringadeep-seavolcaniceruption及trackingoceancurrentsandmeasuringchangesinoceanandglobaltemperatures方面的應用,各段要點經(jīng)歸納,得出答案為B第二類事實細節(jié)題事實細節(jié)題所考查的主要是考生對于文章信息的識別能力。所以掌握詞句轉(zhuǎn)換的技能和歸納概括的能力對于事實細節(jié)題有著關鍵作用。實際上，這些題目很多時候都會涉及邏輯關系、比較關系等的明暗轉(zhuǎn)換，又常常涉及存在于段落與段落之間的這些邏輯關系。這是需要通過仔細理解原文才能識別的信息?？忌枰攸c掌握的邏輯關系有：因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、舉例等。需要重點掌握的從句有：主語從句、定語從句、原因/條件狀語從句、結(jié)果/目的狀語從句等。需要重點掌握的結(jié)構(gòu)有：強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)、雙重否定、分詞結(jié)構(gòu)等。例文：（2007年6月大學英語四級閱讀真題）I,vebeenwritingformostofmylife.ThebookWritingWithoutTeachersintroducedmetoonedistinctionandonepracticethathashelpedmywritingprocessestremendously.Thedistinctionisbetweenthecreativemindandthecriticalmind.Whileyouneedtoemploybothtogettoafinishedresult,theycannotworkinparallelnomatterhowmuchwemightliketothinkso.Tryingtocriticizewritingontheflyispossiblythesinglegreatestbarriertowritingthatmostofusencounter.Ifyouarelisteningtothat5thgradeEnglishteachercorrectyourgrammarwhileyouaretryingtocaptureafleeting（稍縱即逝的）thought,thethoughtwilldie.Ifyoucapturethefleetingthoughtandsimplyshareitwiththeworldinrawform,nooneislikelytounderstand.Youmustlearntocreatefirstandthencriticizeifyouwanttomakewritingthetoolforthinkingthatitis.ThepracticethatcanhelpyoupastyourlearnedbadhabitsoftryingtoeditasyouwriteiswhatElbowcalls“freewriting.”Infreewriting,theobjectiveistogetwordsdownonpapernon-stop,usuallyfor15-20minutes.Nostopping,nogoingback,nocriticizing.Thegoalistogetthewordsflowing.Asthewordsbegintoflow,theideaswillcomefromtheshadowsandletthemselvesbecapturedonyournotepadoryourscreen.Nowyouhaverawmaterialsthatyoucanbegintoworkwithusingthecriticalmindthatyou,vepersuadedtositonthesideandwatchquietly.Mostlikely,youwillbelievethatthiswilltakemoretimethanyouactuallyhaveandyouwillendupstaringblanklyatthepagesasthedeadlinedrawsnear.Insteadofstaringatablankstartfillingitwithwordsnomatterhowbad.Halfwaythroughyouavailabletime,stopandreworkyourrawwritingintosomethingclosertofinishedproduct.Movebackandforthuntilyourunoutoftimeandthefinalresultwillmostlikelybefarbetterthanyourcurrentpractices.Whatpreventspeoplefromwritingonis.puttingtheirideasinrawformattemptingtoeditastheywriteignoringgrammaticalsoundnesstryingtocapturefleetingthoughts原文句子較長，句子包含一個定語從句和表語從句，Thepractice即“freewriting.”canhelpyoupastyourlearnedbadhabits,而badhabits即tryingtoedit,反過來preventspeoplefromwritingonisattemptingtoedit,故選B.又如：(2005年1月大學英語四級閱讀真題)InatimeoflowacademicachievementbychildrenintheUnitedStates,manyAmericansareturningtoJapan,acountryofhighacademicachievementandeconomicsuccess,forpossibleanswers.However,theanswersprovidedbyJapanesepreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofind.InmostJapanesepreschools,surprisinglylittleemphasisisputonpreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofind.InmostJapanesepreschools,surprisinglylittleemphasisisputonpreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofind.InmostJapanesepreschools,surprisinglylittleemphasisisputonacademicinstruction.Inoneinvestigation,300Japaneseand210Americanpreschoolteachers,childdevelopmentspecialists,andparentswereaskedaboutvariousaspectsofearlychildhoodeducation.Only2percentoftheJapaneserespondents(答問卷者)listed“togivechildrenagoodstartacademically”asoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Incontrast,overhalftheAmericanrespondentschosethisasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.Topreparechildrenforsuccessfulcareersinfirstgradeandbeyond,Japaneseschoolsdonotteachreading,writing,andmathematics,butratherskillssuchaspersistence,concentration,andtheabilitytofunctionasamemberofagroup.ThevastmajorityofyoungJapanesechildrenaretaughttoreadathomebytheirparents.IntherecentcomparisonofJapaneseandAmericanpreschooleducation,91percentofJapaneserespondentschoseprovidingchildrenwithagroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Sixty-twoper-centofthemoreindividuallyoriented(強調(diào)個性發(fā)展的)Americanslistedgroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.AnemphasisontheimportanceofthegroupseeninJapaneseearlychildhoodeducationcontinuesintoelementaryschooleducation.LikeinAmerica,thereisdiversityinJapaneseearlychildhoodeducation.SomeJapanesekindergartenshavespecificaims,suchasearlymusicaltrainingorpotentialdevelopment.Inlargecities,somekindergartensareattachedtouniversitiesthathaveelementaryandsecondaryschools.SomeJapaneseparentsbelievethatiftheiryoungchildrenattendauniversity-basedprogram,itwillincreasethechildren,schancesofeventuallybeingadmittedtotop-ratedschoolsanduniversities.SeveralmoreprogressiveprogramshaveintroducedfreeplayasawayoutfortheheavyintellectualizinginsomeJapanesekindergartens.InJapan,spreschooleducation,thefocusison.A)preparingchildrenacademicallyB)developingchildren,sartisticinterestsC)tappingchildren,spotentialD)shapingchildren,scharacter日本學校donotteachreading,writing,andmathematics,而是教persistence,concentration,andtheabilitytofunctionasamemberofagroup,這幾點可歸納為“性格塑造?！惫蔬xD.第三類語義理解題語義理解題的形式如下：在題干中明確給出了某個單詞、短語或句子在文中的具體位置，要求考生理解這些內(nèi)容的意思或所指。語義理解題考查的內(nèi)容包括：熟詞在語境中的具體意思；生詞的意思；代詞指代的內(nèi)容；詞或詞組的比喻義；詞句的言外之意。語義理解題的解題關鍵在于在把握文章主題的情況下，弄清所問詞句所在段落的作用，進而弄清詞句本身的作用。1.句義類句子通常有以下特點：①與文章主題密切相關；②相對于文中其他句子而言，語言難度大，不容易理解；③有時為多義句，可以從不同角度來理解，但是文中的意思必須根據(jù)上下文來判定，這也是其難點所在。出題方式主要有：A)Thesentence"…”(Line…)meansthat….B)Thesentence“…”impliesthat….C）Thesentence”…”canbeparaphrasedas….D)Whatdoesthesentence"…“mean?E)Whatdoesthesentence”…”imply?F)Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothesentence”…”？回答這類問題時，可以采用以下幾種方法：a.先弄清文章的主題，將文章主題同要求理解的句子內(nèi)容聯(lián)系起來，并參考上下文的內(nèi)容恰當?shù)剡M行推理。b.可以通過篇章知識和連接詞來根據(jù)上下文進行推斷如onthecontrary表示下面一句話和上面的意思相反;however,but,21m0口且卜表示轉(zhuǎn)折;furthermore,notonly...butalso表示遞進;hence,asaresult,therefore,so等表示對上文的歸納、總結(jié)，或者是上文提到內(nèi)容引起的后果。c.通過句子中的代詞如it,they,those,this,he,she等)的指代關系及句子的時態(tài)等，將該句子內(nèi)容與上下句聯(lián)系起來，對理解句子會有很大的幫助。d.通過標點符號，如破折號，冒號，分號，引號，和括號等，以及提示詞or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely,orother,say,i.e,等引出同位語或加以解釋。e.如果句子很長，就要對句子進行結(jié)構(gòu)分析。例文：(2006年6月24日大學英語四級閱讀真題)Inacountrythatdefinesitselfbyideals,notbysharedblood,whoshouldbeallowedtocome,workandlivehere?InthewakeoftheSept.11attacksthesequestionshaveneverseemedmorepressing.OnDec.11,2001,aspartoftheefforttoincreasehomelandsecurity,federalandlocalauthoritiesin14statesstaged“OperationSafeTravel“一raidsonairportstoarrestemployeeswithfalseidentification（身份證明）.InSaltLakeCitytherewere69arrests.Butthosecapturedwereanythingbutterrorists,mostofthemillegalimmigrantsfromCentralofSouthAmerica,Authoritiessaidtheundocumentedworkers,illegalstatusmadethemopentoblackmail（訛詐）byterrorists.ManyimmigrantsinSaltLakeCitywereangeredbythearrestsandsaidtheyfeltasiftheywerebeingtreatedlikedisposablegoods.MayorAndersonsaidthosefeelingswerejustifiedtoacertainextent."We,resayingwewantyoutoworkintheseplaces,we'regoingto100ktheotherwayintermsofwhatourlawsare,andthenwhenit,sconvenientforus,orwhenwecantrytomakeapointintermsofnationalsecurity,especiallyafterSept.11,thenyou,redisposable.Therearewholefamiliesbeinguprootedforallofthewrongreasons,”Andersonsaid.IfSept.11hadneverhappened,theairportworkerswouldnothavebeenarrestedandcouldhavegoneonquietlylivinginAmerica,probablyindefinitely.AnaCastro,amanagerataBen&Jerry,sicecreamshopattheairport,hadbeenworking10yearswiththesamefalseSocialSecuritycardwhenshewasarrestedintheDecemberairportraid.Nowsheandherfamilyarelivingunderthethreatofdeportation（驅(qū)逐出境）.Castro,scaseiscurrentlywaitingtobesettled.Whilesheawaitstheoutcome,thegovernmenthasgrantedherpermissiontoworkhereandshehasreturnedtoherjobatBen&Jerry'sBysaying”…we'regoingtolooktheotherwayintermsofwhatourlawsare”（Line2.Para.4）,MayorAndersonmeans“”.wewillturnablindeyetoyourillegalstatuswewillexaminethelawsinadifferentwaythereareotherwaysofenforcingthelawtheexistinglawsmustnotbeignoredAnderson市長說，移民們感到憤怒從某種程度來說是有道理的，接著一句引文補充此句，引文很長，由and連接，前后為轉(zhuǎn)折關系，后半部意為：當我們方便的時候，或者當我們證明加強國防安全的必要的時候，……，你們可以打發(fā)掉?！纱送茢喑銮鞍氩糠忠馑?，我們需要你們工作的時候，你們即使是非法移民，也不會按法規(guī)驅(qū)逐他們。故答案為A。（2006年6月17日大學英語四級閱讀真題）Educatinggirlsquitepossiblyyieldsahigherrateofreturnthananyotherinvestmentavailableinthedevelopingworld.Women'seducationmaybeunusualterritoryforeconomists,butenhancingwomen'scontributiontodevelopmentisactuallyasmuchaneconomicasasocialissue.Andeconomics,withitsemphasisonincentives（激勵），providesguidepostthatpointtoanexplanationforwhysomanygirlsaredeprivedofaneducation.Parentsinlow-incomecountriesfailtoinvestintheirdaughtersbecausetheydonotexpectthemtomakeaneconomiccontributiontothefamily:girlsgrowuponlytomarryintosomebodyelse,sfamilyandbearchildren.Girlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandarekeptathometodohouseworkwhiletheirbrothersaresenttoschool-theprophecy（預言）becomesself-fulfilling,trappingwomeninaviciouscircle（惡性循環(huán)）ofneglect.Aneducatedmother,ontheotherhand,hasgreaterearningabilitiesoutsidethehomeandfacesanentirelydifferentsetofchoices.Sheislikelytohavefewerbuthealthierchildrenandcaninsistonthedevelopmentofallherchildren,ensuringthatherdaughtersaregivenafairchance.Theeducationofherdaughtersthenmakesitmuchmorelikelythatthenextgenerationofgirls,aswellasofboys,willbeeducatedandhealthy.Theviciouscircleisthustransformedintoavirtuouscircle.Fewwilldisputethateducatingwomenhasgreatsocialbenefits.Butithasenormouseconomicadvantagesaswell.Mostobviously,thereisthedirecteffectofeducationonthewagesoffemaleworker.Wagesriseby10to20percentforeachadditionalyearofschooling.Suchbigreturnsareimpressivebythestandardofotheravailableinvestments,buttheyarejustthebeginning.Educatingwomenalsohasasignificantimpactonhealthpractices,includingfamilyplanning.Bysaying"…theprophecybecomesself-fulfilling…”(Lines4-5,Para.2),theauthormeansthat.girlswilleventuallyfindtheirgoalsinlifebeyondreachgirlswillbeincreasinglydiscontentedwiththeirlifeathomegirlswillbecapableofrealizingtheirowndreamsgirlswillturnouttobelessvaluablethanboys破折號后的theprophecy即指Girlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandarekeptathometodohouseworkwhiletheirbrothersaresenttoschool,破折號后的句子是對前句加以解釋。父母從小就預測女孩不如男孩有價值，故不讓女孩有受教育的機會，預測也就成為事實，故選D.2.詞義型這種題型的常見提問方式有：Inline…theword"…''means….Theword"…"inthepassagemeans….Theword"…”(line…)couldbestbereplacedby….Accordingtothepassage,theword"…"isknowias….Fromthepassage,wecaninferthattheword"…"means….Whichofthefollowingpairsaresynonyms?Asusedinthepassage,thephrase"…"suggests….Theword"…"roughlyrefersto….Theword"…"nearlymeans….Theexpression"…"isclosestto….Thedefinition"…"appliestowhatkeywordinthepassage?Thewriterusedtheword"...”toindicatethatm.Theword"...”inthecontextmeansn.Thepassageusedtheword”…”toreferto做這類題時，需要考生掌握很大的詞匯量。但是僅僅擁有很大的詞匯量不夠，還需要考生有利用語法知識和根據(jù)上下文推測詞義的能力。因為閱讀理解體裁多樣，題材廣泛，同一單詞可能在不同的語言環(huán)境中或上下文中含義不同，所以在閱讀時一定要注意上下文，在理解上下文的基礎上，對詞義進行推測?？忌梢圆扇∫韵路椒ń獯祟愵}：①利用上下文進行推理。在有生僻詞出現(xiàn)時，作者往往在上下文，尤其在下文進一步進行解釋或下定義，或用一個較簡單的單詞來代替該詞。例如：Johnisalwayspunctual,thatis,everydayhecomeshereontime.punctual這個詞的意思在后面comeshereontime進行了解釋，“他每天準時到這兒‘。這句話實際上是對punctual下了一個定義，由此我們可以推測出punctual是“守時、準時的意思?！保?004年6月大學英語四級閱讀真題）AssoonasitwasrevealedthatareporterforProgressivemagazinehaddiscoveredhoetomakeahydrogenbomb,agroupoffirearm（火器）fansformedtheNationalHydrogenBombAssociation,andtheyarenowlobbyingagainstanylegislationtostopAmericansfromowningone.“TheConstitution,”saidtheassociation,sspokesman,“giveseveryonetherighttoownarms.Itdoesn,tspelloutwhatkindofarms.Butsinceanyonecannowmakeahydrogenbomb,thepublicshouldbeabletobuyittoprotectthemselves.”“Don'tyouthinkit,sdangeroustohaveoneinthehouse,particularlywheretherearechildrenaround?”“TheNationalHydrogenBombAssociationhopestoeducatepeopleinthesafehandlingofthistypeofweapon.Weareinstructingownerstokeepthebombinalookedcabinetandthefuse（導火索）separatelyinadrawer.”“Somepeopleconsiderthehydrogenbombaveryfatalweaponwhichcouldkillsomebody.”Thespokesmansaid,“Hydrogenbombsdon'tkillpeople-peoplekillpeople.Thebombisforself-protectionanditalsohasadeterrenteffect.Ifsomebodyknowsyouhaveanuclearweaponinyourhouse,they'regoingtothinktwiceaboutbreakingin.”“ButthosewhowanttobanthebombforAmericancitizensclaimthatifyouhaveonelockedinthecabinet,withthefuseinadrawer,youwouldneverbeabletoassembleitintimetostopanintruder（侵入者）”“Anotherargumentagainstallowingpeopletoownabombisthatatthemomentitisveryexpensivetobuildone.Sowhatyourassociationisbackingisaprogramwhichwouldallowthemiddleandupperclassestoacquireabombwhilepoorpeoplewillbeleftdefenselesswithjusthandguns.”Bysayingthatthebombalsohasadeterrenteffectthespokesmanmeansthatit.willfrightenawayanypossibleintruderscanshowthespecialstatusofitsownerswillthreatenthesafetyoftheownersaswellcankillthoseenteringothers,housesbyforce第二句Ifsomebody 是對deterrenteffect具體解釋，即炸彈可讓入侵者有所顧忌，故選A。②利用對比關系。所謂利用對比關系，就是利用相鄰兩句意義上或結(jié)構(gòu)上的對比來猜測詞義。例如：Themodestreceivebenefit,whiletheconceitedreapfailure.這句話的前后兩部分構(gòu)成對比關系，前半部分為謙受益，那么后半部分則為滿招損。由此可以推出conceited意為驕傲的，自滿的。③利用構(gòu)詞法，推斷單詞的意思。有些詞可以通過前綴、后綴、合成等形式來判斷其意思。如：read（v讀）;reread（v重讀）;reader（n.讀者，讀物;readable（adj易讀的）;reading（n讀，讀物）。4.通過表因果關系對比關系的信號詞來推斷。例文：（2002年1月大學英語四級閱讀真題）ForanincreasingnumberofstudentsatAmericanuniversities,Oldissuddenlyin.thereasonisobvious:thegrayingofAmericameansjobs.Coupledwiththeagingofthebaby-boom生育高峰）generation,alongerlifespanmeansthatthenation,selderlypopulationisboundtoexpandsignificantlyoverthenext50years.By2050,25percentofallAmericanswillbeolderthan65,upfrom14percentin1995.Thechangeposesprofoundquestionsforgovernmentandsociety,ofcourse.Butitalsocreatescareeropportunitiesinmedicineandhealthprofessions,andinlawandbusinessaswell.“Inadditiontothedoctors,we,regoingtoneedmoresociologists,biologists,urbanplannersandspecializedlawyers,”saysProfessorEdwardSchneideroftheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,s（USC）SchoolofGerontology老年學）.Lawyerscanspecializein“elderlaw”,whichcoverseverythingfromtrustsandestatestonursing-homeabuseandagediscrimination（歧視）.Businessmenseehugeopportunitiesintheeldermarketbecausethebabyboomers,74millionstrong,arelikelytobethewealthiestgroupofretireesinhumanhistory.“Anystudentwhocombinesanexpertknowledgeingerontologywith,say,andMBAorlawdegreewillhavealicensetoprintmoney,”oneprofessorsays.MargariteSantosisa21-year-oldsenioratUSC.Shebegancollegeasabiologymajorbutfoundshewas“reallyboredwithbacteria.”Soshetookaclassingerontologyanddiscoveredthatshelikedit.Shesays,“Ididvolunteerworkinretirementhomesanditwasverysatisfying.”31.”…Oldissuddenlyin”(Line1,Para.1)mostprobablymeans“AmericahassuddenlybecomeanationofoldpeoplegerontologyhassuddenlybecomepopularmoreelderlyprofessorsarefoundonAmericacampusesAmericancollegeshaverealizedtheneedofenrollingolderstudents兩個句子間由Thereasonis連接，后一句是解釋大學里Oldissuddenlyin的原因：研究老年學意味著容易找到工作，因此可推斷Oldissuddenlyin意為老年學受歡迎，故選B.（2004年6月大學英語四級閱讀真題）Aisforalwaysgettingtoworkontime.Bisforbeingextremelybusy.Cisfortheconscientious(勤勤懇懇)wayyoudoyourjob.Youmaybeallthesethingsattheoffice,andmore.Butwhenitcomestogettingahead,expertssay,theABCsofbusinessshouldincludeaP,forpolitics,asinofficepolitics.DaleCarnegiesuggestedasmuchthan50yearsago:Hardworkalonedoesn,tensurecareeradvancement.Youhavetobeabletosellyourselfandyourideas,bothpubliclyandbehindthescenes.Yet,despitetheobviousrewardsofengaginginofficepoliticsabetterjob,araise,praise--manypeoplearestillunable--orunwilling--to“playthegame.”“Peopleassumethatofficepoliticsinvolvessomemanipulative(工于心計的)behavior,”saysDeborahComer,anassistantprofessorofmanagementatHofstraUniversity.“Butpoliticsderivesfromtheword‘polite’.Itcanmeanlobbyingandformingassociations.Itcanmeanbeingkindandhelpful,oreventryingtopleaseyoursuperior,andthenexpectingsomethinginreturn.”Infact,today,expertsdefineofficepoliticsasproperbehaviorusedtopursueone,sownself-interestintheworkplace.Inmanycases,thisinvolvessomeformofsocializingwithintheofficeenvironmentnotjustinlargecompanies,butinsmallworkplacesaswell.“Thefirstthingpeopleareusuallyjudgedonistheirabilitytoperformwellonaconsistentbasis.”saysNeilP.Lewis,amanagementpsychologist.“Butiftwoorthreecandidatesareupforapromotion,eachofwhomhasreasonablysimilarability,amanagerisgoingtopromotethepersonheorshelikesbest.It,ssimplehumannature.”Yet,psychologistssay,manyemployeesandemployershavetroublewiththeconceptofpoliticsintheoffice.Somepeople,theysay,haveanidealisticvisionofworkandwhatittakestosucceed.Stillothersassociatepoliticswithflattery(奉承)，fearfulthat,iftheyspeakupforthemselves,theymayappeartobeflatteringtheirbossforfavors.Expertssuggestalteringthisnegativepicturebyrecognizingtheneedforsomeself-promotion.“Officepolitics”(Line2,Para.4)isusedinthepassagetoreferto.thecodeofbehaviorforcompanystaffthepoliticalviewsandbeliefsofofficeworkerstheinterpersonalrelationshipswithinacompanythevariousqualitiesrequiredforasuccessfulcareer題目針對的是文章的一個核心概念，選朔是字面意思，A,D不符合文章意思，故選C.第四類推理判斷題推理判斷題比事實細節(jié)題更難。兩種題目可能都需要考生在歸納總結(jié)后才能確定在原文中的出處，或者能非常明確地找到這個出處，但是事實細節(jié)題的答案只是對原文信息的一定程度上的轉(zhuǎn)換，而推理判斷題的答案則肯定需要考生在根據(jù)原文信息進行推理判斷后才能得出，其核心意思在原文中找不到原詞句。推理判斷題要求考生對上下文有透徹的理解。一道推理判斷題的答案，經(jīng)常需要綜合理解整個段落的內(nèi)容才能推斷得出，同時還必須兼顧全文的主旨。閱讀的目的不僅在于只讀懂原文，還要求考生在理解原文直接陳述觀點的基礎上，領悟作者的言外之意。這種題的答案一般不能直接在短文中找到。閱讀時要理解字里行間的含義，分析文章的大意和細節(jié)，注意作者的措詞。根據(jù)提問中的關鍵字眼和短文中相應的有關內(nèi)容進行分析、歸納和邏輯推理，從而得出作者未說明卻已在字里行間所暗含的意思和觀點。推理型試題常見提問方式有：Theauthorimpliesthat….Itcanbeeasilyguessedthat….Theauthorseemstobeinfavorof(against)….Wecaninfer(assume)that….Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat….Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat….Whichofthefollowingcan(not)beinferredfromthepassage?Whatdoesthearticle(pasage)sayabout…？Thepassagesuggeststhat….Theauthorofthepassagewouldmostlikelyimply….Theauthormayprobablyagreewith(support)….Aninferencewhichmay(not)bemadefromthepassageis….Fromthelastsentenceweguessthat….n.Itcanbeconcludedthat推理型問題主要包括以下幾大類：對作者態(tài)度、語氣、風格、傾向的推理，對作者意圖、主題思想的推理，對數(shù)字的推斷，對文中細節(jié)的推斷等。①針對作者態(tài)度、語氣、風格、傾向的推理。作者寫文章時，經(jīng)常持有某種態(tài)度或傾向。作者的語氣