2023學(xué)年完整公開(kāi)課版閱讀專題

第一部分高考專題突破專題一閱讀理解A(2019·全國(guó)卷

Ⅰ·閱讀理解B)ForCanaanElementary’ssecondgradeinPatchogue，N.Y.，todayisspeechday，andrightnowit’sChrisPalaez’sturn.The8-year-oldisthejokeroftheclass.Withshiningdarkeyes，heseemslikethekindofkidwhowouldenjoypublicspeaking.感悟高考Buthe’snervous.“I’mheretotellyoutodaywhyyoushould...should...”Christripsonthe“-ld，”

apronunciationdifficultyformanynon-nativeEnglishspeakers.Histeacher，ThomasWhaley，isnexttohim，whisperingsupport.“...Votefor...me...”Exceptforsomestumbles，Chrisisdoingamazinglywell.Whenhebringshisspeechtoaniceconclusion，Whaleyinvitestherestoftheclasstopraisehim.Asonofimmigrants，ChrisstartedlearningEnglishalittleoverthreeyearsago.Whaleyrecalls(回想起)howatthebeginningoftheyear，whencalledupontoread，Chriswouldexcusehimselftogotothebathroom.LearningEnglishasasecondlanguagecanbeapainfulexperience.Whatyouneedisagreatteacherwholetsyoumakemistakes.“Ittakesalotforanystudent，”

Whaleyexplains，“especiallyforastudentwhoislearningEnglishastheirnewlanguage，tofeelconfidentenoughtosay，‘Idon’tknow，butIwanttoknow.’”Whaleygottheideaofthissecond-gradepresidentialcampaignprojectwhenheaskedthechildrenonedaytoraisetheirhandsiftheythoughttheycouldneverbeapresident.Theanswerbrokehisheart.Whaleysaystheprojectisaboutmorethanjustlearningtoreadandspeakinpublic.Hewantsthesekidstolearntoboast(夸耀)aboutthemselves.“Boastingaboutyourself，andyourbestqualities，”

Whaleysays，“isverydifficultforachildwhocameintotheclassroomnotfeelingconfident.”1．WhatmadeChrisnervous?A．Tellingastory.

B．Makingaspeech.C．Takingatest. D．Answeringaquestion.2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“stumbles”inParagraph2referto?A．Improperpauses. B．Badmanners.C．Spellingmistakes.D．Sillyjokes.3．WecaninferthatthepurposeofWhaley’sprojectisto______.A．helpstudentsseetheirownstrengthsB．a(chǎn)ssessstudents’publicspeakingskillsC．preparestudentsfortheirfuturejobsD．inspirestudents’loveforpolitics4．WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesWhaleyasateacher?A．Humorous. B．Ambitious.C．Caring. D．Demanding.

[語(yǔ)篇解讀]本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了小學(xué)教師Whaley通過(guò)組織學(xué)生演講來(lái)幫助學(xué)生增強(qiáng)自信的教學(xué)實(shí)踐。1．B

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞nervous可定位到第二段第一句，然后應(yīng)到前文中找使他緊張的因素。根據(jù)第一段中的“...todayisspeechday，andrightnowit’sChrisPalaez’sturn.”和“...heseemslikethekindofkidwhowouldenjoypublicspeaking.”可知，今天是演講日，現(xiàn)在輪到了Chris，雖然他看起來(lái)像那種喜歡在公共場(chǎng)合講話的孩子，但是他很緊張。由此可知，演講使Chris緊張。2．A

詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段中的“youshould...should...”以及“...Votefor...me...”這樣的語(yǔ)句特點(diǎn)可知，Chris的演講不流暢，也就是說(shuō)有不適當(dāng)?shù)耐ｎD。這是他表現(xiàn)不好的地方，與畫線詞后的句意“他完成得非常好”構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，與短語(yǔ)exceptfor的語(yǔ)意相呼應(yīng)。注意：高考閱讀中的熟詞生義現(xiàn)象非常關(guān)鍵，例如，如果能夠注意到第二段第三句中的trips一詞在此語(yǔ)境中的特殊意義(意為“絆倒”)則有助于快速解答此題。3．A

推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“Whaleysaystheprojectisaboutmorethanjustlearningtoreadandspeakinpublic.Hewantsthesekidstolearntoboast(夸耀)aboutthemselves.”可知，Whaley創(chuàng)辦這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的目的不僅僅是讓學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)閱讀和在公共場(chǎng)合演講，他還希望學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)自夸。A項(xiàng)意為“幫助學(xué)生看到自己的長(zhǎng)處”，與原文意思相符。4．C

推理判斷題。文章介紹了Whaley老師通過(guò)創(chuàng)辦“總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選項(xiàng)目”，組織學(xué)生演講來(lái)幫助學(xué)生增強(qiáng)自信。根據(jù)第二段中的“Histeacher，ThomasWhaley，isnexttohim，whisperingsupport.”和“...Whaleyinvitestherestoftheclasstopraisehim.”等細(xì)節(jié)也可看出Whaley老師是一個(gè)關(guān)心學(xué)生的老師。B(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ·閱讀理解D)Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小學(xué))，Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes，whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens，andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes，breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers，amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein，aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories：thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships，jump-startinterpersonalskillsand，whentappedearly，areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence：statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed，Dr.Prinstein’sstudiesshowunpleasantconsequences.Thosewhowerehighestinstatusinhighschool，aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool，are“mostlikelytoengage(從事)indangerousandriskybehavior.”Inonestudy，Dr.Prinsteinexaminedthetwotypesofpopularityin235adolescents，scoringtheleastliked，themostlikedandthehighestinstatusbasedonstudentsurveys(調(diào)查研究)．“Wefoundthattheleastwell-likedteenshadbecomemoreaggressiveovertimetowardtheirclassmates.Butsohadthosewhowerehighinstatus.Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment，highstatushasjusttheoppositeeffectonus.”Dr.Prinsteinhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate—sharing，kindness，openness—carryovertolateryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.Inanalyzinghisandotherresearch，Dr.Prinsteincametoanotherconclusion：Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcomes，butitisalsoresponsibleforthoseoutcomes，too.“Beinglikedcreatesopportunitiesforlearningandfornewkindsoflifeexperiencesthathelpsomebodygainanadvantage，”

hesaid.5．Whatsortofgirlwastheauthorinherearlyyearsofelementaryschool?A．Unkind.B．Lonely.C．Generous.D．Cool.6．Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theclassificationofthepopular.B．Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C．Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D．Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.7．WhatdidDr.Prinstein’sstudyfindaboutthemostlikedkids?A．Theyappearedtobeaggressive.B．Theytendedtobemoreadaptable.C．Theyenjoyedthehigheststatus.D．Theyperformedwellacademically.8．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．BeNice－YouWon’tFinishLastB．TheHighertheStatus，theBetterC．BetheBest－YouCanMakeItD．MoreSelf-Control，LessAggressiveness[語(yǔ)篇解讀]本文是一篇議論文。文章從社會(huì)心理學(xué)視角討論青少年小學(xué)與中學(xué)階段的成長(zhǎng)經(jīng)歷，論述了個(gè)體受歡迎程度這一青少年心理健康話題。

該語(yǔ)篇視角獨(dú)特，積極倡導(dǎo)和諧的人際關(guān)系和人文情懷。5．C

推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞earlyyearsofelementaryschool可定位到第一段第一句“Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool，Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes...”，根據(jù)句意和sharing一詞可推知，作者上小學(xué)的時(shí)候是一個(gè)慷慨大方的人，故選C項(xiàng)。注意不要受本段后幾句話尤其是最后一句話的影響而錯(cuò)選A項(xiàng)，因?yàn)槟鞘亲髡咔嗌倌陼r(shí)期的情況。6．A

段落大意題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容以及第二句的句式特點(diǎn)(句中有冒號(hào))，可暫時(shí)斷定第二句是本段的主旨句。而第三句和第四句分別用Thelikables’．..和Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence...引出后文內(nèi)容，恰恰就是介紹了受歡迎的兩類人：討人喜歡型和追求地位型。同時(shí)我們發(fā)現(xiàn)本段第二句中的關(guān)鍵詞o...(把……分成……)與A項(xiàng)中的classification相呼應(yīng)，所以A項(xiàng)可以概括本段大意。7．B

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句中的“Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment”可知，Dr.Prinstein的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，最討人喜歡的孩子往往適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)。B項(xiàng)中的adaptable與第四段中的adjustment相呼應(yīng)。8．A

標(biāo)題歸納題。本文主要介紹了研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)討人喜歡與積極的人生結(jié)果有關(guān)，因此A項(xiàng)作為標(biāo)題最合適。注意A項(xiàng)中的benice與likability，popularity，kindness等詞相呼應(yīng)。BeNice-YouWon’tFinishLast從意義上類似于漢語(yǔ)的“與人為善，于己為善”。這里的finish本義是“獲得(名次)；排名”?？记楦形騕考題分布]

文體·題型年份

卷別文體題型記敘文議論文應(yīng)用文說(shuō)明文細(xì)節(jié)理解題推理判斷題主旨大意題詞義猜測(cè)題2019全國(guó)卷Ⅰ10128511全國(guó)卷Ⅱ10128421全國(guó)卷Ⅲ011267112018全國(guó)卷Ⅰ00137521全國(guó)卷Ⅱ01129321全國(guó)卷Ⅲ012193212017全國(guó)卷Ⅰ20117611全國(guó)卷Ⅱ10125622全國(guó)卷Ⅲ10126621

[命題分析]高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解題所選材料體裁多樣、語(yǔ)言地道、內(nèi)容豐富、貼近生活、有很強(qiáng)的時(shí)代氣息。閱讀理解文章具有英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言獨(dú)有的文化特征，試題信息量大，對(duì)考生閱讀速度和快速處理信息的能力要求更高。閱讀理解的體裁以說(shuō)明文、記敘文、應(yīng)用文為主，議論文偶有考查，題型設(shè)置以細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題為主，兼顧詞義猜測(cè)題和主旨大意題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單，而其他三種題型相對(duì)較難，且在題型設(shè)置上，推理判斷題的難度會(huì)適當(dāng)加大。題型一細(xì)節(jié)理解題[細(xì)節(jié)理解題的設(shè)問(wèn)方式]____________1．特殊疑問(wèn)句形式。以when，where，what，which，who，howmuch/many等疑問(wèn)詞引出的問(wèn)題。2．判斷是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE，NOTtrue或EXCEPT等的判斷是非的問(wèn)題。此時(shí)要注意題干中是否含有否定詞，如not，never等。3．以“Accordingto...”開(kāi)頭的提問(wèn)形式。4．填空形式。如Thebiggestchallengeformostmothersisfrom______．題型解讀[細(xì)節(jié)理解題的選項(xiàng)特征]____________正確選項(xiàng)特征干擾選項(xiàng)特征1.同義替換：對(duì)原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換。2.語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化：把原文中的復(fù)雜語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化。3.正話反說(shuō)：把原文中的意思反過(guò)來(lái)表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)。1.擴(kuò)縮范圍：與文章細(xì)節(jié)部分吻合，部分相悖。2.無(wú)中生有：明顯與文章內(nèi)容不符或沒(méi)有提及。3.偷梁換柱：符合常識(shí)，但不是文章內(nèi)容。4.張冠李戴：是文章細(xì)節(jié)，但不符合題干要求或不是要點(diǎn)。5.正誤參半：部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤。[細(xì)節(jié)理解題的解題技法]____________技法一定位比對(duì)判細(xì)節(jié)【典例示范】(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ·閱讀理解B)ForCanaanElementary’ssecondgradeinPatchogue,N．Y.,todayisspeechday,andrightnowit’sChrisPalaez’sturn.The8-year-oldisthejokeroftheclass.Withshiningdarkeyes,heseemslikethekindofkidwhowouldenjoypublicspeaking.Buthe’snervous.“I’mheretotellyoutodaywhyyoushould...should...”Christripsonthe“-ld，”

apronunciationdifficultyformanynon-nativeEnglishspeakers.Histeacher,ThomasWhaley,isnexttohim,whisperingsupport.“...Votefor...me...”Exceptforsomestumbles,_Chrisisdoingamazinglywell.Whenhebringshisspeechtoaniceconclusion,Whaleyinvitestherestoftheclasstopraisehim.24．WhatmadeChrisnervous?A．Tellingastory.

B．Makingaspeech.C．Takingatest. D．Answeringaquestion.【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干中的Chris可以回原文找到Chris都是在哪里出現(xiàn)的，然后根據(jù)題干中的nervous找到第二段的第一句。很明顯，“Buthe’snervous.”中的“he”就是指代的前文中的Chris。綜合理解“todayisspeechday,andrightnowit’sChrisPalaez’sturn”和“Buthe’snervous.”兩句可得出答案?！敬鸢浮?/p>

B?技法歸納廣告、演出信息、航班時(shí)間表等應(yīng)用文的閱讀，不必閱讀全文，宜采用“題干定位”法。先看題目，從題干中提取關(guān)鍵信息，采用速讀技巧快速定位，仔細(xì)比對(duì)選項(xiàng)與文中細(xì)節(jié)，確定答案。技法二同義互釋定選項(xiàng)【典例示范】(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ·閱讀理解A)Washington,D．C.BicycleToursCherryBlossomBikeTourinWashington,D．C.Duration:3hoursThissmallgroupbiketourisafantasticwaytoseetheworld-famouscherrytreeswithbeautifulflowersofWashington,D．C.Yourguidewillprovideahistorylessonaboutthetreesandthefamousmonumentswheretheyblossom.Reserveyourspotbeforeavailability—andthecherryblossoms—disappear!21．Whichtourdoyouneedtobookinadvance?A．CherryBlossomBikeTourinWashington,D．C.B．WashingtonCapitalMonumentsBicycleTour.C．CapitalCityBikeTourinWashington,D．C.D．WashingtonCapitalSitesatNightBicycleTour.【解析】由“Reserveyourspotbeforeavailability—andthecherryblossoms—disappear！”可知，選擇第一條旅行路線需要提前預(yù)訂，此題考查reserve與bookinadvance同義詞互釋。【答案】

A?技法歸納細(xì)節(jié)理解題答案選項(xiàng)的表述通常不是用文章的原話，而是使用與文中詞語(yǔ)同義或近義的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)。此類題目相對(duì)較難，是容易失分的題型。需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義上的轉(zhuǎn)換，將確定的文章信息進(jìn)行加工處理，然后進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的辨別。技法三整合推算得答案【典例示范】(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ·閱讀理解A)StewardshipYouthRangerProgramYoucouldapplytobeaStewardshipYouthRangerandworkonlocalnaturalresourcemanagementprojectsforeightweeksthissummer.Whoiseligible:Studentsaged16or17attimeofhire,butnotturning18beforeDecember31thisyear.22．WhatistheagerangerequiredbyStewardshipYouthRangerProgram?A．15～18.B．15～24.C．15～29.D．16～17.【解析】數(shù)字細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文中“Whoiseligible:Studentsaged16or17attimeofhire,butnotturning18beforeDecember31thisyear.”可知答案。此題計(jì)算不難，但考生忽略的是年齡的范圍，沒(méi)注意到“butnotturning18beforeDecember31thisyear”的范圍限定?！敬鸢浮?/p>

D?技法歸納從文章中找到包含所需信息的段落，迅速確定關(guān)鍵詞，然后重點(diǎn)理解。對(duì)于離散的細(xì)節(jié)理解或數(shù)字運(yùn)算題，需要先找到與之相關(guān)的事實(shí)或數(shù)據(jù)，然后進(jìn)行分析整合。技法四去偽存真辨是非【典例示范】(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ·閱讀理解C)Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch”fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped,withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.30．Whatdotheresearchersexpectofthesmartkeyboard?A．It’llbeenvironment-friendly.B．It’llreachconsumerssoon.C．It’llbemadeofplastics.D．It’llhelpspeeduptyping.【解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)最后一句“thekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.”可知，實(shí)現(xiàn)智能鍵盤商業(yè)化很容易，并且其造價(jià)并不昂貴，因此研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)希望在不久的將來(lái)能將其投放市場(chǎng)。【答案】

B?技法歸納解答此類細(xì)節(jié)理解題，首先根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵信息和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容速覽文章，查找與之相關(guān)的原文信息句，然后一一對(duì)比，找出完全與文章內(nèi)容相符的選項(xiàng)，并最終確定答案。FestivalofLight,LongleatSafariPark,WiltshireLongleatiscelebratingits50thanniversarythisyear.Giantlanternstaketheshapesofsomeofthepark’sanimals,andtherearealsolotsofcharactersinBeatrixPotter’sbooks,suchasPeterRabbit,JemimaPuddleDuck,SquirrelNutkin,tomarkthe150thanniversaryoftheauthor’sbirth.Thereisalsoa20-metre-highbirthdaycake.·￡27.85，adult/￡

20.65,child/under-threes,free.·15Dec.to2Jan.FestivalofLight,EnchantedPark,GatesheadEnchantedParkisaninteractivewalkthroughSaltwellPark,justsouthofthetowncentre,alongatrail(小徑)oflightwithperformancesandsculptures.ThestorybeingtoldisaMidwinterNight’sTale,inspiredbythe400thanniversaryofWilliamShakespeare’sdeath.VisitorscanjoinstoriesandsongswithSanta,andattenddecoratingworkshops.·￡8,adult/￡2,child/under-fours,free.·11－27Dec.ChristmasGlow,RHSGardenWisley,SurreyThegardenisglowingwithgiantlightedflowers.Someofthetreesarebrilliant,too.Theglasshouseisdecoratedlikeagingerbreadhouse,anddisplays(陳列)seasonalplants.Therearelanternsaroundthelake.Thecafeserveshotchocolateandapplejuice.·￡9.90,adult/￡

3.60,child.·20Dec.to2Jan.ChristmasatKewGardens,LondonKewisaspecialplacetovisitatanytimeofthedayoryear,butthefestivelightshowgivesitamagicaltwist,asthemile-longtrailthroughthegardenisdecoratedwith60,000lights.Someofthegarden’soldestandtallesttreesarealsobeautifullylitalongtheway.·￡16,adult/￡10,child/￡48,family/under-fours,free.·24Dec.to2Jan.[語(yǔ)篇解讀]本文介紹了英國(guó)四個(gè)公園各自的特色。1．WhatcanpeopledoinEnchantedPark?A．VisitShakespeare’shouse.B．Listentoawonderfultale.C．Enjoyhotchocolateandapplejuice.D．PlaythepartofSanta.解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“FestivalofLight,EnchantedPark,Gateshead”部分中的“ThestorybeingtoldisaMidwinterNight’sTale”可知，人們?cè)凇癊nchantedPark”可以聽(tīng)故事。故選B項(xiàng)。答案

B2．Whichplacewillattractchildrenwhoarefondoffictionalanimalcharacters?A．LongleatSafariPark.B．EnchantedPark.C．RHSGardenWisley.D．KewGardens.解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。

根據(jù)“FestivalofLight，LongleatSafariPark，Wiltshire”部分中的“Giantlanternstaketheshapesofsomeofthepark’sanimals，andtherearealsolotsofcharactersinBeatrixPotter’sbooks,suchasPeterRabbit”可知，在LongleatSafariPark中，巨型燈籠以一些動(dòng)物的形狀呈現(xiàn)，并且也有許多BeatrixPotter書中的動(dòng)物角色，這樣會(huì)吸引喜歡虛構(gòu)的動(dòng)物角色的孩子。故選A項(xiàng)。答案

A3．HowmuchistheadmissiontoKewGardensforMr.Greenandhis3-year-oldkid?A．￡10.B．￡16.C．￡26.D．￡48.解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“ChristmasatKewGardens，London”中的“￡16，adult/￡10,child/￡48，family/under-fours，free.”可知，成年人要16英鎊，4歲以下的孩子免費(fèi)，故選B項(xiàng)。答案

B(2019·南昌一模)Traditionally,robotshavebeenhard,madeofmetalandotherrigidmaterial:ButateamofscientistsatHarvardUniversityintheUShasmanagedtobuildanentirelysoftrobot－onethatdrawsinspirationfromanoctopus(章魚)．DescribedinsciencejournalNature,the“Octobot”couldpavethewayformoreeffectiveautonomousrobotsthatcouldbeusedinsearch,rescueandexploration.“TheOctobotisaminimalsystemwhichmayserveasafoundationforanewgenerationofcompletelysoft,autonomousrobots，”

thestudy’sauthorswrote.Robotsbuiltforprecise,repetitivemovementsinacontrolledenvironmentdon’tdosowellonroughterrain(地形)orinunpredictableconditions.Andtheyaren’tespeciallysafearoundhumans,becausethey’remadeoutofhardandheavypartsthatcouldbepotentiallydangeroustotheirusers.Soresearchershavebeenworkingonbuildingsoftrobotsfordecades.They’vetakeninspirationfromnature,lookingtoanimalsfromjellyfishtocockroaches,whichareoftenmadeupofmoreflexiblematter.Butcreatingacompletelysoftrobotremainsachallenge.Evenifengineersbuildasilicone(硅酮)body,it’sstillagrandchallengetoconstructflexibleversionsofessentialparts,suchasasourceofpower.“Althoughsoftroboticsisstillinitsearlystage,itholdsgreatpromiseforseveralapplications,suchassearchandrescueoperationsandexploration，”

BarbaraMazzolaiandVirgilioMattolioftheItalianInstituteofTechnology’sCenterforMicroBioRobotics,wroteinacomment.“Softrobotsmightalsoopenupnewapproachestoimprovingwellnessandthequalityoflife.”[語(yǔ)篇解讀]本文是一篇科普說(shuō)明文。美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)的科學(xué)家受到章魚的啟發(fā)，制造了軟體機(jī)器人；這種機(jī)器人可以用于搜救、探險(xiǎn)等行業(yè)，比常規(guī)機(jī)器人更安全；雖然對(duì)軟體機(jī)器人的開(kāi)發(fā)和研究尚處在早期階段，但是未來(lái)這種機(jī)器人將更有助于改善人體的健康狀況、提高生活水平。4．What’sthespecialfeatureof“Octobot”？A．It’ssoft.

B．It’smadeofmetal.C．It’sverysmall. D．Itlookslikeanoctopus.解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句中的“TheOctobotisaminimalsystemwhichmayserveasafoundationforanewgenerationofcompletelysoft,autonomousrobots”

可知，“Octobot”是一種可以用作軟體機(jī)器人基礎(chǔ)部件的微型系統(tǒng)。據(jù)此可知，“Octobot”的特點(diǎn)是柔軟，故A項(xiàng)正確。答案

A5．What’sthedisadvantageoftraditionalrobots?A．They’rehardtocontrol.B．They’retooheavytomove.C．Theycan’tpredictconditions.D．Theycan’tbehavewellallthetime.解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，傳統(tǒng)機(jī)器人無(wú)法在崎嶇的地形上很好地運(yùn)行，此外，由于沉重的金屬部件，傳統(tǒng)機(jī)器人可能會(huì)對(duì)人體產(chǎn)生傷害。據(jù)此可知，傳統(tǒng)機(jī)器人并非總能很好地運(yùn)行，故D項(xiàng)正確。答案

D6．OneofthebiggestchallengesistobuildOctobot’s______.A．siliconebody

B．complexcomponentsC．precisemovements D．flexiblepowersource解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中的第二句“Evenifengineersbuildasilicone(硅酮)body,it’sstillagrandchallengetoconstructflexibleversionsofessentialparts,suchasasourceofpower.”可知，即使工程師利用硅酮制造出了軟體機(jī)器人的身體，但是制作柔韌性強(qiáng)的關(guān)鍵部件仍然面臨巨大的挑戰(zhàn)，比如動(dòng)力來(lái)源。據(jù)此可知，制造軟體機(jī)器人最大的挑戰(zhàn)之一是柔韌性強(qiáng)的動(dòng)力來(lái)源，故D項(xiàng)正確。答案

D7．What’sthepossibleapplicationof“Octobot”？A．Medicalresearch. B．Liferescue.C．Machineoperation.D．Housecleaning.解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句中的“Althoughsoftroboticsisstillinitsearlystage,itholdsgreatpromiseforseveralapplications,suchassearchandrescueoperationsandexploration”可知，盡管對(duì)軟體機(jī)器人的開(kāi)發(fā)和研究還處于早期階段，但它適用于諸如搜索救援和探索等任務(wù)，

故B項(xiàng)正確。答案

B題型二推理判斷題[推理判斷題的設(shè)問(wèn)方式]____________1．細(xì)節(jié)推理判斷題細(xì)節(jié)推理判斷題要求考生根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容，推斷具體細(xì)節(jié)，如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根據(jù)短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷。該類型的命題方式常常以下列形式呈現(xiàn)：·Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat______．·Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat______．·Thewriter/authorindicates/suggests/impliesthat______.2．觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度推理判斷題該類型的命題方式常常以下列形式呈現(xiàn)：·Theattitudeoftheauthortowardssomebody/somethingis______．·Theauthor’sattitudetowards...canbebestdescribedas______．·Thetoneofthispassageisbestdescribedas______．3．寫作意圖推理判斷題該類型的命題方式常常以下列形式呈現(xiàn)：·Themainpurposeofthistextis______．·What’stheauthor’spurposeinwritingthisarticle?·Itcanbeconcludedthatthepassageismainlywrittenfor______．·Theauthorwritesthispassageto______．·Theauthorinthispassageintendsto______．4．文章出處推理判斷題該類型的命題方式常常以下列形式呈現(xiàn)：·Thispassagemostlikelycomesfrom______．·Inwhichpartofanewspapercanyoumostprobablyreadthetext?·Wheredoesthetextmostprobablycomefrom?·Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?

[推理判斷題的選項(xiàng)特征]____________正確選項(xiàng)特征干擾選項(xiàng)特征1.不是文中直接或明確說(shuō)明的內(nèi)容，是間接表達(dá)出來(lái)的，除符合文章主旨外，還符合邏輯，讓考生有推敲的余地。2.正確選項(xiàng)大多含義深刻，不是常識(shí)選項(xiàng)。1.夸大事實(shí)：對(duì)于原文中的細(xì)節(jié)或診斷的某方面進(jìn)行了夸大處理。2.無(wú)中生有：捏造原文并不存在的信息，并以此作為依據(jù)進(jìn)行推理。3.摻入常識(shí)：考生已有的常識(shí)是正確的，但不是基于文章。4.推理過(guò)度：引申過(guò)度，使結(jié)論過(guò)于絕對(duì)化。5.以細(xì)節(jié)代替推斷：只是原文簡(jiǎn)單的復(fù)述，而非推斷出來(lái)的結(jié)論。[推理判斷題的解題技法]____________技法一邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)得結(jié)論【典例示范】(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ·閱讀理解B)

“Youcanusemeasalastresort(選擇),andifnobodyelsevolunteers,thenIwilldoit.”ThiswasanactualreplyfromaparentafterIputoutarequestforvolunteersformykids’lacrosse(長(zhǎng)曲棍球)club.24．Whatcanweinferabouttheparentfromherreplyinparagraph1?A．Sheknowslittleabouttheclub.B．Sheisn’tgoodatsports.C．Shejustdoesn’twanttovolunteer.D．She’sunabletomeetherschedule.【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文中的“Youcanusemeasalastresort(選擇),andifnobodyelsevolunteers,thenIwilldoit.”可知，這位家長(zhǎng)說(shuō)如果其他人都不愿意做志愿者的工作，她會(huì)做這份工作，作者可以把她當(dāng)作最后的備選。合理把握其內(nèi)在關(guān)系，理解其真正的含義，我們可以知道其言外之意就是“她不愿意做志愿者的工作”?！敬鸢浮?/p>

C?技法歸納1．抓住特定信息進(jìn)行逆向或正向推理：要善于抓住某一段話中的關(guān)鍵信息，即某些關(guān)鍵詞或短語(yǔ)去分析、推理、判斷，利用逆向思維或正面推理。2．整合全文(段)信息進(jìn)行推斷：有時(shí)需要在弄懂全文(段)意思的基礎(chǔ)上，整合與題目相關(guān)的有用信息，綜合起來(lái)去推理判斷，確定最佳結(jié)論。3．以事實(shí)為依據(jù)：推斷一定要以文章所提供的事實(shí)為依據(jù)，不能憑空想象，這樣才能做出合理的推斷。技法二忠于措辭定態(tài)度【典例示范】(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ·閱讀理解B)ForCanaanElementary’ssecondgradeinPatchogue,N．Y.,todayisspeechday,andrightnowit’sChrisPalaez’sturn.The8-year-oldisthejokeroftheclass.Withshiningdarkeyes,heseemslikethekindofkidwhowouldenjoypublicspeaking.Buthe’snervous.“I’mheretotellyoutodaywhyyoushould...should...”Christripsonthe“-ld，”

apronunciationdifficultyformanynon-nativeEnglishspeakers.Histeacher,ThomasWhaley,isnexttohim,whisperingsupport.“...Votefor...me...”Exceptforsomestumbles,Chrisisdoingamazinglywell.Whenhebringshisspeechtoaniceconclusion,Whaleyinvitestherestoftheclasstopraisehim.Asonofimmigrants,ChrisstartedlearningEnglishalittleoverthreeyearsago.Whaleyrecalls(回想起)howatthebeginningoftheyear,whencalledupontoread,Chriswouldexcusehimselftogotothebathroom.LearningEnglishasasecondlanguagecanbeapainfulexperience.Whatyouneedisagreatteacherwholetsyoumakemistakes.“Ittakesalotforanystudent，”

Whaleyexplains,“especiallyforastudentwhoislearningEnglishastheirnewlanguage,tofeelconfidentenoughtosay,‘Idon’tknow,butIwanttoknow.’”Whaleygottheideaofthissecond-gradepresidentialcampaignprojectwhenheaskedthechildrenonedaytoraisetheirhandsiftheythoughttheycouldneverbeapresident.Theanswerbrokehisheart.Whaleysaystheprojectisaboutmorethanjustlearningtoreadandspeakinpublic.Hewantsthesekidstolearntoboast(夸耀)aboutthemselves.“Boastingaboutyourself,andyourbestqualities，”

Whaleysays,“isverydifficultforachildwhocameintotheclassroomnotfeelingconfident.”27．WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesWhaleyasateacher?A．Humorous.

B．Ambitious.C．Caring. D．Demanding.【解析】推理判斷題。本文主要介紹了CanaanElementary二年級(jí)老師ThomasWhaley發(fā)起一項(xiàng)總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選演講活動(dòng)，幫助孩子們建立自信，看到自己的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，由此可推知Whaley老師是一個(gè)很有愛(ài)心、關(guān)心學(xué)生的老師?！敬鸢浮?/p>

C?技法歸納1．注意作者或文中人物的措辭：文章作者或文中人物對(duì)某事物所持的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度往往隱含在文章的字里行間或流露于修飾詞之中。(1)正確掌握字里行間所隱含或流露的意思，切不可用自己的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)代替作者或文中人物的觀點(diǎn)。(2)留意那些描寫所處氛圍的語(yǔ)言及表達(dá)情感、態(tài)度或觀點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ)或句子。(3)結(jié)合平時(shí)所積累的有關(guān)英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的文化傳統(tǒng)、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等的背景知識(shí)來(lái)進(jìn)行合理的推斷。2．牢記常見(jiàn)有關(guān)作者情感態(tài)度的詞語(yǔ)：(1)表示支持或肯定：positive積極樂(lè)觀的；supportive支持的；optimistic樂(lè)觀的；humorous幽默的；enthusiastic熱情的；pleasant愉快的。(2)表示中立：indifferent不感興趣的，漠不關(guān)心的；uninterested不感興趣的；objective客觀的；neutral中立的；notmentioned未提及的。(3)表示反對(duì)或否定：disgusted憎惡的，厭惡的；critical批評(píng)的；negative否定的，消極的；suspicious/skeptical懷疑的；disappointed失望的；disapproving不贊成的。技法三文體特點(diǎn)看意圖【典例示范】(2018·浙江卷6月·A片段)HowdidDickensgettothetop?Forallthefeelingsreadersattachtostories,literatureisanumbersgame,andthetestoftimeisextremelydifficulttopass.Some60，000novelswerepublishedduringtheVictorianage,from1837to1901;todayacasualreadermightbeabletonameahalf-dozenofthem.It’spartlytruethatDickens’styleofwritingattractedaudiencesfromallwalksoflife.It’spartlythathiswritingsrodeawaveofsocial,politicalandscientificprogress.Butit’salsothatherewrotethecultureofliteratureandputhimselfatthecenter.Noonewilleverknowwhatmixoftalent,ambition,energyandluckmadeDickenssuchadistinguishedwriter.Butasthe200thanniversaryofhisbirthapproaches,itispossible－andimportantforourownculture－tounderstandhowhemadehimselfalastingone.23．Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthetext?A．Torememberagreatwriter.B．TointroduceanEnglishnovel.C．Toencouragestudiesonculture.D．TopromotevaluesoftheVictorianage.【解析】由題干中的關(guān)鍵信息“theauthor’spurposeinwritingthetext”定位到原文信息句，并標(biāo)出關(guān)鍵句。從句子“Noonewilleverknowwhatmixoftalent,ambition,energyandluckmadeDickenssuchadistinguishedwriter.Butasthe200thanniversaryofhisbirthapproaches,itispossible－andimportantforourownculture－tounderstandhowhemadehimselfalastingone.”可推知，作者寫作本文主要是為了紀(jì)念狄更斯200周年誕辰?！敬鸢浮?/p>

A?技法歸納常見(jiàn)文體的寫作特點(diǎn)1．記敘文：一般會(huì)在首段或尾段出現(xiàn)高度概括的總結(jié)性的語(yǔ)言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有的敘述都是圍繞該哲理展開(kāi)。2．廣告類應(yīng)用文：文章中有對(duì)某種物品或服務(wù)的詳盡介紹，使用具有明顯支持傾向的語(yǔ)言。3．說(shuō)明文：寫作目的有賴于對(duì)文章主旨的把握，閱讀時(shí)需要找準(zhǔn)主題句。4．議論文：提出論點(diǎn)——進(jìn)行論證——得出結(jié)論，作者的意圖往往隱含于最后一部分中。技法四寫作思路辨結(jié)構(gòu)【典例示范】(2016·四川卷·D片段)Awarmdrinkofmilkbeforebedhaslongbeenthebestchoiceforthosewantingagoodnight’ssleep.Butnowastudyhasfounditreallydoeshelppeoplenodoff－ifitismilkedfromacowatnight.Researchershavediscoveredthat“nightmilk”containsmoremelatonin(褪黑激素),whichhasbeenproventohelppeoplefeelsleepyandreduceanxiety.Thestudy,byresearchersfromSeoul,SouthKorea,involvedmicebeingfedwithdriedmilkpowdermadefromcowsmilkedbothduringthedayandatnight....Previousstudieshavealsoindicatedthatmilkcanbeexcellentforhelpingsleepbecauseofthecalciumcontent,whichhelpspeopletorelax.35．Howdoestheauthorsupportthethemeofthetext?A．Bygivingexamples.B．Bystatingarguments.C．Byexplainingstatisticaldata.D．Byprovidingresearchresults.【解析】

“supportthethemeofthetext”是題干中的關(guān)鍵信息，由文中的關(guān)鍵句“Butnowastudyhasfounditreallydoeshelppeoplenodoff...Researchershavediscoveredthat‘nightmilk’containsmoremelatonin...Thestudy...involvedmicebeingfedwithdriedmilkpowdermadefromcowsmilkedbothduringthedayandatnight.”和“Previousstudieshavealsoindicatedthatmilkcanbeexcellentforhelpingsleepbecauseofthecalciumcontent...”歸納概括得出答案。【答案】

D?技法歸納1．了解文章通常的寫作方法：按事件發(fā)展的順序；按時(shí)間的先后順序；按地點(diǎn)或空間的變換；按內(nèi)容的總分關(guān)系；按人物的活動(dòng)內(nèi)容。2．準(zhǔn)確