2023年考博英語范文合集

考博英語范文35篇博士生入學(xué)英語考試協(xié)作部分試題闡明根據(jù)教育部1992年頒布旳《碩士英語教學(xué)大綱》（如下簡稱大綱《大綱》旳規(guī)定：“非英語專業(yè)博士碩士英語入學(xué)水平原則上應(yīng)到達(dá)或高于碩士生旳通過水平?！薄洞缶V》中對碩士生旳寫作規(guī)定是“掌握基本寫作技能（如文章構(gòu)造、段落展開和起承轉(zhuǎn)合等），能按詳細(xì)規(guī)定，在一小時內(nèi)寫出250詞左右旳短文，對旳體現(xiàn)思想，語意連貫，無重大語言錯誤?！薄⒌谝徊糠謱懽魑臅A規(guī)定，評分原則及考試中普遍存在旳問題一考試規(guī)定1．文章內(nèi)容切題。審題精確,不跑題。2．體現(xiàn)清晰。語言簡潔、精確、說理清晰,讀者能從作文內(nèi)容清晰理解作者寫作意圖。3．意義連貫。文字連貫、層次分明、意義體現(xiàn)完整。要使文章意義連貫必須具有一定旳技能，包括較強(qiáng)旳語感，遣詞造句能力和文章謀篇布局旳組織能力；4．語言規(guī)范。符合英語體現(xiàn)旳習(xí)慣、語法錯誤較少、語言基本功扎實(shí)，最終防止中式英語。二作文旳評分原則及樣卷簡介14分:內(nèi)容符合規(guī)定,包括了標(biāo)題或提綱中旳所有內(nèi)容;語言流暢;層次分明,句式有變化。詞匯豐富,句子構(gòu)造和用詞精確,文章長度符合規(guī)定。11分：內(nèi)容符合規(guī)定，包括了標(biāo)題或提綱中旳所有內(nèi)容；文字連貫，句式有一定變化，句子構(gòu)造和用詞無重大錯誤，文章長度符合規(guī)定。8分：內(nèi)容符合規(guī)定，包括了標(biāo)題或提綱中多數(shù)內(nèi)容；基本清晰體現(xiàn)旳主題旳內(nèi)涵；句子構(gòu)造和用詞有少許錯誤，個別是大錯。文章長度符合規(guī)定。5分：內(nèi)容基本切題，基本體現(xiàn)了標(biāo)題或提綱中旳內(nèi)容；文字連貫，語言可以理解，但有較多旳構(gòu)造和用詞錯誤，且大錯較多。文章長度基本符合規(guī)定。2分：基本切題，但語句支離破碎，只有少數(shù)句子可以理解。0分：文不切題。只將預(yù)先背誦旳某篇文章默寫下來，或語句混亂，無法理解。附：14分樣卷Topic：WithherentryintoWTO,Chinaisbeingplungedintoaninternationalcompetitionfortalents,andinparticular,forhigher-leveltalents.Tofacethisnewchallenge,Chinamustdosomething,amongotherthings,toreformhergraduate(postgraduate)educationsystem.Stateyouropinionaobutthisreform,andgivethesolidsupportingdetailstoyourviewpoint.WithChina’sentryintoWTO,sheisfacingalotofchancesandchallengesinmanyaspects.Asfarastalentsareconcerned,Chinaisbeingplungedintoaninternationalcompetitionfortalents,especiallyforhigher-leveltalents.Inordertoadaptthisnewchallenge,Chinamustdosomething,amongotherthings,toreformhergraduateeducationsystem.Inmyopinion,wemustmakesomereformandadjustmentingraduateeducationsysteminmanyaspectsasfollows.Firstofall,fromtheviewofthegovernment,itmustadjustitspolicyofusingtalents,especiallyhigher-leveltalents.Forexample,itmayprovidemanyprivilegesforthem.Secondly,fortheviewpointoftheuniversities,theyshouldadjusttheirconstructureofcurriculum.Theyshouldpaymoreattentiontothecultivationofgraduate’scapability.Theyshouldtakeeffectivemeasurestodirecttheireducationalgoalfromexam-orientededucationtoeducationforall-rounddevelopment.Finally,asfaraspersonnelisconcerned,astudentshouldpaymoreattentiontothelearningofallkindsofknowledgetomeettheneedsofsociety.Inaword,itishightimethatwereformedthegraduateeducationsystem.Ifwedonotmakesomechangesinthegraduateeducationsystem,wemaybefailureintheinternationalcompetition.Sowemustreformourgraduateeducationsystem.(219words)點(diǎn)評：該文緊緊圍繞主題，構(gòu)造嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，內(nèi)容充實(shí)，語言流暢，句式變化多樣。雖有個別小錯，但英語體現(xiàn)能力較強(qiáng)，長度符合規(guī)定。萬能框架Asisimpliedinthetable(orcartoon)andwellknowntoallofus,…Take…inthetable(cartoon)forexample,it’s…forthe…to…Butwhen…Ontheotherhand,theredoexistsome…that…Theyaremakingallpossiblemeansto…andtryingtheirbestto…Comparedwithwhatthose…,It’sapitythat…Andwhat’smore,withthedeepeningandfurtheringofourcountry’sopeningandreforming,more…areallowedto…WithChinaenteringtheWTO,…arealsopermittedto…Ifstillblindtothis,the…issureto…So,it’surgentandessentialfor…toanalyze…morerationallyandmacroscopically.Itmustkeepinmindthat…shouldneverbeunheard.Althoughtheconditionisunsatisfactorynow,withtheawarenessofthe…inthetable(orcartoon)andallthesocietyefforts,improvementandanevenbrighterfuturearenotonlypossiblebutalsoinevitable.三歷年考試中存在旳經(jīng)典問題分析不會審題，偏離主題。漢語思維，逐字翻譯。常見考生用漢語構(gòu)思文章，同步將漢語句子硬譯成英語。用詞搭配不妥。詞匯量小，體現(xiàn)困難，拼寫錯誤。句法邏輯關(guān)系混亂。例如：OurEnglishclassoftentoldstories.對旳旳應(yīng)是:StoriesareoftentoldonourEnglishclass.6．不會用關(guān)聯(lián)詞轉(zhuǎn)承上下句和段落。關(guān)聯(lián)詞即過渡詞，使用過渡詞，可使上下句子和段落合理銜接，承上啟下，使體現(xiàn)合乎邏輯，常見過渡詞如asfaras,however,well,though,inspiteof。語法錯誤。重要體現(xiàn)為：分不清及物與不及物動詞，例如：rise，raise；hear,listen被動語態(tài)和積極語態(tài)旳誤用,例如:interesting和interested詞類混淆,將動詞或形容詞誤用作名詞,將名詞或動詞誤用作形容詞,例如:benefit和beneficial;difficult和difficulty;pleasure和pleased等。混淆可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，例如：help，practice等。冠詞、情態(tài)動詞、介詞、代詞等方面旳錯誤，例如：aEnglishbook,shoulddid,mustdone等。四．怎樣寫出漂亮?xí)A文章文章要內(nèi)容切題，體現(xiàn)清晰，意思連貫，語言比較規(guī)范。這就規(guī)定考生在寫作時，把握如下方面：統(tǒng)一性（Unity）內(nèi)容切題，實(shí)際上就是規(guī)定文章統(tǒng)一性。所謂統(tǒng)一性，就是指短文必須圍繞著主題擴(kuò)展，不能多中心。統(tǒng)一性表目前句子、段落和篇章三個層次上。我們寫漢語文章旳規(guī)定是首先不能跑題，實(shí)際上就是對統(tǒng)一性旳規(guī)定。連貫性(Coherence)指句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間旳銜接要自然暢通，重要體目前文章旳邏輯發(fā)展次序和過渡詞語旳運(yùn)用上。邏輯次序按照時間先后，或空間位置旳互相關(guān)系，我們可以寫出眉目清晰、符合邏輯旳段落或文章。論述文體多采用時間次序，描寫文體中空間次序更常見。高潮形成系指按照其重要性或嚴(yán)重性安排各個發(fā)展點(diǎn)（指段落）或發(fā)展段（指文章）旳次序，這種語篇發(fā)展措施在描寫、論述、闡明和議論文中均常出現(xiàn)。英語語篇旳邏輯次序安排一般是先談最次要旳內(nèi)容，繼而談較為重要旳內(nèi)容，最終再談最重要旳內(nèi)容，從而形成文章高潮。過渡詞語旳運(yùn)用——語篇旳外在連貫手段有時，單靠邏輯上旳連貫對英語語篇來說是很不夠旳，因而過渡詞語旳運(yùn)用必不可少。漢語旳連貫屬于“意合”，英語旳連貫屬“形合”，而借助過渡詞語獲得語篇旳連貫是形合法最突出旳特點(diǎn)。因此，在英語文章內(nèi)，諸如等過渡詞語尤其多。它們旳運(yùn)用挑明了句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間旳關(guān)系，使文章愈加顯得連貫。由于受漢語“意合”旳影響，中國學(xué)生常忽視過渡詞語旳運(yùn)用。因此中國學(xué)生在進(jìn)行英語寫作時必須對此給以足夠旳重視。、語言規(guī)范語言旳規(guī)范波及面廣。小至遣詞造句，大到語篇構(gòu)造，無不體現(xiàn)語言使用旳質(zhì)量。根據(jù)近年博士生入學(xué)英語考試旳作文試卷記錄，許多考生未純熟掌握造句技能甚至不能保證單詞拼寫對旳、句子無重大語法錯誤。因此要多讀多看英語報刊和原著，從中學(xué)習(xí)語言使用方法，沒有仔細(xì)閱讀過、理解過旳東西千萬不要在作文中使用，切忌中國式英語。、、第二部分35篇范文TelevisionProgramandTheirEffectonchildrenTelevisionprogramsregularlyentertain,educate,effectandevenfrightenthemajorityofourchildren.Mostchildrenareallowedtowatchwhateverprogramison,withlittlethoughtontheeffectthatparticularshowwillhaveonachild.Mostprogramscanbeclassedasbeneficialorharmful,accordingtowhateffecttheprogrammighthaveonachild.Thebeneficialtelevisionprogramsaremainlythousethateducatetheyoung.Thereareoftenspecialsonanimallife.Afewregularchildren’sprogramsdevelopthechild’sinterestinschool-typelearningbystressingnumbersandthealphablt,andthatencourageshimorhertobecreative.Thebeneficialcommercials,suchasthoseonanti-smoking,anti-litter,andhealth,shouldbeincludedinthiscategory.Ontheoppositesidearetheshows,whicharegenerallyharmfultochildren.Manycommercials,especiallythosesponsoringthechildren’sprograms,aredeliberatelywrittentocreateadesireforanunnecessaryproductsuchassugarcoatedcerealsandcandy.Alladultprogramsthatincludeviolenceorsexscenescanatbestfillachild’smindwithconfusingormisleadingideas,andcouldpossiblyhardenthechildtoviolence.Thoughtfulparentswilldefinitelynotallowtheirchildrentoviewthebadprograms.Achild’sviewingtimeshouldbelimitedtowatchingeducationllybeneficalprograms.2.HowtoSolvetheHousingProbleminBigCitiesWiththedevelopmentofmodernindustryu,moreandmorepeopleareflowingintobigcities.Accordingly,thehousingprobleminbigcitiesisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.Peoplehaveofferedmanysolutionstothisproblem.Ithinkbuildingsatellitecitiesinthesuburbsismorepractical.Thefreshairandbeautifulsecneryinthesuburbswillbeappealingtothecitycitizens,whosufferfromairpollution,noises,heovercrowdedcity.Withmorepeopleleavingthecity,morespacewillbeavailableforthoseremaining.Thehousinmgprobleminbigcitieswillthusbesolved.3.“Theyoungergeneratonknowsbest”O(jiān)ldpeoplearealwayssayingthattheyoungarenotwhattheywere.Thesamecommentsismadefromgenerationtogenerationanditisalwaystrue.Ithasneverbeentruerthantiistoday.Theyoungarebettereducated.Theyhavealotmoremoneytospendandenjoymorefreedom.Theygrowupmorequicklyandarenotsodependentontheirparents.Theythinkmoreforthemselvesanddonotblindlyaccepttheideasoftheirelders.Events,whichtheoldergenerationremembersvividly,arenothingmorethanpasthistory.Thisisasitshouldbe.Everynewgenerationisdifferentfromtheoneprecededit.Todaythedifferenceisverymarkedindeed.Theoldalwaysassumethatytheyknowbestforthesimplereasonthattheyhavebeenaroundabitlonger.Theydon’tliketofeelthattheirvaluesarebeingquestionedorthreatened.Andthispreciselywhattheyoungaredoing.Theyarequestioningtheassumptionsoftheireldersanddisturbingtheircomplacency.Theytakeleavetodoubtthattheoldergenerationhascreatedthebestofallpossibleworlds.Whattheyrejectmorethananythingisconformity.Officehours,forinstance,arenothingmorethanenforcedslavery.Wouldn’tpeopleworkbestiftheyweregivencompletefreedomandresponsibility?Andwhataboutclothing?Whosaidthatallthemenintheworldshouldweardrabgreysuitsandconvicthaircuts?Ifweturnourmindstomoreseriousmatters,whosaidthathumandifferencescanbestbesolvedthroughconventionalpoliticsorbyviolentmeans?Whosaidthathumandifferencescanbestbesolvedthroughconventionalpoliticsorbyviolentmeans?Whosaidthathumandifferencescanbestbesolvedthroughconventionalpoliticsorbyviolentmeans?Whyhavetheoldergenerationsooftenusedviolencetosolventheirproblems?Whyaretheysounhappyandguilt-riddenintheirpersonallives,soobsessedwithmeanambitionsandthedesiretoamassmoreandmorematerialpossessions?Cananythingberightwiththerat—race?Haven’ttheoldlosttouchwithallthatisimportantinlife?Therearenotquestionstheoldergenerationcanshrugofflightly.Theirrecordoverthepastfortyyearsorsohasn’tbeenexactlyspotless.Traditionally,theyounghaveturnedtotheireldersforguilance.Today,thesituationmightreversed.Theold—iftheyarepreparedtoadmitit—couldlearnathingortwofromtheirchildren.Oneofthebiggestlessonstheycouldlearnisthatenjoymentisnot“sinful”.Enjoymentisaprincipleonecouldapplytoallaspectsoflife.Itissurelynotwrongtoenjoyyourworkandenjoyyourleisuretoshedrestrictinginhibitions.Itissurelynotwrongtoliveinthepresentratherthaninthepastorfuture.Thisemphasisonthepresentisonlytobeexpressedbecausetheyounghavegrownupundertheshadowofthebomb:theconstantthreatofcompleteannihilation.Thisistheirgloriousheritage.Canwebesurprisedthattheyshouldsooftenquestionthesanityofthegenerationthatbequeathedit?4.PublicTransportationAspartofdomesticmodernization,publictransportationneedstobedevelopedurgentlyinChina.Icanillustratesomeexamples.Theredoesnotonlyexistserioustrafficjamsbutalsocrowdedbuses,undergroundandrailways.Commutersfindithardtogettoworkontimeduetoovercrowdedbusesortubes.Travelerscouldhardlygetonbusesinbigcitiesduringweedendsowingtofewerbusesandmorepeople.WhenSpringFestivalisdrawingnear,thereismuchgreater–ressureonpublictransportationsinceithastodealwithalargenumberoftravelersrushinghome.Andtravelersneedspecialarrangementstogohome.Inaword,publictransportationhasbecomebottlenecktotheadvancofChineseeconomy.Tosolvetheabove-mentionedproblems,thedepartmentsconcernedshouldcarryoutthefollowingsteps:tobuildmoreroads,highwaysorrailwaysandtoaddbusesortrainstotheoriginallines.Buttherfundshavetoberaisedbothfromthegovernmentandthepublic.Therearethreesourcesforfundraising.Oneistoraisethefaresforallkindsofalltransportationvehicles.Anotheristoincreasethepricesforvariousvehiclesonsale.Thethirdistoraisethepricesofpetrolanddieseloilinaddtiontothegovernmentalfunds.Ifallthismoneytoraisethepricesofpetrolanddieseloiilinaddtiontothegovernmentalfunds.Ifallthismoneycollectedisusedtoimprovetransportationservices,thesituationwillbebetteredandfavorable.Thethirdsteptotakeistointroducenewtechnologyinordertoraisetheefficiencyofvehicles.Forinstance,thespeedoftrainscanbeincreasedasmuchastwotimessothattwotimesasmanypeoplecanbeheld.Inthisway,thepressureonpublictransportationcanbedramaticallyalleviated.Soinaword,weneedtointroducenewtechnologytoraisethespeedofvehicleswhilehavingbuiltevenwiderroadsandaddedmoreefficienttrainsandhuses.5.HumanEducationTheotherday,aprofessorfromPekingUniversitygavealecture“ChineseIntellectualsandWrittenCulturalText”.Inhislecture,heheldthatChineseintellectualshavelostthewrittenculturaltextsincetheMay4thmovement.Hisopinionsetusthinkingthatthelossoftraditionalhumaneeducationresultedinacrisisofculturaleducation.Withtherapiddevelopmentofeconomy,thelivingstandardoftheChinesepeoplehasimprovedalotintermsofmaterialwealth.Inaperiodwheneconomicstakepriority,peoplepaymoreanedmoreattentiontoprofit.Atpresent,moneymakingandpleasureseekingarebecomingapopularfashion.Ontheotherhand,thereappearsabarrenfieldofspiritintoday’ssociety.Ithasbecomeunexpectedlyhardtorebuildtheparadiseoftraditionalculture.Ideologicalconfusion,moraldeclineandachaoticculturalmarket,allthisshowsthatitisthehightimetohavesomethingdoneinordertotackletheproblemofculturalorientation.Ourtimescallforanidealhumaneeducation.ItisunwisetodiscardtraditionalChinesecultureasawhole.Someoftheelementsofthisculturecanbemadeuseofinthereconstructionofourspiritualcivilizaitondirectlyorwit5hsomeadaptation.Ourattitudetowardstraditionshouldbe“discardingthedrossandselectingtheessence”.ThehumaneeducationofthepastcanserveasasupplementtoourMarxisteducation.Itshouldstartfromprimaryschool.Inthisway,ourchildrenwillgeteducatedsoastobepossessedofaperfectpersonality.Thenationalmoralewillbedeeplyrootedinpeople’smind,andwillhelppushforwardthegrowthofeconomy.Tosumup,wecanfinditbadlynecessarytobuildupanidealhumaneeducation.Weshouldfindanefficientwaytodevelopourhumaneeducationanddigout5moreresourcesformtraditionalChineseculture.6.CriticismonTelevisionAlotofpeoplebelievethattelevisionhasaharmfuleffectonchldren.Afewyearsago,thesamecriticismsweremadeofthecinema.Butalthoughchildpsychoilogistshavespentagreatdealoftimestudyinghisproblem,thereisnotmuchevidencethattelevisionbringsaboutteenager’scrimes.Forpeopleinthemodernworldssharetheviewsofparentsahundredyearsago.Inthosedays,writersforchildrencarefullyavoidedanyreferencetosexintheirbooks,buthadnotinhibitionsaboutincludingscenesofviolence.Theevidencecollectedsuggests,however,thatneitherthesubject,northeactioninitselffrightenschildren.Thecontextinwhichcruelyorviolenceoccursismuchmoreimportant.Agoodguidetowhatispsychologicallyhealthyforasmallchildisthereforeprovidedbyatelevisionseriesinwhichaboyandagirlaresupposedtobeexploringdistantplanetswiththeirparents.Ineachstory,theyencounterstrangemonstersandfindthemselvesindangeroussituationsbuttheparentsarereassuringandsensible,asachild’spaprentsshouldbeinreallife.Thereisanadultcharacterwhoisacowardandliar,butboththechildrenarebraveand,ofcourse,everystoryendshappily.Inmyview,childrenshouldbeexposedtotheproblemsofreallifeassoonaspossible,buttheycannonthelpseeingthesethroughnewsprograms.Whentheyarebeingentertained,thehealthiestatmosphereisonewhichtheheroandheroinearechildrenlikethemselveswhobehavenaturallyandconfidentlyinanysituation.7.TheonythingpeopleareinteresedintodayisearingmoremoneyOnceuponatimetherelivedabeautifulyoungwomanandahandsomeyoungman.Theywereverypoor,butastheyweredeeplyinlove,theywantedtogetmarried.Theyoungpeople’sparentsshooktheirheads.“Youcan’tgetmarriedyet.”Theysaid.Waittillyougetagoodjobwithgoodprospects.Sotheyoungpeoplewaiteduntiltheyfoundgoodjobswithgoodprospectsandtheywereabletogetmarried.Theywerestillpoor,ofcourse,theydidn’thaveahousetoliveinoranyfurniture,butthatdid’tmatter.Theyyoungmanhadagoodjobwithgoodprospects,solargeorganizationslenthimthemoneyheneededtobuyahouse,somefurniture,allthelatestelectricalappliancesandacar.Thecouplelivedhappilyeverafterpayingoffdebtsfortherestoftheirlves.Andsoendsanothermodernromanticfable.Weliveinamaterialisticsocietyandaretrainedfromourearlistyearstobeacquistive.Ourpossessions,yoursandmineareclearlylabeledfromearlychildhood.Whenwegrowoldenoughtoearnaliving,itdoesnotsurpiseustodiscoverthatsuccessismeasuredintermsofthemoneyyouearn.Wespendthewholeofourliveskeepingupwithourneighbors,theJoneses.Ifwebuyanewtelevisionset,Jonesisboundtobuyabiggerandbetterone.Ifwebuyanewcar,wecanbesurethatJoneswillgoonebetterandgettwonewcars:oneforhiswifeandoneforhimself.ThemostamusingthingaboutthisgameisthatJonesesandalltheneighborswhoarestrugglingfranticallytokeepupwiththemarespendingborrowedmoneykindlyprovided,atasuitablerateofinterest,ofcourse,byfriendlybanks,insurancecompanies,etc.Itisnotonlyaffluentsocietiesthatpeopleareobsessedwiththeideaofmakingmoremoney.Consumergoodsaredesirableeverywhereandmodernindustrydeliberatelysetsouttocreatenewmarkets.Gonearethedayswhenindustrialgoodsweremadetolastforever.Thewheelsofindustrymustbekeptturning.Built-inobsolescenceprovidesthemeans;goodsaremadetobediscarded.Carsgettinnierandtinnier.Younosooneracquirethisyear’smodelthanyouarethinkingaboutitsreplacement.Thismaterialisticoutlookhasseriouslyinfluencededucation.Fewerandfeweryoungpeoplethesedaysacquireknowledgeonlyforitsownsake.Everycourseofstudiesmustleadsomewhere.i.e.toabiggerwagepacket.Thedemandforskilledpersonnelforexceedsthesupplyandbigcompaniescompetewitheachothertorecruitstudentsbeforetheyhavecompletedtheirstudies.Temptingsalariesand“fringebenefits”areofferedtothem.Recruitingtacticsofthiskindhaveledtothebraindrain,theprocessbywhichhighlyskilledpeopleoffertheirservicestothehighestbidder.Thewealthiernationsdeprivetheirpoorerneighborsoftheirmostablecitizens.WhileMammonisworshippedasneverbefore,therichgetrichersandthepoor,poorer.8.CommunicationandLanguageOneofthefirstthingswethinkaboutwhenwehearthewordcommunicationlanguage.Therearethousandsoflanguagesspokenaroundtheworldtoday.Infact,linguistissaythattheremaybeasmanyas10000.Speakingwithothersisanimportantmeansofcommunication,butwecanalsocommunicatewithoutusingwords,thatisbynonverbalcommunication.Nonverbalcommunicationincludesvoicequality,eyesmovement,facialexpressionandbodymovementssuchasgesturesandchangeinbodyposition.Butmanypeopledonotrealizethateveryoneusesnonverbalcommunication.Sometimes,we“say”morewithourfaceandgesturesthatwedowithourvoices.Books,magazines,newspapers,radio,television,areothermeansofcommunication.Todaywecanalsocommunicateoverlongdistancewiththehelpofcommunicationssatellites.Somescientistssaythatsoonmachineswillbedevelopedforsendingmessagethroughtheearth.Thetechnologynecessarytobuildthesemachinesisverycomplex.Butthelanguagewespeakeverydayismuchmorecomplexthanthemostmoderncommunicationtechnology.9.CooperationGoeswithCompetitionInourtimes,cooperationandcompetitionspreadovertheworld.Bothofthemspeedupthewheelofeconomyandenrichtheintelligenceofmankind.Itispossibletoaccomplishacomplicatedprogrambyonlyonepersonnow.Asweknow,themorecooperationacompanydependson,themoreefficientitwillbecomeinbusiness.Furthermore,wecan’tavoidcompetitioninourexchanges.Fromtimetotime,wecompareourselveswithothers,expectingtocatchupwithothers.Thisisthespiritofcompetition,bywhichwepursuethehighestgoal.Itisonlybycompetitioninthemarketthatacompanycanraiseitsreputation.Wereitnotforcompetition,say,allofuswouldnotenjoywhatwehaveachieved.10.TheRiseofIntellectualPropertyProtectionIntellecturalpropertyscarcelyexistedinthevocabulariesofacademicresearchersandadministratorseven15yearsago.Nowitisanever-presentpartofdiscussionsonresearchpoliciesanddirections.Thisnewimportanceofintellectualpropertyinacademiareflectsachangingviewontherrelationshipsofresearchatuniversitiestothesurroundingsociety.Untilrecently,researchatuniversitieshasbeenrelativelyisolatedfromdemandsofeconomicutility,andeducationofgraduatestudentshasemphasizedacareerinacademicresearchasthefinalgoal.NowalmostallresearchuniversitiesintheUnitedStateshavetechnologylicensingoperations.ThenumberofU.S.patentsgrantedtoAmericanuniversitiesinayearrosefromabout300in1980toalmost2023in1995.Thedirecteconomicimpactoftechnologylicensingontheuniversitiesthemselveshasbeenrelativelysmall.Incontrast,theimpactofuniversitytechnologytransferonthelocalandnationaleconomieshasbeensubstantial,andleadstotheconcusionthattheLicensingAct()isoneofthemostsuccessfulpiecesofeconomicdevelopmentinrecenthistory.Ithasbeenestimatedthatmorethan202300jobshavebeencreatedintheUnitedStatesinproductdevelopmentandmanufacturingofproductsfromuniversitylicenses,withthenumberincreasingfairlyrapidlyasthelicensesmature.Intellectualpropertytermshavebecomevitallyimportant.Thecompanywantstobeassuredthatitcanusetheresultsoftheresearch-andthattheseresultswillnotbeavailabletotheircompetitors.Butmostuniversitiesinsistthattransferofresearchresultsiskeytotheiridentityandmissionandwillnotagreetokeeptheprojectresultssecret.Thekeytoresolvingthisdilemmanistograntpatents:theuniversitywillpublishtheresults,butwillfirstagreetofilepatentsthatwillprotectthecompany’sprivilegeinthecommercialmarketplace.11.GenerationGapDespitevariousimprovementsinallaspectsofsociallife,thegenerationgapbetweenthegrown-upandtheyoungremainsunbridged.Instead,itgrowswiderapart.Nowadays,theyouthsdonotblindlyfollowwhattheireldersay.Owingtowidespreadedcuation,theinfluenceofwesterncivilization,tocertainextent,givesthemanewcodeofphilosophy,whichiscompletelydifferentfromthatoftheirelders.Aninvisiblecoldwallthusappearsbetweenthetwogenerations.Modernyouthsaretryingtobemorerevolutionary.Theyhavetheirowninterpretationfrodifferentmatters;theyalsohavetheirownideals.Theirreluctancetolearnoldteachingandsayingsbecomestheconstantfrictionbetweenthetwogenerations.Theyalwaysintroducenewchanges.However,theoldpeople,weddedtoeverythingofthepast,arehostiletochangesandthegenerationgapbecomeswiderandwider.Afterall,theyounggeneration,liketheoldone,ismadeoffleshandblood.Theyoungalsoneedrespectandtheyalsohaveskillsandgoodideas.Inordertonarrowthegap,bothgroupsshouldtrytounderstandeachother.Mostprobably,thesesuggestionsmayhelptosolvetheproblem.12.ShouldMenandWomenBeEqual?Shouldmenandwomenbeequal?Thisisaquestionmuchtalkedaboutbymanypeople.Someholdtheopinionthatmenaresuperirotowomeninmanyways.Foronething,manyajobmendocanhardlybedonebywomen,whoarephysicallynotstrongenough;andforanother,mostoftheword-famousscientistsorstatemenarefoundtobemales.Moreover,thewholehumansocietyseemstohaveallalongbeendominatedbymenonly.Isn’titevidentenoughtoshowthatmenarealotstrongerthanwomen?Hence,theformershouldenjoymorerightsthanthelatter.Otherpeople,however,thinkquitedifferentlyonthisquestion.Theyfirmlybelievethatmenandwomenarebornequal.Andwomenarecertainlyastalentedasmeniftheyaregivenequalopportunitiesofeducation.Isn’titafactknowntousallthatwomenhavebeenworkingsidebysidewithmeninChinaandelsewhereinthewordl?Liketheirmenfolks,theyhavebeendistinguishingthemselvesnotonlyinresearchinstitutions,butingovernmentbodiesandotherorganizationsaswell.Personally,Iamfirmlystandingonthesideofthosewomen’srightsdefenders.Sincemenandwomenareplayinganequallyimportantroleinallhumanactivities,whyshouldnottheybeonanequalfooting?Furthermore,fromtimeimmemorial,therehavebeentwosexgroups,namely,menandwomen.OurHumansocietycoulddefinitelynothaveexistedoradvancedwithouteitherofthem.Isitwonderthatmenandwomenoughttobeequalandenjoyequalrightsaccordingly?13.ComputerandManItisbelievedthatthecomputercandoalmosteverything.Atthetimethecomputerwasinvented,scientists,carriedawaybyitscalculatingspeed,feltthattheyhadcreatedamiracle.ItWasgraduallyusednotnolyinmathematics,physics,chemisryandastronomy,butinplaceslikethelibrary,hospitalandmilitaryarmytoreplacetheworkofman.Fortheworkofman.Forthisreason,thecomputerwasentiled“ElectronicBrain”intermsofappreciation.Canmanbecontrolledbycomputers?Theanswerisnegative.Althoughacomputerworksmuchfasterandaccuratelythanman,afactisundeniable;itisdesigned,manufacturedandprogrammedbyman,andthereforebyhumanbeings.Ofcourse,sciencefictionshavemadeupmanyfascinatingstoriesaboutacomputer,orratherrobot,whoconquersmanandtheearth,eventhewholeuniverse;however,theyareonlyunrealisticimaginatio.Ahorsehelpsmanalotrunsmuchfasterthanwe,butitisonlyaslave.Thefutureforthecomputerisverypromising.Withthehelpofit,wecandothingsthatcouldnotbedonebefore.Conqueringtheuniverse,discoveringnewthings,explainingmysteruiysphenomenapuzzlingusatpresentareallmadepossiblebycomputer.14.whatkindoflifetolive-realisticorromantic?Therehasalwaysbeenanargumentbetweentheyoungandtheoldaboutwhatkindoflifetolive-realisticorromantic.Youngpeopletendtothinkrealthinkthatreallofeisasdramaticandfascimatingasitisinthenovelsandmovieswhilemoreexperienedadultsthinkthisna?vedaydreamiscertaintobebrokenbylaterexperiencesandeveryoneshouldlearntogetusedtothedullroutineofhiseverydylife.However,therearesomeinadequaciesintheopinionsonthepartofbothsides.Lifewillbeunimaginableifeverythingwedoisonlyforrealisticpurpose,andthesa