2023年考研考博-考博英語-南京大學(xué)考試歷年真題摘選含答案解析

2023年考研考博-考博英語-南京大學(xué)考試歷年真題摘選含答案解析第1卷一.綜合題(共15題)1.單選題Theanimaldissectionrequirementofbiologyclasseshasbeengettingundertheskinofstudentsforgenerations,andtherehavealwaysbeensomewhoaskedtobeexcusedfromtherequirement.Now,agrowingnumberoftechnologicalalternativesaremakingitpossibleforstudentstoswapthatscalpelforacomputermouse.Therearelawsinnearlyadozenstates—includingCalifornia,Florida,NewYork—protectingastudent’schoicetolearnaboutanimalanatomysansscalpel.Somestudentschoosingtooptoutfeelweshouldbekindertoourweb-footedfriends.Othersarejustqueasyatthethoughtofrubberyfrogbodiesandthesmellofformaldehyde.“Dissectionisicky.There’sayuckfactor.”admitsBrianShmaersky,aboardmemberwiththeNationalAssociationofBiologyTeachers.“Andateacherhastoweighthebenefitswiththecostofstudentsbeingoffendedtothepointthatitinterfereswithlearning.”Virtualblades.Soforcasesinwhicharealdissectionwouldbetooslimy,it’stimetotrysometoadtech.Whilethefirstcomputer-basedalternativestodissectionemergedinthe1980s,modemfrogdissectionsoftwarecanbefoundatdifferentwebsites.Thesesoftwareprogramsusecreativeclicking,high-poweredzoomfunctions,andvideoclipstoteachanatomy.Frogutssoftware,forexample,letsstudentstraceincisionlineswithacomputermouseandsnipthroughskinwithavirtualblade.Thereareevensoundeffectslikea“slish”forslicingfrogflesh,ora“shwoosh”forpinningdownskinflaps.(Schoolscurrentlypayabout$300foraone-yearsoftwarelicense,thoughsomeorganizationswilllendprogramsoutfreeofcharge.)Earlierthisyear,agraduatestudentfromSimonFraserUniversityinVancouverdesignedthefirst-everhaptic(theGreekwordfor“touch”)frogdissectionprogram,whichusesapenliketooltocreateasensationsimilartocuttingintorealflesh.Thehand-helddeviceconnectstoacomputer,andstudentsmovethedevicethroughtheairwhilewatchingtheresultsoftheiractionsonacomputerscreen.WithDigitalFrog—apopularprogramthat’shadapproximately1,500frogdemodownloadssinceJanuaryandiscurrentlyinusein2,000schools—studentscanaddorsubtractthoseamphibiousorganswithameremouseclick.Theycanthenassesstheirlearningwithsporadicfroganatomyquizzes.“Repetitionishelpful.Thefactthatastudentcanreviewsectionsofaprogramoverandoveragainisimportant,”saysMartinStephens,vicepresidentforanimalresearchissuesattheHumaneSocietyoftheUnitedStates.“Indissections,theanimal’sorgansareallshriveledanddiscolored.Youlookforthingsandcan’tfindthembecausebodypartshavechangeddrasticallysincetheanimalwaskilled.Butonacomputerscreen,layerscanbedigitallypeeledaway.”O(jiān)therexpertsthinkthedissectiontechnologyhasitslimits.GerryWheeler,executivedirectoroftheNationalScienceTeachersAssociation,saysthatartificialsimulationsdon’tgiveasenrichinganexperienceastherealthing.Stillothersworrytheprogramsaredeprivingkidsofexperientiallearning.1.Theword“swap”(Line3,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans（）.2.Somestudentsasktobeexcusedfromtherequirementofbiologyclassesbecauseofthefollowingreasonsexceptthat（）.3.BrianShmaersky’sstatementimpliesthat（）.4.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthetoadtechcanbesaidtobe（）.問題1選項(xiàng)A.exchangeB.throwawayC.rejectD.refuse問題2選項(xiàng)A.dissectionconsistsofdisgustingproceduresandunpleasantsmellsB.areentitledtorejectdissectionrequirementgiventhelegalregulationC.theyareoffendedwhenfulfillingtherequirementsofanimaldissectionD.theyinsistthatpeopleshouldtreatanimalsmoreasfriendsinsteadofsimplyobjects.問題3選項(xiàng)A.indeedsupportsthestudents’animalprotectionmovementB.thinkstheanimaldissectionshouldbebannedC.thinkstheanimaldissectionmaynotbegoodforstudentstolearnbiologyeffectivelyD.alwaysevaluatestheteachingeffectbyweighingreluctantfactorsofcostandeffect問題4選項(xiàng)A.portiveB.doubtfulC.indifferentD.provocative2.單選題Manypeopledreadgoingonforeignassignments一sometimesevenbeforethey’vegoneonone.Theyhearstoriesabouthowexhaustinganddisorientingbusinesstravelcanbe.Theyworryaboutgettingsick,gettinglonely,orgettingkilled.They’reafraidtheywon’tbelikedorthattheywon’tsucceed.Butthefactisthatformanypeopleaforeignassignmentcanbetheopportunityandthrillofalifetime.TheWallStreetJournalreportsthestoryofJohnAliberti,whohadspenthiscareerworkingtobecomeamidlevelmanagerforUnionSwitchinPittsburgh,Pennsylvania.Alibertiseemedlikeanoddchoiceforanoverseasassignment:Hehadnoexperienceininternationaltravelandbusiness.ButwhenhewaschosentorepresentthecompanyastechnicalexpertandrepresentativeinChina,Alibertirespondedwithenthusiasm:“Backhome,theworkwedo,it’sbeendonefordecades.InChinayou’rebreakingnewground.It’samilestoneinthehistoryoftheworld.”ByviewinghisChinaassignmentasanexcitingadventure,Alibertilargelybypassedthenegativeeffectsofcultureshock.AccordingtotheWallStreetJournal,“Thecrowdsandchaoticlinesdon’tfazehim.Hebecomesanimatedtellingstoriesoflongtraintripstoout-of-the-waycitieslikeNanchang,whereUnionSwitchishelpingtobuildarailroadyard...”Aliberti’senthusiasticattitudeandhisactiveinterestinlearningaboutthecultureandbusinesspracticesinChinahavehelpedhimbecomeacentralfigureinhiscompany’sChinaoperations.HisjobinPittsburghistworungsbelowvicepresident.InChina,accordingtohisboss,“HeactslikeapresidentorCEO.That’sgottoturnhimon.”1.JohnAlibertiseemedHkeanoddchoiceforoverseasassignmentbecause（）.2.“Alibertilargelybypassedthenegativeeffectsofcultureshock.”“Bypass”（Para.3）means3.ThefollowingstatementsarecorrectaboutJohnAlibertiexcept（）.4.ThestoryofJohnAlibertitellsusthat（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)A.heisthemostexperiencedmemberofthecompanyB.hehasbeentoChinamanytimesC.hasbeenpromotedtothetop-levelpositionofthecompanyD.hehaslittleexperienceintravelingabroad問題2選項(xiàng)A.ignoreB.passawayC.avoidD.shortcut問題3選項(xiàng)A.heisgoodatsellinghisexperienceoftravelinginChinaB.heistroubledbythecrowdsandconfusedtransportationinChinaC.heisexcitedabouttravelingaroundChinaD.heisbreakingnewgroundforhiscompany問題4選項(xiàng)A.cultureshockiseasytodealwithB.manypeopledreadgoingonbusinessC.thetransportationofChinaisconfusedtoforeignersD.youcandealwithcultureshockwellwithanactiveinterestinlearningabouttheculture3.單選題（）firetestsgold,sodoesadversitytestscourage.問題1選項(xiàng)A.LikeB.AlikeC.AsD.Comparing4.單選題WhatwetodaycallAmericanfolkartwas,indeed,artof,by,andforordinary,everyday“folks”who,withincreasingprosperityandleisure,createdamarketforartofallkinds,andespeciallyforportraits.Citizensofprosperous,essentiallymiddle-classrepublics—whetherancientRomans,seventeenth-centuryDutchburghers,ornineteenth-centuryAmericans—havealwaysshownamarkedtasteforportraiture.Startinginthelateeighteenthcentury,theUnitedStatescontainedincreasingnumbersofsuchpeople,andoftheartistswhocouldmeettheirdemands.TheearliestAmericanfolkartportraitscome,notsurprisingly,fromNewEngland—especiallyConnecticutandMassachusetts-forthiswasawealthyandpopulousregionandthecenterofastrongcrafttradition.WithinafewdecadesafterthesigningoftheDeclarationofIndependencein1776,thepopulationwaspushingwestward,andportraitpainterscouldbefoundatworkinwesternNewYork,Ohio,Kentucky,Illinois,andMissouri.Midwaythroughitsfirstcenturyasanation,theUnitedStates’populationhadincreasedroughlyfivetimes,andelevennewstateshadbeenaddedtotheoriginalthirteen.Duringtheseyearsthedemandforportraitsgrewandgrew,eventuallytobesatisfiedbythecamera.In1839thedaguerreotypewasintroducedtoAmerica,usheringintheageofphotography,andwithinagenerationthenewinventionputanendtothepopularityofpaintedportraits.Onceagainanoriginalportraitbecamealuxury,commissionedbythewealthyandexecutedbytheprofessional.Butintheheydayofportraitpainting—fromthelateeighteenthcenturyuntilthe1850’s—anyonewithamodicumofartisticabilitycouldbecomealimner,assuchaportraitistwascalled.Localcraftspeople一sign,coach,andhousepainters一begantopaintportraitsasaprofitablesideline;sometimesatalentedmanorwomanwhobeganbysketchingfamilymembersgainedalocalreputationandwasbesiegedwithrequestsforportraits;artistsfounditworththeirwhiletopacktheirpaints,canvases,andbrushesandtotravelthecountryside,oftencombininghousedecoratingwithportraitpainting.1.InLines3-5theauthormentionsseventeenth-centuryDutchburghersasanexampleofagroupthat（

）2.Accordingtothepassage，whereweremanyofthefirstAmericanfolkartportraitspainted?（

）3.Theword“this”inLine8refersto（

）4.Thephrase“usheringin”inLine14isclosestinmeaningto（

）5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcontributedtoadeclineinthedemandforpaintportraits?（

）問題1選項(xiàng)A.consistedmainlyofself-taughtartists.B.appreciatedportraits.C.influencedAmericanfolkart.D.hadlittletimeforthearts.問題2選項(xiàng)A.InwesternNewYork.B.InIllinoisandMissouri.C.InConnecticutandMassachusetts.D.InOhio.問題3選項(xiàng)A.astrongcrafttradition.B.Americanfolkart.C.NewEngland.D.westernNewYork.問題4選項(xiàng)A.beginning.B.demanding.C.publishing.D.increasing.問題5選項(xiàng)A.Thelackofastrongcrafttradition.B.Thewestwardmigrationofmanypainters.C.Thegrowingpreferenceforlandscapepaintings.D.Theinventionofthecamera.5.單選題Freudderivedpsychoanalyticknowledgeofchildhoodindirectly;he（）childhoodprocessesfromadultmemory.問題1選項(xiàng)A.reconstructedB.incorporatedC.obstructedD.fostered6.單選題

Stanleywas（）bywhatIhadsaidandwhenIrealizedthis,Iapologizedtohimforbeingsotactless.問題1選項(xiàng)A.woundedB.frustratedC.resentedD.offended7.單選題Takethisbitofseemingly（）advice:Inordertowritequickly,youmustfirstthinkslowly.問題1選項(xiàng)A.paradoxicalB.contradictC.parallelD.disordering8.單選題Certainlynocreatureintheseaisodderthanthecommonseacucumber.Alllivingcreatures，especiallyhumanbeings,havetheirpeculiarities,buteverythingaboutthelittleseacucumberseemsunusual.Whatelsecanbesaidaboutabizarreanimalthat,amongothereccentricities,eatsmud，feedsalmostcontinuouslydayandnightbutcanlivewithouteatingforlongperiods,andcanbepoisonousbutisconsideredsupremelyediblebygourmets?Forsomefiftymillionyears，despiteallitseccentricities,theseacucumberhassubsistedonitsdietofmud.Itisadaptableenoughtoliveattachedtorocksbyitstubefeet,underrocksinshallowwater,oronthesurfaceofmudflats.CommonincoolwateronbothAtlanticandPacificshores,ithastheabilitytosuckupmudorsandanddigestwhatevernutrientsarepresent.Seacucumberscomeinavarietyofcolors,rangingfromblacktoreddish-browntosand-coloredandnearlywhite.Oneformevenhasvividpurpletentacles.Usuallythecreaturesarecucumber-shaped—hencetheirname—andbecausetheyaretypicallyrockinhabitants,thisshape,combinedwith(heirflexibility,enablesthemtosqueezeintocreviceswheretheyaresafefrompredatorsandoceancurrents.Althoughtheyhavevoraciousappetites,eatingdayandnight,seacucumbershavethecapacitytobecomequiescentandliveatalowmetabolicrate—feedingsparinglyornotatallforlongperiods,sothatthemarineorganismsthatprovidetheirfoodhaveachancetomultiply.Ifitwerenotforthisfaculty.theywoulddevourallthefoodavaila-bleinashorttimeandwouldprobablystarvethemselvesoutofexistence.Butthemostspectacularthingabouttheseacucumberisthewayitdefendsitself.Itsmajorenemiesarefishandcrabs.Whenattacked,itsquirtsallitsinternalorgansintothewater.Italsocastsoffattachedstructuressuchastentacles.Theseacucumberwilleviscerateandregenerateitselfifitisattackedoreventouched;itwilldothesameifthesurroundingwatertemperatureistoohighorthewaterbecomestoopolluted.1.Accordingtothepassage,whyistheshapeofseacucumberimportant?2.Thefourthparagraphofthepassageprimarilydiscusses（）3.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthedefensemechanismsoftheseacucumber?4.WhichofthefollowingwouldNOTcauseaseacucumbertoreleaseitsinternalorgansintothewater?問題1選項(xiàng)A.Becauseithelpsthemdigestfood.B.Becauseithelpsthemprotectthemselvesfromdanger.C.Becauseitmakesiteasierforthemtomovethroughmud.D.Becauseitmakesthemattractivetofish.問題2選項(xiàng)A.thereproductionofseacucumbersB.thefoodsourcesofseacucumbersC.theeatinghabitsofseacucumbersD.threatstoseacucumbers'existence問題3選項(xiàng)A.Theyareverysensitivetothesurroundingstimuli.B.Theyarealmostuseless.C.Theyrequiregroupcooperation.D.Theyaresimilartothoseofmostseacreatures.問題4選項(xiàng)A.AtouchB.FoodC.UnusuallywarmwaterD.Pollution9.單選題Inspiteofthe（

）economicforecasts,manufacturingoutputhasrisenslightly.問題1選項(xiàng)A.gloomyB.miserableC.shadowyD.obscure10.單選題IfCatlinwasthepainteroftheAmericanIndian,andBierstadttheportrayeroftheRockyMountains,theartistoftheWesterncowboysandsettlerswasFredericRemington.BominCanton,NewYork,thesonofawealthypublisher,RemingtonwasaboxerandafootballplayeratYale—thelastnameonewouldexpecttobecometheartistoftheOldWest.Butasaboyhelovedhorses,andfedonthejournalsofGeorgeCatlinandLewisandClark.Attheageofnineteen,heleftcollegetolookforadventure.HetraveledfromMontanatoTexas,asacowpuncherandprospector.Remingtonhadalwaysbeeninterestedinjournalism.Nowhebegantowritedown,andtopaintandsketchwhathesaw.Thesubjectof“WinningoftheWest”sofascinatedtheEastthatmagazinesandnewspaperswerecrammedwithaccountsoftheprospector’sadventures,andofbattleswithrustlersandotherout-laws—allthetalesthatwerethennewsandhavesincebecomelegendsinAmericanhistory.TherearealsostoriescontributedbyBretHarte,RichardHardingDavis,JoaquinMiller,andmanymore.OftenthesewereillustratedbysketchesandpaintingsfromRemington’shand,butitwasasasculptorthatRemingtonwasthegreatestartist.1.Thewriter’spurposeinthepassageisto（）.2.Bierstadt’srelationshiptotheRockyMountaincanbecomparedtothatRemington’sto（）3.Duringhisyouth,Remingtonreadthewritingsof（）.4.Remingtonbasedhisartonthe（）問題1選項(xiàng)A.compareRemingtonwithCatlinandBierstadtB.showhowthenewsstoriesofoneagebecomethelegendsofthenextC.describethemajorworksofRemingtonD.outlineRemington’scareer問題2選項(xiàng)A.NewYorkB.YaleUniversityC.thestoriesofBretHarteD.thecowboysoftheWest問題3選項(xiàng)A.HartB.CatlinC.BierstadtD.Miller問題4選項(xiàng)A.storieshereadinnewspapersB.thingshehadseenandexperiencedC.paintingshecopiedfromCatlinandBierstadtD.principleshehadlearnedatYale11.單選題Competition,theybelieve,（

）thenationalcharacterthancorruptit.問題1選項(xiàng)A.enforcesB.confirmsC.intensifiesD.strengthens12.單選題Accordingtoanthropologists,peopleinpreindustrialsocietiesspent3to4hoursperdayorabout20hoursperweekdoingtheworknecessaryforlife.Modemcomparisonsoftheamountofworkperformedperweek,however,beginwiththeIndustrialRevolution(1760—1840)when10to12-hourworkdayswithsixworkdaysperweekwerethenorm.Evenwithextensivetimedevotedtowork,however,bothincomesandstandardsoflivingwerelow.AsincomesroseneartheendoftheIndustrialRevolution,itbecameincreasinglycommontotreatSaturdayafternoonasahalf-dayholiday.ThehalfholidayhadbecomestandardpracticeinBritainbythe1870’s，butdidnotbecomecommonintheUnitedStatesuntilthe1920’s.IntheUnitedStates,thefirstthirdofthetwentiethcenturysawtheworkweekmovefrom60hoursperweektojust50hoursbythestartofthe1930’s.In1914HenryFordreduceddailyworkhoursathisautomobileplantsfrom9to8.In1926heannouncedthathenceforthhisfactorieswouldclosefortheentiredayonSaturday.Atthetime,FordreceivedcriticismfromotherfirmssuchasUnitedStatesSteelandWestinghouse,buttheideawaspopularwithworkers.TheDepressionyearsofthe1930’sbroughtwiththemthenotionofjobsharingtospreadavailableworkaround;theworkweekdroppedtoamodemlowfortheUnitedStatesof35hours.In1938theFairLaborStandardsActmandatedaweeklymaximumof40hourstobeginin1940，andsincethattimethe8-hourday,5-dayworkweekhasbeenthestandardintheUnitedStates.Adjustmentsinvariousplaces,however,showthatthisstandardisnotimmutable.In1987,forexample,Germanmetalworkersstruckforandreceiveda37.5-hourworkweek,andin1990manyworkersinBritainwona37-hourweek.Since1989,theJapanesegovernmenthasmovedfroma6-toa5-dayworkweekandhassetanationaltargetof1,800workhoursperyearfortheaverageworker.TheaverageamountofworkperyearinJapanin1989was2,088hoursperworker,comparedto1,957fortheUnitedStatesand1,646forFrance.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?2.Comparedtopreindustrialtimes,thenumberofhoursintheworkweekinthenineteenthcentury（）.3.WhatisonereasonforthechangeinthelengthoftheworkweekfortheaverageworkerintheUnitedStatesduringthe1930’s?4.WhichofthefollowingismentionedasoneofthepurposesoftheFairLaborStandardsActof1938?問題1選項(xiàng)A.Whypeopleinpreindustrialsocietiesworkedfewhoursperweek.B.Changesthathaveoccurredinthenumberofhoursthatpeopleworkperweek.C.Acomparisonofthenumberofhoursworkedperyearinseveralindustries.D.WorkingconditionsduringtheIndustrialRevolution.問題2選項(xiàng)A.remainedconstantB.decreasedslightlyC.decreasedsignificantlyD.increasedsignificantly問題3選項(xiàng)A.Severalpeoplesometimessharedasinglejob.B.LaborstrikesinseveralcountriesinfluencedlaborpolicyintheUnitedStatesC.Severalcorporationsincreasedthelengthoftheworkweek.D.TheUnitedStatesgovernmentinstituteda35-hourworkweek問題4選項(xiàng)A.Todiscourageworkersfromaskingforincreasedwages.B.Toestablishalimitonthenumberofhoursintheworkweek.C.Toallowemployerstosetthelengthoftheworkweekfortheirworkers.D.Torestricttradewithcountriesthathadalongworkweek.13.單選題Somesocialcriticstookadimviewoftheindustrialismofthenineteenthcentury,believingthatit（）aharsh,crudelife-style.問題1選項(xiàng)A.eradicatedB.facilitatedC.releasedD.imagined14.單選題Thepioneersoftheteachingofscienceimaginedthatitsintroductionintoeducationwouldmovetheconventionality,artificiality,andbackward-lookingnesswhichwerecharacteristicofclassicalstudies,buttheyweregravelydisappointed.So,too,intheirtimehadthehumanists)thoughtthatthestudyoftheclassicalauthorsintheoriginalwouldbanishatoncethedullpedantryandsuperstitionofmediaevalscholasticism.Theprofessionalschoolmasterwasamatchforbothofthem，andhasalmostmanagedtomaketheunderstandingofchemicalreactionsasdullandasdogmaticanaffairasthereadingofVirgil’sAeneid.Thechiefclaimfortheuseofscienceineducationisthatitteachesachildsomethingabouttheactualuniverseinwhichheislivingin,makinghimacquaintedwiththeresultsofscientificdiscovery,andatthesametimeteacheshimhowtothinklogicallyandinductivelybystudyingscientificmethod.Acertainlimitedsuccesshasbeenreachedinthefirstoftheseaims,butpracticallynoneatallinthesecond.Thoseprivilegedmembersofthecommunitywhohavebeenthroughasecondaryorpublicschooleducationmaybeexpectedtoknowsomethingabouttheelementaryphysicsandchemistryofahundredyearsago,buttheyprobablyknowhardlymorethananybrightboycanpickupfromaninterestinwirelessorscientifichobbiesoutofschoolhours.Astothelearningofscientificmethod,thewholethingispalpablyafarce.Actually,fortheconvenienceofteachersandtherequirementsoftheexaminationsystem,itisnecessarythatthepupilsnotonlydonotlearnscientificmethodbutlearnpreciselythereverse，thatis,tobelieveexactlywhattheyaretoldandtoreproduceitwhenasked,whetheritseemsnonsensetothemornot.Thewayinwhicheducatedpeoplerespondtosuchquackeriesasspiritualismorastrology,nottosaymoredangerousonessuchasracialtheoriesorcurrencymyths,showsthatfiftyyearsofeducationinthemethodofscienceinBritainorGermanyhasproducednovisibleeffectwhatever.Theonlywayoflearningthemethodofscienceisthelongandbitterwayofpersonalexperience,and,untiltheeducationalorsocialsystemsarealteredtomakethispossible,thebestwecanexpectistheproductionofaminorityofpeoplewhoareabletoacquiresomeofthetechniquesofscienceandastillsmallerminoritywhoareabletouseanddevelopthem.1.Theauthorimpliesthattheprofessionalschoolmaster”(line6)has（）.2.Theauthorblamesallofthefollowingforthefailuretoimpartscientificmethodthroughthe（）.3.Iftheauthorweretostudycurrenteducationinsciencetoseehowthingshavechangedsincehewrotethepiece,hewouldprobablybemostinterestedintheanswertowhichofthefollowingquestions?4.Allofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetextexcept（）.問題1選項(xiàng)A.nointerestinteachingscienceB.thwartedattemptstoenliveneducationC.supportedthehumanistsD.beenapioneerinbothscienceandhumanities.問題2選項(xiàng)A.lackofinterestonthepartofstudentsB.poorteachingC.examinationmethodsD.thesocialandeducationsystems問題3選項(xiàng)A.Dostudentsknowmoreabouttheworldaboutthem?B.Dostudentsspendmoretimeinlaboratories?C.Canstudentsapplytheirknowledgelogically?D.Havetextbooksimproved?問題4選項(xiàng)A.atthetimeofwriting,notallchildrenreceivedasecondaryschooleducationB.itisrelativelyeasytolearnscientificmethodC.scienceteachinghasimpartedsomeknowledgeoffactstosomechildrenD.theauthorbelievesthatmanyteachersareauthoritarian15.單選題

Hefeltagreatsenseof（）afterhissuccess.問題1選項(xiàng)A.fulfillmentB.fortificationC.innovationD.illumination第1卷參考答案一.綜合題1.【答案】第1題:A第2題:B第3題:C第4題:A【解析】1.詞義理解題。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，很多同學(xué)不想做解剖，因?yàn)榱钊藝I吐，現(xiàn)在有一種科學(xué)技術(shù)可以代替這種解剖，可以用鼠標(biāo)電腦模擬進(jìn)行。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。2.信息推斷題。文章第一段講到了學(xué)生不愿做解剖的原因，第一是因?yàn)闅馕蹲屓烁械綈盒?，然后認(rèn)為動(dòng)物是我們的朋友而不是物體，C選項(xiàng)是對(duì)這兩者的概括，B選項(xiàng)不是原因而是一個(gè)結(jié)果。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。3.信息推斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段第一句，可以知道教學(xué)要考慮學(xué)生的情感因素，教師要權(quán)衡利弊。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。4.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題?？疾閷?duì)文章文意的理解以及對(duì)作者態(tài)度的揣測(cè)。從整篇文章看，雖然利用電腦程序做解剖有些不足，但是作者對(duì)這一法還是持積極態(tài)度的。2.【答案】第1題:D第2題:C第3題:B第4題:D【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段第二句。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。2.詞匯推斷題。根據(jù)第三段第一句，句意：阿利伯蒂把他在中國(guó)的任務(wù)看作是一次激動(dòng)人心的冒險(xiǎn)，在很大程度上避開了文化沖擊的負(fù)面影響。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。3.推斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句，他想在中國(guó)開拓一個(gè)新的領(lǐng)域，這是一個(gè)里程碑。但是B選項(xiàng)提及了他的負(fù)面情緒，與文章不符。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。4.推斷題。文章主要是選取了Aliberti的例子說明了在國(guó)外工作和生活也是有趣的，應(yīng)該積極地去享受。所以鼓勵(lì)大家去感受這樣的文化沖擊。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。3.【答案】C【解析】考查連詞。Like“像”，可作介詞；alike“相同的，相似的”，可作形容詞；as“像……”，可作介詞；comparing“比較”，可作動(dòng)詞。此處“firetestsgold”為一個(gè)完整的句子，所以要用連詞，句意：就好像真金不怕火煉一樣，意志不畏艱難。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。4.【答案】第1題:B第2題:C第3題:C第4題:A第5題:D【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文意，主要是以荷蘭人為例表達(dá)了公民對(duì)肖像畫像的偏愛。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段，“TheearliestAmericanfolkartportraitscome,notsurprisingly,fromNewEngland—especiallyConnecticutandMassachusetts”第一句就提到最早畫像是來自新英格蘭地區(qū)，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。3.考查代詞。前一句提到了最早的民間藝術(shù)肖像來自新英格蘭地區(qū)，所以后文的this指代這個(gè)地區(qū)，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。4.詞義理解題。根據(jù)文意，人們對(duì)肖像的需求越來越多，最終可以被相機(jī)所滿足，所以開啟了攝像時(shí)代的到來，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段,“andwithinagenerationthenewinventionputanendtothepopularityofpaintedportraits.”不到一代人，攝影技術(shù)就結(jié)束了繪畫肖像的流行。所以是照相機(jī)的發(fā)明終結(jié)了肖像藝術(shù)的流行，選項(xiàng)D符合題意。5.【答案】A【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。reconstruct“重現(xiàn)，改造”；incorporate“包含，吸收”；obstruct“阻塞，妨礙”；foster“培養(yǎng)，養(yǎng)育”。句意：弗洛伊德間接性地推斷出了兒童精神分析知識(shí)，從成年人的記憶中修復(fù)了兒時(shí)的記憶。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。6.【答案】D【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。Wound“傷害，使受傷”；frustrate“挫敗，阻撓”；resent“怨恨，憤恨”；offend“冒犯”。句意：斯坦利對(duì)我的話感到了被冒犯，當(dāng)我意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)，我為我的不得體向他道歉。7.【答案】A【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。paradoxical“矛盾的”符合句意。contradict為動(dòng)詞“與……矛盾”；parallel“平行的”；disordering“無序的”。句意：采納這條有點(diǎn)矛盾的建議：為了寫作快一點(diǎn)，思考必須慢一點(diǎn)。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。8.【答案】第1題:B第2題:C第3題:A第4題:B【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段，“enablesthemtosqueezeintocreviceswheretheyaresafefrompredatorsandoceancurrents.”?？芍⒌念伾托螤钍顾鼈兛梢圆剡M(jìn)裂縫中，可以遠(yuǎn)離捕食者，更好地保護(hù)自己。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。2.主旨題。根據(jù)第四段，“Althoughtheyhavevoraciousappetites,eatingdayandnight..”。海參的胃口很大，可以晝夜不停地吃。可知第四段主要討論海參的飲食習(xí)慣。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。3.推斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“Theseacucumberwilleviscerateandreg