1998年全國(guó)入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題及解析

1998年入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試Section StructureandPartBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimes Thesentenceshouldread,“IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimessince1979.”Therefore,youshouldchoose[D].IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtime thelasttohavetohavingAsitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,we soneedn’tdressdidnotneedhavedresseddidnotneeddressneedn’thavedressedIapologizeifI you,butIassureyouitwashadshouldhavemighthaveAlthoughateenager,Fredcouldresist whattodoandwhatnottotobehavingbeenbeingtohavebeenGreatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffood istocanwillhas ngyourisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytrue itcomestoclassroomtests.Thereareover100nightschoolsinthecity,makingitpossibleforaprofessionaltobereeducatednomatter hedoes.I’vekeptupafriendshipwithagirlwhomIwasatschool twentyyearsHewasn’taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety, insufficientlypopularwithallbeingtobehaving forthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,our notbesothrivingasitis.HaditnotWereitBeitShoulditnotPartBEachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5Anumberof[A]foreignvisitorsweretaken[B]totheindustrialexhibition,[C]theysaw[D]manynewPart[C]iswrong.Thesentenceshouldread,“Anumberofforeignvisitorsweretakentotheindustrialexhibition,wheretheysawmanynewproducts.”Soyoushouldchoose[C]. toDarwin, changesthat aA

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economicPartBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfound inthewoodsofftheThesentenceshouldread,“ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfoundabandonedinthewoodsoffthehighway.”Therefore,youshouldchoose[C].Themachineneedsacomplete sinceithasbeeninuseforovertenThereweremanypeoplepresentandheappearedonlyforafewseconds,soIonlycaughta ofhim.Idon’tthinkit’swiseofyouto yourgreaterknowledgeinfrontofthedirector,foritmayoffendhim.showshowshowshowThereturnsintheshort maybesmall,butoveranumberofyearstheinvestmentwillbewellrepaid.Athoroughstudyofbiologyrequires withthepropertiesoftreesandnts,andthehabitofbirdsandbeasts.Sheworkedhardathertaskbeforeshefeltsurethattheresultswould herlongI’mverygladtoknowthatmybosshasgenerouslyagreedto mydebtinreturnforcertainservices.takecutwriteclearSomejournalistsoftenoverstatethesituationsothattheirnewsmaycreatea Accordingtowhatyouhavejustsaid,amItounderstandthathisnew noresponsibilitywithitatSometimesthestudentmaybeaskedtowriteabouthis toacertainbookorarticlethathassomebearingonthesubjectbeingstudied.Please yourselffromsmokingandspittinginpublicces,sincethelawforbidsthem.Withoutephoneitwouldbeimpossibletocarryonthefunctionsof everybusinessoperationinthewholePreliminaryestimationputsthefigureataround$110 thebilliontheisstrugglingtogetthroughtheinproportioninreplyinrelationincontrastHeisnninganothertourabroad,yethispassportwill attheendofthismonth.Alltheoff-shoreoilexplorerswereinhighspiritsastheyread fromtheirfamilies.Severalinternationaleventsintheearly1990sseemlikelyto ,oratleastweaken,thetrendsthatemergedinthe1980s.Iwasunawareofthecriticalpointsinvolved,somychoicewasquite Thelocalpeoplewerejoyfullysurprisedtofindthepriceofvegetablesno accordingtotheThepursuitofleisureonthepartoftheemployeeswillcertainlynot theirprospectofInwhat toalastminutestayofexecution,acouncilannouncedthatemergencyfundingwouldkeepalivetwoagingsalites.Section ClozeForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They大41家thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardlivingforthe大42家man.Buttheyinsistedthatits大43家resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe大44家ofEnglishpopulation.大45家contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyears1650to1750whenEnglandwasstilla大46家agriculturalcountryaperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.This 大47家,isgenerallythoughttobewrong. 大48historyandeconomics,have大49家twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650towas大50家bygreatpovertyandthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.[B][C][D][B][C][D][B][C][D][B][C][D][B][C][D][B][C][D] [B][C][D][B][C][D][B][C][D][B][C][D]SectionIIIReadingEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind’slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.SeveralgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthanThelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesn’thelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhas easymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt’sleadershipintheArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.Turkey’sbidforFirstWorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturkButbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft--allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygeneratesAndyet,themythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.Thisweek,intheheartofcivilizedEurope,SlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshortofsendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.Thehugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.ButSlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheCzechs,andnowneedsadamtoproveitself.Meanwhile,in,theWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheevenmorewrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.Thebenefitsareforthepowerful,buttheyarefarfromguaranteed.Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheses.Hydroelectricpowerandfloodcontrolandirrigationarepossiblewithoutbuildingmonsterdams.Butwhenyouaredealingwithmyths,itishardtobeeitherproper,orscientific.ItistimethattheworldlearnedthelessonsofAswan.Youdon’tneedadamtobesaved.ThethirdsentenceofParagraph1impliesthat peoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestotheblindcouldbehappierthantheover-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalfascinationmakespeoplelosetheirInParagraph5,“thepowerless”probablyrefersto areasshortofdamswithoutpowerpoorcountriesaroundcommonpeopleintheNarmadaDamWhatisthemythconcerninggiantTheybringinmorefertileTheyhelpdefendtheTheystrengtheninternationalTheyhaveuniversalcontroloftheWhattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpretedas “It’snousecryingoverspilt“Morehaste,less“Lookbeforeyou“HewholaughslastlaughsWell,nogainwithoutpain,theysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain?EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthat,ifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogether,productivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayear,whichismorethantwicethe1978-87average.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthispointinabusinesscycle,andsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.Thereis,asRobertRubin,thetreasurysecretary,says,a“disjunction”betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics.Someofthiscanbeeasilyexined.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkce--allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing--areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreover,mostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitable,andthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch.Twootherexnationsaremorespeculative.First,someofthebusinessrestructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Second,evenifitwaswelldone,itmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose.LeonardSchlesinger,aHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBongPain,arapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafes,saysthatmuch“re-engineering”hasbeencrude.Inmanycases,hebelieves,thelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.Hiscolleague,MichaelBeer,saysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineeringinamechanisticfashion,chopoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termprofitability.BBDO’sAlRosenshineisblunter.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofre-engineeringconsultantsasmererubbish--“theworstsortofambulancechasing.”Accordingtotheauthor,theAmericaneconomicsituationis notasgoodasitatitsturningmuchbetterthanitneartocompleteTheofficialstatisticsonproductivitygrowth excludetheusualreboundinabusinessfallshortofbusinessmen’smeettheexpectationofbusinessfailtoreflectthetruestateofTheauthorraisesthequestion“whataboutpainwithoutgain?”because hequestionsthetruthof“nogainwithouthedoesnotthinktheproductivityrevolutionhewondersiftheofficialstatisticsarehehasconclusiveevidencefortherevivalofWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmentionedintheRadicalreformsareessentialfortheincreaseofNewwaysoforganizingworkcesmayhelptoincreaseThereductionofcostsisnotasurewaytogainlong-termTheconsultantsareabunchofgood-for-Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGallileo’s17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorTheschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshas,ifanything,deepenedinthisUntilrecently,thescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics--butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclined,scientistshaveattacked“anti-science”inseveralbooks,notablyHigherSuperstition,byPaulR.Gross,abiologistattheUniversityofVirginia,andNormanLevitt,amathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorld,byCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas“TheFlightfromScienceandReason,”heldinNewYorkCityin1995,and“ScienceintheAgeof(Mis)information,”whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.Anti-scienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.Grossandfindfaultprimarilywithsociologists,philosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedscience’sobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghosts,creationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheanti-sciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromwhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxtoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,publishedin1995,scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.Butsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareanti-science,asanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.Theenvironmentalists,inevitably,respondtosuchcritics.Thetrueenemiesofscience,arguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversity,apioneerofenvironmentalstudies,arethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarming,thedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeed,someobserversfearthattheanti-scienceepithetisindangerof meaningless.“Theterm‘a(chǎn)nti-science’canlumptogethertoomany,quitedifferentthings,”notesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science.“Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened.”Theword“schism”(Line4,Paragraph1)inthecontextprobablymeans [A]Paragraphs2and3arewrittento discussthecauseofthedeclineofscience’sshowtheauthor’ssympathywithexinthewayinwhichscienceexemplifythedivisionofscienceandtheWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheEnvironmentalistswereblamedforanti-scienceinanPoliticiansarenotsubjecttothelabelingofanti-The“moreenlightened”tendtotagothersasanti-Taggingenvironmentalistsas“anti-science”isTheauthor’sattitudetowardtheissueof“sciencevs.anti-science”is Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelomoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.Thisdevelopment--anditsstrongimplicationsforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyearsahead--hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica’smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation’sheadcounting.Altogether,theUSpopulationroseinthe1970sby23.2millionpeople--numericallythethird-largestgrowtheverrecordedinasingledecade.Evenso,thatgainaddsuptoonly11.4percent,lowestinAmericanannualrecordsexceptfortheDepressionyears.AmericanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumberssinceWorldWarII,andthepatternstillprevails.Threesun-beltstates--Florida,TexasandCalifornia--togetherhadnearly10millionmorepeoplein1980thanadecadeearlier.Amonglargecities,SanDiegomovedfrom14thto8thandSanAntoniofrom15thto10th--withClevelandandWashington.D.C.,dropoutofthetop10.Notallthatshiftcanbeattributedtothemovementoutofthesnowbelt,censusofficialssay.Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsyedarole,too--andsodidbiggercropsofbabiesasyesterday’s“babyboom”generationreacheditschild-bearingyears.Moreover,demographersseethecontinuingshiftsouthandwestasjoinedbyarelatedbutnewerphenomenon:Moreandmore,Americansapparentlyarelookingnotjustforceswithmorejobsbutwithfewerpeople,too.Someinstances—Regionally,theRockyMountainstatesreportedthemostrapidgrowthrate-37.1percentsince1970inavastareawithonly5percentoftheUSAmongstates,NevadaandArizonagrewfastestofall:63.5and53.1percentrespectively.ExceptforFloridaandTexas,thetop10inrateofgrowthiscomposedofWesternstateswith7.5millionpeople--about9persquare.Theflightfromovercrowdednessaffectsthemigrationfromsnowbelttomorebearableclimates.Nowheredo1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.There,Californiaadded3.7milliontoitspopulationinthe1970s,morethananyotherstate.Inthatdecade,however,largenumbersalsomigratedfromCalifornia,mostlyotherpartsoftheWest.Oftentheychose--andstillarechoosing--somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregon,IdahoandAlaskainordertoescapesmog,crimeandothersofurbanizationintheGoldenState.Asaresult,California’sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970s,to18.5percent--littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960s’growthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.Discernedfromtheperplexingpictureofpopulationgrowththe1980censusprovided,Americain1970s enjoyedthelowestnetgrowthofpopulationinwitnessedasouthwesternshiftofunderwentanunparalleledperiodofpopulationbroughttoastandstillitspatternofmigrationsinceWorldWarThecensusdistinguisheditselffrompreviousstudiesonpopulationmovementinthat itstressestheclimaticinfluenceonpopulationithighlightsthecontributionofcontinuouswavesofitrevealstheAmericans’newpursuitofspaciousitelaboratesthedelayedeffectsofyesterday’s“babyWecanseefromtheavailablestatisticsthat Californiawasoncethemostthinlypopulatedareainthewholethetop10statesingrowthrateofpopulationwerealllocatedinthecitieswithbetterclimatesbenefitedunanimouslyfromArizonarankedsecondofallstatesinitsgrowthrateofTheword“demographers”(Line1,Paragraph8)mostprobablymeans peopleinfavorofthetrendofadvocatesofmigrationbetweenscientistsengagedinthestudyofconservativesclingingtooldpatternsofScatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld’svolcanoes,theyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingtesthatmakeuptheearth’ssurface;onthecontrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowly,andinsomecasesthemovementofthetespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.ThehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailstonesthatmarkthepassageoftheThatthetesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmerica,forexample,aremovingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionofthetescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetail,butthemotionofonetewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspots,anchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearth,providethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.Fromanysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanteisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears.Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropelthetesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentaltecometorestoverahotspot,thematerialrisingfromdeeperlayerscreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrows,itdevelopsdeepfissures(cracks);inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissures,sothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexinedthemobilityofthecontinents,sohotspotsmayexintheirmutability(inconstancy).Theauthorbelievesthat themotionofthetescorrespondstothatoftheearth’sthegeologicaltheoryaboutdriftingteshasbeenprovedtobethehotspotsandthetesmoveslowlyinoppositethemovementofhotspotsprovesthecontinentsaremovingThatAfricaandSouthAmericawereoncejoinedcanbededucedfromthefact thetwocontinentsarestillmovinginoppositetheyhavebeenfoundtosharecertaingeologicaltheAfricantehasbeenstablefor30millionover100hotspotsarescatteredallaroundtheThehotspottheorymayproveusefulinexining thestructureoftheAfricantherevivalofdeadthemobilityofthetheformationofnewThepassageismainlyabout thefeaturesofvolcanictheimportanceofthetheoryaboutdriftingthesignificanceofhotspotsingeophysicaltheprocessoftheformationofSectionIVEnglish-Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentences.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2.Theywere,byfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71)Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration’sCosmicBackgroundExplorersalite--Cobe--haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathas eknownastheBigBang(thetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy).72)TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominantexnationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheory,theuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopic,unimaginablydenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirections,emittingradiationasitwent,condensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyears,thegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxies,stars,ntsandeventually,evenhumans.Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructures,butastronomerswouldliketoseemuc