2023年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-華東政法大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考點(diǎn)真題薈萃帶答案

2023年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-華東政法大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考點(diǎn)真題薈萃帶答案第1卷一.綜合題(共25題)1.單選題ThesuccessfullaunchoftheSpecialOlympicGameshasdemonstratedthat___Shanghaiiswellonitswaytobecomeoneofthemostinternalizedmetropolisesworldwide.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.imperceptiblyB.conceivablyC.deceivablyD.imaginatively2.單選題Ⅱ.(EconomicLaw)Considerfirstshareholders’votingrights.Asamatteroflawtheseareseverelylimitedinscope,principallytotherighttoelectandremovedirectors.Shareholdershavenorighttoselectthecompany’sCEO;theycannotrequirethecompanytopaythemasinglepennyindividends;theycannotvotetochangeorpreservethecompany’slineofbusiness;theycannotstopdirectorsfromsquanderingrevenuesonemployeeraises,charitablecontributions,orexecutivejets;andtheycannotvotetosellthecompany’sassetsorthecompanyitself(althoughtheymayinsomecasesvotetovetoasaleormergerproposedbytheboard).Therulesofvotingprocedurefurtherlimitexerciseoftheshareholderfranchise.Delawarelaw,forexample,presumesonlydirectorshaveauthoritytocallaspecialshareholders’meeting,andshareholderswhowaitfortheregularlyscheduledannualmeetingtotrytoelectorremovedirectorsusuallymustpaytosolicitproxies.Finallyandperhapsmostsignificantly,inapublicfirmwithwidely-dispersedshareownership,shareholderactivismisapublicgood,andshareholders’own“rationalapathy”raisesanoften-insurmountableobstacletocollectiveaction.AsRobertClarkhasputit,acyniccouldeasilyconcludethatshareholdervotinginapubliccompanyis“amereceremonydesignedtogiveaveneeroflegitimacytomanagerialpower”.Whataboutshareholders’righttosuecorporateofficersanddirectorsforbreachoffiduciarydutyiftheyfailtomaximizeshareholderwealth?Here,too,shareholders’“rights”turnouttobeillusory.Thefiduciarydutyofloyaltyprecludesofficersanddirectorsfromusingtheircorporatepositionstolinetheirownpockets.Theyremainfree,however,topursueother,nonshareholder-relatedgoalsunderthecomfortingmantleofthebusinessjudgmentrule.AsIhavepointedoutinwritingswithMargaretBlair,courtsconsistentlypermitdirectors“tousecorporatefundsforcharitablepurposes;torejectbusinessstrategiesthatwouldincreaseprofitsattheexpenseofthelocalcommunity;toavoidriskyundertakingsthatwouldbenefitshareholdersatcreditors’expense;andtofendoffahostiletakeoveratapremiumpriceinordertoprotectemployeesorthecommunity”.Contrarytotheshareholderprimacythesis,shareholderscannotrecoveragainstdirectorsorofficersforbreachoffiduciarydutysimplybecausethosedirectorsandofficersfavorstakeholders’interestsovertheshareholders’own.55.ThefirstparagraphtellsusthefollowingBUT___.56.Whichofthefollowingsentenceclosestinmeaningwiththeunderlinedsentence?57.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,whatcanthecompanyofficersdo?58.Courtshavenotalloweddirectorsofcompaniesto___.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.ShareholdershavenorighttoelectandremovedirectorsB.ShareholderscanrequirethecompanytopaythemdividendsC.ShareholderscannotchangethelineofbusinessofthecompanyD.Shareholderscannotcallaspecialshareholders’meeting問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.Shareholdersinapubliccompanyhavenopoweratall.B.Someonewantsthemanagerialpowertobelegitimate.C.Theshareholdervotingisaceremonyforacompany.D.Shareholders’votinginapubliccompanyhasnosubstantivemeaning.問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.Theycanusetheircorporatepositionforthemselves.B.Theycanlineupforshareholders.C.Theycanpursuenonshareholder-relatedgoalsaslongastheythinkitiscorrectinbusiness.D.Theycancarryoutbusinessstrategiesthatwouldincreaseprofitsattheexpenseofthelocalcommunity.問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.usetheircorporatepositionstolinetheirownpocketsB.donatecorporatemoneytochurchesC.rejectaprofit-makingprojectthatwouldpollutetheenvironmentD.refusetosellacompanyfortheinterestoftheneighborhood3.單選題Ⅳ.(CriminalLaw)ThefirstchallengeforcriminalresponsibilityforcollectiveperpetrationsiswhetherthenotionofcollectiveactioncanbemadesenseforthepurposesofInternationalCriminalLaw.AsKutzsuggeststheissueofinclusionandexclusionofmembersfromacollectiveactionis“alwaysbothnormativeandfactual”,because“thechoiceofappropriatedescriptivelevel”remainsamatteroflegalpolicy.Iftherequirementsforcollectiveactionaresettoostrictthenmanyparticipantswillbeexcused.Ontheotherhandtoolaxrequirementsincreaseprosecutor’sdiscretionandallowchargingwiderrangeofindividuals,attheexpenseofimplicatingtoomanyindividualsandpossiblyrenderingpunishmentcontroversialandover-inclusiveonthelevelofthesystem.Inanycaseacollectiveintentionstestisnecessaryinordertobeabletoholdanyparticularindividualresponsibleasopposedtochargingeveryoneontheoneextreme,orattributingharmtoindeterminatecausesontheother.Besidesidentifyingindividualsinvolvedincooperativeharmdoingcollectiveintentionwillbenecessaryforattributionofharmtosuchcausallyresponsibleindividuals.Furthermoreasarguedinthesectiononmoralblameaconsiderationofdecisionmethodinacollectiveaction,whichisnecessaryfordistributionofmoralblame,isalsoimpossiblewithoutaconceptionofcollectiveintention.Theproblemofcollectiveintentionsisdownplayedbythe“romantic”argumentforcollectiveguilt,asitjumpstodrawthemembershipalongthestatelines,whichultimatelyleadstoproblemsof“guiltlesssincerity”and“excessoftransmissionbybirth”.Partofthe“romantic”appealstemsfromtheimplicationofstateagencyincrimesagainsthumanity(through“stateandorganizationalpolicy”)andwarcrimesaccordingtothepublicinternationallaw.Whereasthequestionsofretroactivesuspensionoflegalordersorimmunityofstateofficialsaresometimesstillrelevantlegalobstaclesforprosecutinghumanrightsviolations,thisworkdiscardssuchissuesasirrelevantforthepurposesofexcusesandjustificationsundertheRomeStatute(國(guó)際刑事法院羅馬規(guī)約).Collectiveactionincasesofcrimesagainsthumanityorwarcrimescouldbemanifestedinspontaneouscoordinatedactions,mobviolence,governmentactionsordecentralizednetworksoutsidethecolorofthelaw.Variouspassiveorindeterminatefacts,suchasmilitaryculture,religiousortraditionalinstitutions,ideologyorlegalsystemcanandoftenaremanipulatedbyperpetratorstoblendcollectiveactionwithhistorical,naturalorevensupernaturalcauses.Thiswayevenleadersandinfluentialdecisionmakerswouldclaimthattheyfollowednecessityorthattheircrueltyweredeterminedbytheanarchic,anomicorelseapocalypticconditionsofwar.63.Thebesttopicforthefirstparagraphis___.64.Todeterminecollectiveintentionsisnecessary___.65.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTmentionedintheparagraph3?66.PerpetratorscanandoftenmanipulatethefollowingBUT___.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.CriminalResponsibilityforCollectivePerpetrationsB.TheDefectofSettingTooStrictaLevelC.TheDifficultiesinChoosinganAppropriateDescriptiveLevelofCollectiveActionD.TheDefectofSettingTooLaxaLevel問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.toholdanyparticularindividualresponsibleB.tochargeeveryoneresponsibleC.foraconsiderationofdecisionmethodD.toattributeharmtoindeterminatecauses問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltdilutestheproblemsofcollectiveintentions.B.Theretroactivesuspensionoflegalorderissometimesrelevanttohumanrightsviolations.C.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltstemsfrompublicinternationallaw.D.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltdealswithmembershipthroughstateresponsibility.問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.militarycultureB.religiousortraditionalinstitutionsC.ideologyorlegalsystemD.collectiveaction.4.單選題Ⅸ.(LitigationProcedure)Arelatedconsequenceofthetrial’sdisappearancewouldbetheincreasingbureaucratizationofAmericansociety.Corporatebureaucraciesrationallyorganizedtoachieveprofitmaximizationwouldbelessqualified.Wewouldhavetorelymorecompletelyonouroftenpoliticallybeleagueredadministrativeagenciestocontrolthelatter.Andevenwithinthelegalsystemitself,formalisticmodesofadjudication,whichparallelbureaucraticdecision-making,wouldbelessqualified.Bureaucraticmodesofsocialorderingseek“toexcludequestionsofvalueorpreferenceasobviouslyirrelevanttotheadministrativetask,anditwouldviewrelianceonnonreplicable,nonreviewablejudgmentorintuitionasasingularlyunattractivemethodfordecision”.InsofarasabureaucraticapparatusgrindsforwardmechanicallyandinexorablywemayendupwithwhatHannahArendthasfamouslycalledanirresponsible“rulebynobody”.Itisunlikely,however,inmanycasesthatgeneralrulesreallydodecideparticularcases.Insteadofamechanicalsystemdecidingcasesdeductively,whatwewillprobablyhaveinmanycasesarejudgesdecidingcasesintheintersticesofcomplexruleswhichdonotthemselvesdecidethecase.Unlikethedevicesofthetrial,whichcanreally“getinside”thedecision-makerandwhosemoralsourcesactuallycantrumpthesubjectivityofalonedecision-maker,complexpatternsofjurisdictional,procedural,evidentiary,andsubstantiverulescaninvitemanipulationbyaCartesianjudgeviewingthoserulesfromadistance.Afterall,asJudgePosner,putit,“Thereisalmostnolegaloutcomethatareallyskillfullegalanalystcannotcoveroverwithlegalvarnish(漆)”atleast“whenthelawisuncertainandemotionsaroused”.Thegrimpicturethatthusemergesfromthetrial’sdisappearanceisabureaucratizedworldwheretherunofcasesaregroundoutbyanirresponsiblemechanismandtheremainingcases“whenthelawisuncertainandemotionsaroused”bytheuntutoredsubjectivityorpoliticalcommitmentsofthejudge.Thereisanothereffectofthedecliningimportanceofpublicprocessesofadjudication.Wearecontinuingtoloseamajorsourceofpublicinformationonimportantquestionsofgeneralconcern.“Aslongascourtscontinuetobeplacesthatprovidepublicdatainvolumeandkindoutstrippingthatproducedaboutadjudicationinadministrativeagencies,andaslongasprivateprovidersdonotregularlydisseminateinformationaboutorprovideaccesstotheirprocesses,”then“withthedecliningtrialratecomesadiminutionofpublicknowledgeofdisputes,ofthebehaviorofjudges，andoftheforginginpublicofnormativeresponsestodiscord.”83.Theunderlinedsentencemeansthatbureaucraticmodesofsocialordering___.84.ThestatementclosestinmeaningtoJudgePosner’sstatementis___.85.Whencourtscontinuetobeplacesthatprovidepublicdata,thedecliningtrialratedoesNOTcomewith___.86.Accordingtotheauthor,whatwillNOThappeniftrialdisappearsintheUnitedStates?問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.donotlookintovalueorpreferencebutratherrelyonjudgmentorintuitionwhenmakingdecisionB.havenothingtodowithvalueorpreferenceC.areakindofadministrativetaskD.relyonjudgmentorintuition問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.AreallyskillfullegalanalystcanalwayscoveroverhimselfB.AskillfuljudgecanalwaysfindalegalreasonforhisjudgmentC.ThelawisuncertainandemotionsarousedD.Legalvarnishcancoveroverlegaloutcome問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.decreaseofpublicknowledgeofdisputesB.diminutionofpublicinformationregardingjudges’behaviorC.growthofforginginpublicofnormativeresponsestodiscordD.lesseningofpublicawarenessofforginginpublicofnormativeresponsestodiscord問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.Formalisticmodesofadjudicationwouldbelessqualified.B.Corporatebureaucracieswouldbecomelessqualified.C.Peoplewouldhavetorelymorecompletelyonadministrativeagencies.D.Bureaucraticdecision-makingwouldbequalified.5.單選題Itisawell-knownfactthatthecatfamily___lionsandtigers.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.enrichesB.accommodatesC.adoptsD.embraces6.翻譯題1.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese(5marks)One-thirdoftheUSphysiciansareover65,andthatproportionisexpectedtorise.Asdoctorsinthebabyboomgenerationreach65,manyareunderincreasingfinancialpressuresthatmakethemreluctanttoretire.Manydoctors,ofcourse,retaintheirskillsandsharpnessofmindintotheir70sandbeyond.ButphysiciansarehardlyimmunetoParldnson’sdisease,strokeandotherillsofaging.Andsomeexpertswarnthattherearetoofewsafeguardstoprotectpatientsagainstthosewhoshouldnolongerbepracticing.“Myguessisthatpeoplethinkthereissomefail-safemechanismtoprotectthemfromincompetentphysicians”,Dr.Norcrosssaid.“Thereisnot.”7.單選題Inherlovetheseais___symbol:tothenarratoritclearlyrepresentseverythingthatisdestructiveinnature,butatothertimesitseemstostandforeverythinginnaturethatisserenelybeautiful.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.anenduringB.anambiguousC.acoherentD.adiscrete8.單選題Ⅶ.Humanrightsareoftenpresentedastheoutcomeofalongandnoblematurationprocessofintellectualideassuchasfreedom,equalityorhumandignity—basicallyastheultimatecrystallizationofEnlightenmentideas.Thecontemporaryimportanceofhumanrightsisthenviewedasthefinalresultoftheforwardmarchofhistory,reasonorcivilization,advancingtheinherentrightsanddignityofeveryperson.Inthisvein,alargebodyofliteraturehasfocusedontheprecursorsofhumanrights,claimingthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfrom,forinstance,CatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment.ThesearethekindofnarrativesandhistoriesthathavebeendeeplycriticizedbyNietzsche(尼采)(orlaterFoucault(福柯))becausetheymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingto,andjustifying,thecurrentstateofaffairs.InsteadNietzscheproposedagenealogicalmethodology,whichgivescredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistory.Fromthisperspective,thejobofthehistorian,sociologistorphilosopherisnottoreconstructthelinearpathfromwhichhumanrightshavevictoriouslyemergedbuttoinvestigatethehaphazardmake-upofhumanrights,lookingintothecontingentconditionsandunforeseencircumstancesoutofwhichvaluesgrow.InTheSacrednessofthePersonHansJoas(漢斯?約阿斯)seekstoconnectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencywithrespecttothegenesisofvalueswiththemoresociologicalquestionofwhyhumanrightsanduniversalhumandignityservenowasanewglobalcultureandmorality.Basically,howcanwebestdescribeandexplainthedeepmoralcommitmentandalmostuniversalappealofhumanrights,functioningtodayasadefactoglobalcivilreligionwithitsowntransnationalsymbolssuchastheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsorsharedritualssuchasUN’sUniversalPeriodicReview?However,incontrasttoaNietzscheanreading,Joasdoesnotassuchwanttocriticizeordeconstructtheideaofuniversalhumanrights.He,thus,devisesbotharesearchobjectandapproachthatisnotcriticalbyconventionalsociologicalmeasurebutmoregearedtowardsaninterpretiveapproach.Moreprecisely,whileacknowledgingthathumanrightsareagenuinehistoricalinnovation,healsowantstopreserve—andexplain—thenowself-evidentmoralcharacterthathumanrightshaveforthosewhofeelboundbythem.1.Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthatNietzscheorFoucault___.2.NietzscheorlaterFoucaultcriticizedthelargenumberofliteraturebecause___.3.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,HansJoastriesto___.4.ThedifferencebetweenNietzscheandJoasisthat___.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.isascholarwhousesteleologicalmethodtowardshumanrightsB.disagreeswiththeteleologicalmethodofresearchC.claimsthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfromCatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenmentD.thinksthathumanrightsisthefinalresultoftheforwardmarchofhistory,reasonorcivilization問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.theyusedagenealogicalmethodologyB.theideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelydoesnotderivefromCatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenmentC.donotgivecredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistoryD.theymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingtothecurrentstateofaffairs問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.connectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencythemoresociologicalquestionB.explainthedeepmoralcommitmentandalmostuniversalappealofhumanrightsC.describethefunctioningofhumanrightsasadefactoglobalcivilreligionD.describetheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsasthetransnationalsymbolofhumanrights問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.thelatterwantstocriticizeordeconstructtheideaofuniversalhumanrightsB.theformerdevisesbotharesearchobjectandapproachthatisnotcriticalbyconventionalsociologicalmeasureC.thelatteralsowantstoexplainthenowself-evidentmoralcharacterofhumanrightsD.theformeracknowledgesthathumanrightsareagenuinehistoricalinnovation9.單選題Theyuse___salestacticstodefeattheirmajorcompetitor.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.immoralB.immortalC.unscrupulousD.ambitious10.單選題Ⅵ.(Jurisprudence)Greenbergpronouncesmyuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”,andIamafraidIcanonlyreturnthecompliment,withonequalification:“theoryofadjudication”hasnostandardusageatall,sowritingasthoughthereisausualmeaningis,itself,“unusual”.Iwasquiteclear,asGreenberg’sdiscussionreveals,aboutwhatImeantbyit,andsotherealquestioniswhetheranyoneiscommittedtoaFoundationalistStoryaboutthetheoryofadjudication.Greenberg,however,makesthesurprisingclaimthatnooneissocommitted.RecognizingthatDworkinisonepossibletargetoftheRealistcritiqueasIreconstructit,Greenbergclaimsthat“theright-answerthesisisnotcentraltoDworkin’sproject.”Theright-answerthesis—theideathateverycasehasarightanswerasamatteroflaw—wouldbeanexampleofaFoundationalistStoryaboutadjudication,andsotheRealistcritiquewouldthenhaveapotent,livingtarget.WhenGreenbergclaimstheFoundationalistaspectofDworkin’stheoryisn’tcentralheisnotmakingaclaimabouttheamountofeffortDworkindevotestodefendingtheright-answerthesis,whichisobviouslysubstantial.Greenberg’srealclaimisthattheDworkinofLaw’sEmpireisnotnecessarilycommittedtotheright-answerthesis.IratheragreewithGreenbergthatDworkin“ismostconcernedtoestablish...thatlawdependsinaparticularwayonmorality”andthat“theright-answerthesis...isadownstreamconsequenceofhisoveralltheoryoflawinconjunctionwithhisviewaboutmorality”.Sofar,thisisjustacomplicatedadmissionthatDworkinacceptsaFoundationalistStoryaboutadjudication;thebestGreenbergcandoistoassert“thatmostofDworkin’sargumentscouldsucceedconsistentwiththefalsityoftheright-answerthesis.”GreenbergdoesnotshowthatthisisDworkin’sview,anditiscertainlynotDworkin’sviewinhisearlywork,sincethe“retroactivity”objectiontolegalpositivismturns,quiteclearly,onthetruthoftheright-answerthesis.GreenbergmaybecorrectthatonecouldhaveaviewaboutthenatureofmoralitydifferentthanDworkin’sandgiveuptheright-answerthesis:JohnMackiewouldbeacaseinpoint,thoughnottheoneGreenberghasinmind,andnotoneDworkinwouldbehappywith.ButnoneofthischangesthefactthattheactualRonaldDworkinholdsatheoryofadjudicationinvolvingtheFoundationalistStorybecauseheholdsaparticularviewaboutlawandmorality.71.Greenbergpronouncestheuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”.Theauthorrebutthecomment____.72.Theessenceoftheright-answerthesisisthat___.73.Fromtheunderlinedsentence,onecanknowthat___.74.Readingthewholeparagraph,whichofthefollowingstatementsiswrong?問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.cynicallyB.byfightingbackC.withdisagreementD.withagreement問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.nooneiscommittedtoaFoundationalistStoryaboutthetheoryofadjudicationB.itisnotcentraltoDworkin’sprojectC.itisapotent,livingtargetoftheRealistcritiqueD.everycasehasarightanswerasamatteroflaw問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.GreenburgdidnotthinkofJohnMackieB.JohnMackiegaveuptheright-answerthesisC.DworkinwasnothappywithJohnMackieD.JohnMackiedecidedacase,whichreflectsGreenburg’stheory問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.Theauthorisbasicallyafoundationalistscholar.B.TheauthorisarguingwithMr.Greenburg.C.TheauthordoesnotagreewithDworkingtheory.D.Greenburgmaybecorrectinoneaspect.11.單選題Ⅴ.(ConstitutionalLawandAdministrativeLaw)TheConstitutionempowersandrestrictsdifferentofficialsdifferently.Aconstitutionalclaimisaclaimthataparticulargovernmentactorhasexceededagrantofpowerortransgressedarestriction.Butbecausedifferentgovernmentactorsarevestedwithdifferentpowersandboundbydifferentrestrictions,onecannotdeterminewhethertheConstitutionhasbeenviolatedwithoutknowingwhohasallegedlyviolatedit.Thepredicatesofjudicialreviewinevitablydependuponthesubjectsofjudicialreview.Currentpracticespeaks,euphemistically,ofchallengesto“statutes,”thusobscuringthesubjectsofconstitutionalclaims.ButtheConstitutiondoesnotprohibitstatutes;itprohibitsactions—theactionsofparticulargovernmentactors.Thus,everyconstitutionalinquiryshouldbeginwiththesubjectoftheconstitutionalclaim.Andthefirstquestioninanysuchinquiryshouldbethewhoquestion:whohasallegedlyviolatedtheConstitution?ThisArticle’spredecessor,TheSubjectsoftheConstitution,demonstratedtheanalyticalpowerofthisseeminglyinnocuousquestion.Tobeginwith,thewhoquestionrevealsconstitutionalculprits,triggeringtheessentialbackstopsofconstitutionalaccountability.IftheConstitutionhasbeenviolated,thePeoplemustknowwhohasviolatedit,sothattheycanknowwhomtoblame,whomtovoteagainst,whomtoimpeach.Butthatisnotall.Thewhoquestionalsoestablishesthetwobasicformsofjudicialreview.Inthetypicalconstitutionalcase,thelegislaturewillmakealaw,theexecutivewillexecuteit,andsomeonewillclaimthathisconstitutionalrightshavebeenviolated.ThefirstquestiontoasksuchaclaimantiswhohasviolatedtheConstitution?Thelegislature,bymakingthelaw?Ortheexecutive,byexecutingit?Thisfundamentaldichotomy,betweenjudicialreviewoflegislativeactionandjudicialreviewofexecutiveaction,istheorganizingdichotomyofconstitutionallaw.ItisthisdichotomythattheCourthasobscuredwithitsanthropomorphictropethat“statutes”—ratherthangovernmentactors—violatetheConstitution.AnditisthisdichotomythattheCourthasbeengraspingforwithitsmuddleddistinctionbetween“facialchallengestostatutes”and“as-appliedchallengestostatutes”.Properlyunderstood,a“facialchallenge”isnothingmorenorlessthanachallengetolegislativeaction,andan“as-appliedchallenge”isnothingmorenorlessthanachallengetoexecutiveaction.Judicialreviewoflegislativeactionandjudicialreviewofexecutiveactionaretwofundamentallydifferententerprises—formally,structurally,temporallydifferent.Andthesebasicdifferencesdictateboththestructureandthesubstanceofjudicialreview.67.WhethertheConstitutionhasbeenviolatedcannotbedecidedwithoutknowingwhohasallegedlyviolateditbecause___.68.ThewhoquestionrelatestothefollowingBUT____.69.Thefundamentaldichotomyaddressedinparagraph3refersto___.70.Inthelastparagraph,theunderlinedword“enterprises”isclosestinmeaningwith___.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.aparticulargovernmentactorhasexceededagrantofpowerB.theConstitutionempowersandrestrictsdifferentofficialsdifferentlyC.differentgovernmentactorsarevestedwithdifferentpowersD.differentgovernmentactorsareboundbydifferentrestrictions問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.theviolatorsoftheConstitutionB.thebasicformsofjudicialreviewC.peoples’knowledgeoftheConstitutionD.thepublicopinionregardinggovernmentalofficers問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.“facialchallengestostatutes”and“as-appliedchallengestostatutes”B.statutesandgovernmentactorsC.legislativeactionandexecutiveactionD.judicialreviewoflegislativeactionandjudicialreviewofexecutiveaction問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.projectB.courageandwillingnesstobeinvolvedC.businessactivityD.BusinessCompany12.單選題Itis___impossibletoimaginethatuniversities,hospitals,largebusinessesorevenscienceandtechnologycouldhavecomeintobeingwithoutcitiestosupportthem.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.preferablyB.virtuallyC.preciselyD.presumably13.單選題He___afewmoreboardsfromthecabinettomaketheinsidemorespacious.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.separatedB.dividedC.detachedD.parted14.單選題MobyDick,nowregardedasagreatworkofAmericanliterature,wasvirtually___whenitwasfirstpublished,anditwasnotuntilmanyyearslaterthatMelville’sachievementswere___.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.renowned...relegatedB.notorious...justifiedC.hailed...understoodD.ignored...recognized15.單選題Itisstrictly___thataccesstoconfidentialdocumentsisdeniedtoallbutafew.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.securedB.forbiddenC.regulatedD.determined16.單選題I.JurisprudenceManyreaderswillrememberthatduringtheelectoraldebacleinFloridain2000,theRuleofLawwasinvokedateachstageonallsidesofeveryissue,culminatinginthefamousdissentbyJusticeStevensinBushv.Gore:“Althoughwemayneverknowwithcompletecertaintytheidentityofthewinnerofthisyear’sPresidentialelection,theidentityoftheloserisperfectlyclear.ItistheNation’sconfidenceinthejudgeasanimpartialguardianoftheRuleofLaw.”Thousandsofotherexamplescouldbecited.TheRuleofLawisseenasafragilebutcrucialideal,andonethatisappropriatelyinvokedwhenevergovernmentstrytogettheirwaybyarbitraryandoppressiveactionorbyshort-circuitingthenormsandprocedureslaiddowninacountry’slawsorconstitution.Interferingwiththecourts,jailingsomeonewithoutlegaljustification,detainingpeoplewithoutanysafeguardsofdueprocess,manipulatingtheconstitutionforpartisanadvantage—alltheseareseenasabusesoftheRuleofLaw.Iwouldliketoconsidertheroleofthisidealingeneraljurisprudence,thatis,intheconceptualworkthatwedoinlegalphilosophywhenwetrytoexplainwhatlawis.Iamgoingtoarguefortwopropositions:Ishallargueth