自考英美文學選讀超級完整版

關于自考英美文學選讀超級完整版第1頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Whatisliterature?Isitnecessaryorimportantinmodernsociety?什么是文學？今天我們還需要文學嗎？第2頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月主講內容一、考試主要題型、特點和應考策略；二、以講解關鍵詞的方法作全書梳理，包括各個時期重要的文學理念，核心觀點；三、結合真題對重點作家做總結和預測第3頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月第一講考試題型分析及應考策略第4頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月一、考試題型分析1.選擇題（40/25）40，22（英國），18（美國），主要考查：基本知識點、理解（10）趨勢：選擇題難度上升，主觀題難度下降。第5頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月2.閱讀（4×4)要求指出：A）作者和作品出處（1分）B）作品中具體某個詞或詞組的確切意義（1分）C）表述該選段的思想內容（2分）。第6頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月09年真題41.WhereforefeedandclotheandsaveFromthecradletothegraveThoseungratefuldroneswhowouldDrainyoursweat-nay,drinkyourblood?Questions:A.Identifythepoetandthetitleofthepoemfromwhichthestanzaistaken.B.WhatfigureofspeechisusedinLine2?C.Whomdoes“drones”referto?第7頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月3.簡答（6×4)內容的跨越比較大，既有閱讀理解部分的延伸，也有某一時期的文學思潮，還有對某一斷代史的簡論，答對率非常低。4.討論（2×10)考查：文學流派與作家解析，作品主題、人物、情節(jié)、敘事方法等分析第8頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月二、應試技巧（主觀題）基本方法：核心觀點+實際問題答題時最好用A,B,C或123等符號將答案分割成幾點；英文的書寫與拼寫語法第9頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月

做簡答題或論述題的答題要點A.關于歷史時期的介紹

1>時間+來源(0.5分---1分)

2>歷史背景(不需要擴充)(1---2分)

3>該時期中最重要的創(chuàng)作思想以及影響該時期的大背景．(2---3分)

4>代表作家以及代表作品簡介．(1分)

5>影響(0.5—1分)

第10頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月B.論述題中人物性格分析的答題要點：

1>利用題目發(fā)揮(0.5--1分)

2>該任務的代表時期，屬于哪個階層(1—2分)

3>作品中人物經歷的有關情節(jié)(2—3分)

4>該人物的直接性格分析(1—2分)

5>該人物的文學性格分析(3—4分)

6>作用／影響／語言風格等(0.5—1分)

第11頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月C.論述題中關于作家的分析

1>利用題目發(fā)揮(0.5—1分)

2>該作家所處的歷史背景(1—2分)

3>該作家的語言風格(1—2分)

4>該作家說寫的典型作品及創(chuàng)作主題(2—3分)

5>關于典型作品的有關情節(jié)(1—2分)

6>影響(0.5—1分)第12頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月英美文學選讀答題套語Sb.launchespossiblythesharpestandthefiercestattackupontheveryfoundationsofthecorruptfeudalism/capitalistworld.Thepenetratinghitattheveryheartofcapitalismisdrivenhome.nootherthan=nothingmorethan…isdiscernible.Lengthyaccountsaregivento…第13頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Sb.perceptivelystatesthat…Sth.bearssomeresemblancewith……drawsinfluencefrom…inessenceprolificplayapivotalrolein…Thesignificanceof…liesratherintheportrayalof…第14頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Itaffordsthereadersawholegalleryofvividportraitsofthepeopleofallstratum.…givesanencyclopediccreationof……showsagenuinesympathyfor…everycharacterone’screativefingertouchedcamealive…leavesunforgettableimpressionsonthereaders’mind.Thegreathumoristsoftheworldarefewinnumber,andMarkTwainisofthatchoicecompany.第15頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月評分標準：1）答出參考答案多數(shù)要點且某些要點有較好發(fā)揮，可給滿分；2)考生答非所問不給分；3）內容和語言綜合考慮，語言表達不好的要適當扣分，原則如下：a)語言通順，表達清楚，語法錯誤和拼寫錯誤很少，基本根據(jù)內容評分；b)語言基本通順，有少數(shù)語法錯誤和拼寫錯誤，扣該題分值的20%；c)語言不通順，表達不連貫，有較多語法錯誤和拼寫錯誤，扣該題分值的40%；d)語言很不通順，無法表達連貫的意思，扣該題分值的60%。第16頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月?？疾凰サ闹攸c：文藝復興的文學特色及其核心作家；英國浪漫主義與美國浪漫主義；自然主義；意象主義；現(xiàn)實主義；現(xiàn)代主義（英國）必考的作家：

Shakespeare;Milton;Defoe;Fielding;Shelley;Austen;Dickens;Hardy;T.S.Eliot;Hawthorne;Whitman；MarkTwain;Dreiser;Pound;Hemingway;Faulkner第17頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月考過的是否會重考？1.任何考題都有可能在其他題型中重考；2.選擇題有可能重考；3.考過的問答題不會重考，但同一作家可重考；第18頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月復習建議：把握英國重點部分，死記美國所有部分1）思考，理解；2)比較記憶和聯(lián)想記憶；關鍵詞個章節(jié)時代介紹；重要引語；作家作品名稱的拼寫；參考資料：原教材輔導書，近5年真題第19頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月最新考綱要求

調整后的《英美文學選讀自學考試大綱》將于2009年4月考試試行。一、關于考核知識點的調整

考核知識點中的各章概述內容仍為考核內容；對知識點中的作家只保留對如下主要作家的考核。二、關于考核要求的調整

考核要求中每章概述內容不作調整；“該時期的重要作家”只包

含對考核知識點中保留的重要作家的相關內容的考核。第20頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月5分鐘巧記所有作家

英國

小沙彌在看非州的Swift吹笛子,布來克/澳雪(在旁邊)華華叫,(吵得)狄更斯和哈代不得安寧,(氣得)蕭伯納踢死(T.S)了勞倫斯

美國

揮霍的梅姑娘.(看見)James騎馬D答D答響,(后面跟著)肥仔老羅和發(fā)福的海明威

第21頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月大綱調整后的特點二、大綱調整后的特點（一）新大綱更加突出了英美各個文學時期的時代特點。如：文藝復興時期的戲劇和詩史，浪漫主義時期的詩歌等。從這個意義上講，命題的重點突出了。（二）新大綱中考核的作家，都是每一個文學時期文學潮流的最具代表性的作家，都是對該時期文學的發(fā)展起到決定作用的作家。從這個意義上講，命題的焦點集中了。（三）新大綱中所保留的作家的作品大多是廣大考生耳熟能詳?shù)淖髌?，從這個意義上講，考試的難度降低了。三、大綱調整后的復習方法（一）概述：考試大綱調整以后，可命題的作家的數(shù)量減少了，但命題的深度會增加；同時，由于作家數(shù)量的減少，這也意味著在每一章的概述部分和作品選讀部分的命題點會增多。（二）每章概述部分的復習重點在對這部分的復習中，重點關注每一個文學時期的界定以及其標志性事件；另外每一個文學時期的時代特點和突出文學成就也是考查的重點，還有本時期同時存在的文學流派的特點也是重點內容。（三）每章重點作家的復習重點作家的文學史上的地位和貢獻；作家的代表作以及代表作的中心大意和所反映的社會現(xiàn)實；作家的寫作風格和寫作特點也是命題的重點。（四）每章作品選讀的復習重點作品選讀前面的斜體字部分的簡介和概括；作品中的名句；作品選讀中的注釋部分，小說作品中的人物關系。第22頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月第二講英美文學的發(fā)展脈絡第23頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月TheRenaissancePeriod1)Itmarksatransitionfrom_____tothe____world.2)Itreferstotheperiodbetween____and_____.3)a)revivalorrediscoveryofancientGreekandRomanculture;b)introductionofHumansim;c)newideasprosandconsintheinterestoftherisingbourgeoisie;d)thedevelopmentofearlyscience;e)thereligiousReformationorreligiousstruggleinthefolklife;f）theshapingofnationalism.第24頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Humanisma)Emphasisofmanandindividual,manisthemeasureofallthings;b)HumaniststrytoexalthumannatureandregardhumanbeingsasgloriouscreaturescapableofIndividualdevelopmenttowardperfectionwithlifetoquestion,exploreandenjoy;c)Emphasisofhumanvalues,dignity,ambitionsandthepresentliferatherthantheafterlife.第25頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月TheAchievementoftheElizabethanDrama1)ItistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.ItisnotuntiltheElizabethanage,undertheinfluenceoftheRenaissance,thatdramawasdevelopedintoamatureartform.Andgreatdramatistslike____,_____,_____appearedonthestage;2)Byimitatingtheromances,embracingthemysteriesofGermanlegend,andcombingthepoeticfancywiththefactsofdailylife,theymadeavividdepictionofthesharpconflictsbetweenfeudalismandtherisingbourgeoisie;3)Thedrama,with_____asthemaster,standsoutasamonumentoftheRenaissance,whichisunrivaledforpurecreativepowerbyanyotherproductofthatepoch.第26頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Representatives:Chaucer:_______Spenser:____________Marlowe：____________Shakespeare:__________Bacon:_______JohnDonne:________JohnMilton:_______第27頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月TheNeoclassicalPeriodStartsfrom_____to_____.The18thcenturyEnglandisalsoknownastheageof______ortheageof_____.Howtodefine1．TheEnlightenmentMovement2.Neoclassicism3.theRealisticNovelWhatistheliterarycharacteristicsofNeoclassicism?第28頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Neoclassicism1)Arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.AllformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreek&Romanwriters&thoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.Theartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotion&accuracy,&thatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity.Seekproportion,unity,harmony&graceinliteraryexpressions,inanefforttodelight,instruct&correcthumanbeings,primarilyassocialanimals.Thus,apolite,urbane,witty,&intellectualartdeveloped.第29頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月TheEnlightenmentMovement

1)The18th-centuryEnglandisknownastheAgeofEnlightenmentortheAgeofReason.2)AprogressiveintellectualmovementwhichflourishedinFrance&sweptthroughthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime.3)ThemovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15th&16thcenturies.4)Toenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodemphilosophical&artisticideas.5)celebratingreasonorrationality,equality&science.6)FamousamongthegreatenlightenersinEnglandwerethosegreatwriterslikeJohnDryden,Alexanderpope&soon.第30頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月theRealisticNovelAnewlyrisingliteraryformcontrarytothetraditionalromanceofaristocrats,GivesarealisticpresentationoflifeofthecommonEnglishpeople.IsanaturalproductoftheIndustrialRevolutionAmongthepioneerswereDanielDefoe,SamuelRichardson,HenryFielding,LaurenceSterne,TobiasCreorgeSmollott,&OliverGoldsmith.第31頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WhatistheliterarycharacteristicsofNeoclassicism?

1)AllformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreek&RomanwritersandthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.2)Neoclassicistshadsomefixedlaws&rulesforalmosteverygenreofliterature,proseshouldbeprecise,direct,smooth&flexible.Poetryshouldbelyrical,epical,didactic,satiricordramatic,&eachclassshouldbeguidedbyitsownprinciples.3)DramashouldbewrittenintheHeroicCouplets(iambicpentameterrhymedintwolines);thethreeunitiesoftime,space&actionshouldbestrictlyobserved;regularityinconstructionshouldbeadheredto&typecharactersratherthanindividualsshouldberepresented.第32頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Representatives:JohnBunyan:________Pope:_________Defoe:_______Swift:______Fielding:______Johnson:______Sheridan:______Gray:_____第33頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月TheRomanticPeriod1.EnglishRomanticismisgenerallysaidtohavebegunin____withthepublicationofof____andtohaveendedin____.2.Culturalbackground：TheideasofRousseau;B.Theliterarysources:TheRomanticMovementexpressedamoreorlessnegativeattitudetowardtheexistingsocialandpoliticalconditionsthatcamewithindustrializationandthegrowingimportanceofthebourgeoisie.

第34頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月C.Theliteraryviews:(1)arebellionagainstneo-classicism(2)expressonimagination(3)prioritiesbeengiventopassion,emotionandfeeling(4)beingclosetonatureforitspuritywhilethesocietyiscorrupting(5)tremendousinterestinsomethingremoteintermofspaceandtime(6)supremacyoffreedom

第35頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月3.Literaryforms:A.Poetry

A).TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.Blake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,ShelleyandKeatsarethemajorRomanticpoets.Theystartedarebellionagainsttheneoclassicalliterature,whichwaslaterregardedasthepoeticrevolution.

第36頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月B).Theoryofpoetrya.Theyexplorednewtheoriesandinnovatednewtechniquesinpoetrywriting.b.Theysawpoetryasahealingenergy,thebelievedthatpoetrycouldpurifybothindividualsoulsandthesociety.

第37頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月c.Thenaturalworldcomestotheforefrontofthepoeticimagination.Natureisnotonlythemajorsourceofpoeticimagery,butalsoprovidesthedominantsubjectmatter.d.Romanticsalsotendtobenationalistic.

第38頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月B.Prose

TheRomanticperiodisalsoagreatageofprose.Coleridge,Hazlitt,Lamb,andDeQuinceyweretheleadingfigures.

第39頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月C.Novel

A).Austenisofthe18th-centuryinhermoraloutlook.Herviewoflifeisatotallyrealisticone.Themajorthemeofhernovelsisloveandmarriage.

B).WalterScottisthemostpopularnovelistofhisday.Waverley,OldMartality,TheHeartofMidlothian,RobRoy,andIvanhoeareamongthemostpopularonesofhisnovels.Heisthefirstmajorhistoricalnovelist.

第40頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月C).Gothicnovel:

a.Nature:

Gothicnovel,atypeofromanticfictionthatpredominatedinthelateeighteenthcentury,wasonephaseoftheRomanticmovement.

b.Subjectmatters:

Itsprincipalelementsareviolence,horror,andthesupernatural.

c.Works:

WorkslikeTheMysteriesofUdolphobyAnnRadcliffeandFrankensteinbyMaryShelleyaretypicalGothicromance.

第41頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月D.Drama

Shelley’sPrometheusUnboundandTheCenci,Byron’sManfredandColeridge’sRemorsearegenerallyregardedasthebestverseplaysduringthisperiod.

第42頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月HowisRomanticismdifferentfromNeoclassicism?a.Neoclassicistsupheldthatartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,andthatliterature,shouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity,andthus,literaryexpressionsshouldbeofproportion,unity,harmonyandgrace.b.Romanticismtendedtoseetheindividualastheverycenterofallexperience,includingart,andthus,literaryworkshouldbe“spontaneousoverflowofstrongoffeeling”thevalueoftheworklinkliedintheaccuracyofpresentingthoseuniquefeelingsandparticularaltitude.c.Inaword,NeoclassicismemphasizedrationalityandformbutRomanticismattachedgreatimportancetotheindividual’smind(emotion,imagination,temporaryexperience……….)第43頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Representatives:WilliamBlake:________WilliamWordsworth:_________Coleridge:_______Byron:______Shelley:______Keats:______Austen:______第44頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月TheVictorianPeriod1.TheVictorianPeriodroughlycoincideswiththereignofQueenVictorianfrom1836to1901,themostgloriousintheEnglishhistory.2.Towardsthemid-19thcentury,Englandhadreacheditshighlypointofdevelopmentasaworldpower.3.Darwin’sTheoriginofspeciesandTheDescentofManshooktheoreticalbasicoftraditionalfaith.4.FamousnovelistslikeCharlesDickens,WilliamMakepeaceThackery,CharlotteBronte,EmilyBronte,Mrs.GaskellandAnthonyTrollope.第45頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WhatarethecharacteristicsofVictorianliterature?Asaproductofitsage,itnaturallytookonitsqualityofmagnitudeanddiversity.Itwasmany-sidedandcomplex,andreflectedromanticallyandrealisticallythegreatchangesthatweregoingoninpeople’slifeandthought.Victorianliteraturehasthehigh-spirtedvitality,thedown-to-earthearnestness,thegood-naturedhumorandunboundedimaginationareallunprecedented.第46頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WhatwerethecommonthingssharedbythenovelistsofVictorianPeriod?Althoughwritingfromdifferentpointsofviewandwithdifferenttechniques,thenovelistsofthisagesharedonethingincommon,thatis,theywereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople.Theywereangrywiththeinhumansocialinstitutiions,thedecayingsocialmorality.第47頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月

WhatweretheliterarycharacteristicsofEnglishcriticalrealism?Englishcriticalrealismofthe19thcentury,flourishedinthefortiesandintheearlyfifties;ThecriticalrealistsdescribedwithmuchvividnessandartisticskillthechieftraitoftheEnglishsocietyandcriticizedthecapitalistsystemfromademocraticviewpoint;Therealistsnotonlygaveasatiricalportrayalofthebourgeoisieandalltheruiningclasses,butalsoshowedprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeople.HumorandsatireaboundintheEnglishrealisticnovelsofthe19thcentury.Thecriticalrealistsdidnot,duetotheirworldoutlook,andcouldnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.第48頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Representatives:Dickens:_______TheBronteSisters:_________Tennyson:_______RobertBrowning:______GeorgeEliot:______ThomasHardy:______

第49頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月TheModernPeriodThesocial,ideologicalbackgroundoftheModernEnglishLiterature:TheinfluencesofthetwoWorldWarsonEnglishliterature;Ideologically,theriseoftheirrationalphilosophyandnewsciencegreatlyincitedmodernwriterstomakenewexplorationsonhumannaturesandhumanrelationships.So,aftertheFirstWorldWar,allkindsofliterarytrendsofmodernismappeared.AftertheSecondWorldWar,avarietyofmodernism,orpost-modernism,likeexistentialistliterature,theateroftheabsurd,newnovelsandblackhumor,rosewiththespuroftheexistentialistideathat"theworldwasabsurd,andthehumanlifewasanagony."

第50頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月2.WhatisModernism?A)Modernismwasacomplexanddiverseinternationalmovementinallcreativearts,originatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury;B)Modernismroseoutofskepticismanddisillusionofcapitalism;C)Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase;D)Modernismis,inmanyaspects,areactionagainstrealism.

第51頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WhatarethebasiccharacteristicsofModernisminliterature?

Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.OnecharacteristicofEnglishModernismis"thedehumanizationofart".Themajorthemesofthemodernistliteraturearethedistorted,alienatedandillrelationshipsbetweenmanandnature,manandsociety,manandman,andmanandhimself.Themodernistwritersconcentratemoreontheprivatethanonthepublic,moreonthesubjectivethanontheobjective.Theyaremainlyconcernedwiththeinnerbeingofanindividual.Intheirwritings,thepast,thepresentandthefuturearemingledtogetherandexistatthesametimeintheconsciousnessofanindividual.

第52頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WhydowesayModernismisareactionagainstRealism?Modernismis,inmanyaspects,areactionagainstrealism.Itrejectsrationalism,whichisthetheoreticalbaseofrealism.A)Itexcludesfromitsmajorconcerntheexternal,objective,materialworld,whichistheonlycreativesourceofrealism;B)Byadvocatingafreeexperimentationonnewformsandnewtechniquesinliterarycreation,itcastsawayalmostallthetraditionalelementsinliteraturesuchasstory,plot,character,chronologicalnarration,etc.,whichareessentialtorealism.Asaresult,theworkscreatedbythemodernistwritersareoftenlabeledasanti-novel,anti-poetryandanti-drama.

第53頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月HowdoyoudefineModernEnglishPoetry?The20thcenturyhaswitnessedagreatachievementinEnglishpoetry.A.Intheearlyyears,thepoemsofPoundandEliotandYeatsmarkedtheriseof“ModernPoetry”,whichwasarevolutionagainsttheconventionalideasandformsoftheVictorianpoetry;B.Withthecomingofthe1950s,therewasareturnofrealisticpoetryagain,advocatingreason,moraldisciplineandtraditionalforms.第54頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月HowdoyoudefineModernEnglishnovels?Thefirstthreedecadesof20thcenturyweregoldenyearsofthemodernistnovel.Instimulatingthetechnicalinnovationsofnovelcreation,thetheoryoftheFreudianandJungianpsycho-analysisplayedaparticularlyimportantrole.Oneoftheremarkablefeaturesoftheirwritingswastheircontinuousexperimentationonnewandsophisticatedtechniquesinnovelwriting,whichmadetremendousimpactsonthecreationofbothrealisticandmodernistnovelsinthiscentury.Modernistnovelscametoadeclineinthe1930s,AftertheSecondWorldWar,modernismhadanotherupsurgewiththeriseofexistentialismwhichwasreflectedmainlyindrama.

第55頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Thedevelopmentof20thcenturyEnglishdrama.A.Themostcelebrateddramatistsinthelastdecadeofthe19thcenturywereOscarWildeandGeorgeBernardShaw,who,inasense,pioneeredthemoderndrama,thoughtheydidnotmakesomanyinnovationsintechniquesandformsasmodernistpoetsornovelists.B.The1930switnessedarevivalofpoeticdramainEngland.OneoftheearlyexperimenterswasT.S.Eliotwhoregardeddramaasthebestmediumofpoetry.C.TheEnglishdramaticrevolution,whichcameinthe1950sundervariousEuropeanandAmericaninfluences,developedintwodirections:theworking-classdramaandtheTheaterofAbsurd.

第56頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Representatives:BernardShaw:_______Galsworthy:_________Yeats:_______T.S.Eliot:______Lawrence:______JamesJoyce:______

第57頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月AmericanLiterature第58頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月TheRomanticPeriodTheRomanticPeriod,oneofthemostimportantperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliterature,stretchesfromthetheendofthe____totheoutbreakof_____.Itstartedwiththepublicationof________andendedwith_______.Itisalsocalled_________.第59頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月A.TheRomanticmovementwhichhadflourishedearlierinthecenturybothinEnglandandEuropeprovedtobeadecisiveinfluencewithoutwhichtheupsurgeofAmericanRomanticismwouldhardlyhavebeenpossible.第60頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月B.Althoughforeigninfluenceswerestrong,Americanromanticism,exhibitedfromtheveryoutsetdistinctfeaturesofitsown.Americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperience”andcontained“analienquality”.C.PuritaninfluenceoverAmericanromanticismwasconspicuouslynoticeable.D.ThemostclearlydefinedRomanticliterarymovementintheperiodisNewEnglandTranscendentalism.第61頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月美國文學特點:pluralistic多元化，manifestations表現(xiàn)形式:Varied多樣,Individualistic個人主義,Conflicting矛盾Romanticism的特點：frequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics;moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.浪漫主義之間大部分是相通的，都注重道德，強調個人主義價值觀和直覺感受，并且認為自然是美的源頭，人類社會是腐敗之源。

第62頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WhatisTranscendentalism?a)asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.不講邏輯，不講系統(tǒng)，只強調超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束縛的個人表達。b)theyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.呼吁文化復興，反對美國社會的拜金主義。C）theybelievedinthetranscendenceof“Oversoul,”anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.相信精神上的超越，相信無所不能的善的力量，強調善為萬物之源。d)itcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind.“Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluenceandyou’llbecomespirituallywholeagain.”Thenaturalimplicationofallthiswas,ofcourse,thatthingsinnaturetendedtobecomesymbolic,andthephysicalworldwasasymbolofthespiritual.ThisinturnaddedtothetraditionofliterarysymbolisminAmericanliterature.f)representatives：Emerson愛默生，believedthatmanwasapartofabsolutegood。人性本善Thoreau梭羅，behelddivinityinthe“unspottedinnocence”ofnature.自然才是神圣的“潔白無瑕”第63頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Representatives:Irving:_______Emerson:_________Hawthorne:_______Whitman:______Melville:______

第64頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月TheRealisticPeriodTheAgeofRealism(HowtodefinetheRealisticPeriodinAmericanliteraryhistory?)

Theperiodrangingfrom1865tol914hasbeenreferredtoastheAgeofRealisminthe1iteraryhistoryoftheUnitedStates,whichisactuallyamovementortendencythatdominatedthespiritofAmericanliterature,especiallyAmericanfiction,fromthe1850sonwards.RealismwasareactionagainstRomanticismoramoveawayfromthebiastowardsromanceandself-creatingfictions,anditpavedthewaytoModernism.Insteadofthinkingabouttheirrational,theimaginative,realiststoucheduponsocialandpoliticalrealitiesandpressuresinthepost-Civilwarsociety.ThreedominantfiguresareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJames.

第65頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WhatisRealism?

A)RealismemergedasaliterarymovementinEuropeinthe1850s.B)Inartandliterature,Realismreferstoanattempttodescribehumanbehaviorandsurroundingsortorepresentfiguresexactlyastheyactorappearinlife.C)InreactiontoRomanticism,realisticwritersshouldsetdowntheirobservationsimpartiallyandobjectively.Theyinsistedonaccuratedocumentation,sociologicalinsight,andavoidanceofpoeticdictionandidealization.Thesubjectsweretobetakenfromeverydaylife,preferablyfromlower-classlife.D)RealismenteredAmericanliteratureaftertheCivilWar.WilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJameswerethepioneersofrealismintheU.S.

第66頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月TheliterarycharacteristicsoftheRealisticPeriodinAmericanliterature.

Guidedbytheprincipleofadheringtothetruthfultreatmentoflife,therealiststoucheduponvariouscontemporarysocialandpoliticalissues.Intheirworks,theyintroducedindustrialworkersandfarmers,ambitiousbusinessmenandvagrants,prostitutesandunheroicsoldiersasmajorcharactersinfiction.Theyapproachedtheharshrealitiesandpressuresinthepost-CivilWarsocietyeitherbyacomprehensivepictureofmodernlifeinitsvariousoccupations,c1assstratificationsandmanners,orbyapsychologicalexplorationofman'ssub-consciousness.ThethreedominantfiguresoftheperiodareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJames.Togethertheybroughttofulfillmentnativetrendsintherealisticportrayalofthelandscapeandsocialsurfaces,broughttoperfectionthevernacularstyle,andexploredandexploitedtheliterarypossibilitiesoftheinteriorlife.

第67頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WhatisLocalColorism?“Localcolorism”isauniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.Generally,theworksbylocalcoloristsareconcernedwiththelifeofasmall,well--definedregionorprovince.Thiskindoffictiondepictsthecharactersfromaspecificsettingorofanera,whicharemarkedbyitscustoms,dialects,costumes,landscape,orotherpeculiaritiesthathaveescapedstandardizingculturalinfluence.Yetforalltheirsentimentality,theydedicatedthemselvestominutelyaccuratedescriptionsofthelifeoftheirregions.Theyworkedfrompersonalexperience;theyrecordedthefactsofauniqueenvironmentandsuggestedthatthenativelifewasshapedbythecuriousconditionsofthelocale.Theirmaterialswerenecessarilylimitedandtopicsdisparate,yettheyhadcertaincommonartisticconcerns.WriterswhoseworksarecharacterizedwithlocalcolorsareMarkTwain,SarahOrneJewett,JosephKirklandandHamlinGarland.

第68頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WhatisNaturalism?A).Inliterature,thetermreferstothetheorythatliterarycompositionshouldaimatadetached,scientificobjectivityinthetreatmentofnaturalman.Themovementisanoutgrowthof19th–centuryscientificthought,followingingeneralthebiologicaldeterminismofDarwin’stheory,ortheeconomicdeterminismofKarlMarx.

第69頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月B)AmericanNaturalismisamoreadvancedstageofrealism.ThenaturalistsacceptedthemorenegativeimplicationsofDarwin’stheoryandusedittoaccountforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworks.C)TheAmericannaturalistsalsofollowedtheFrenchnovelistandtheoristEmileZola'scall.D)Theychosetheirsubjectsfromthelowerranksofsocietyandportrayedthepeoplewhoweredemonstrablyvictimsofsocietyandnature.E)OneofthemostfamiliarthemesinNaturalismisthethemeofhuman“bestiality”,especiallyasanexplanationofsexualdesire.

第70頁，課件共355頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月F)Naturalisticwritingsareunpolishedinlanguage,lackinginacademicskillsandunwieldyinstructure.Philosophically,thenaturalistsbelievet