高考英語議論文閱讀攻略

濟(jì)寧市育才中學(xué)2006級專題復(fù)習(xí)---爭論文閱讀訓(xùn)練學(xué)生自主作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)制作：單俊剛宋貴波文字校對：陳雪云日期周次所用時(shí)間分?jǐn)?shù)老師評價(jià)高考英語爭論文閱讀攻略一、爭論文閱讀理解的語篇特點(diǎn)爭論文是英語中的重要文體，在每年的高考閱讀理解中占有肯定的比例。相對于其它文體，爭論文閱讀要難一些，因此要多加重視。 爭論文就是說理性的文章，一般由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證過程組成。爭論文都要提出論題、觀點(diǎn)、供應(yīng)充分的證據(jù)，運(yùn)用肯定的邏輯方法證明觀點(diǎn)或得出結(jié)論。二、爭論文閱讀理解的主要題型 從近幾年觀的高考英語試題來看，爭論文類閱讀理解的命題類型主要有：1.主旨題 考查考生對于爭論文基本觀點(diǎn)的理解，是主旨題設(shè)題的目的。做這種類型的題目要弄清作者想說什么，即作者寫此文章的目的。2.推理推斷題 這種題型的特點(diǎn)是以事實(shí)為依據(jù)，但其結(jié)果有絕不是事實(shí)本身。它主要測試考生的邏輯思維實(shí)力，側(cè)重于推理。3.細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)題 細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)題也是爭論文試題的主要題型。這種題要求考生理解文中的詳細(xì)觀點(diǎn)和詳細(xì)事實(shí)。三、爭論文閱讀理解題解題技巧第一，抓論點(diǎn)、尋論據(jù) 閱讀爭論文我們要抓住論題，即作者提出的觀點(diǎn)、給出的例證及最終得出的結(jié)論。抓住了論題，我們就把我了中心。其次，留意文章結(jié)構(gòu)，理清文章脈絡(luò)。把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)，有利于對文章大意的理解。從論證方法上講，常見的爭論文結(jié)構(gòu)有以下兩類：1.Putforwardaquestion→Analyzethequestion→Solvethequestion這就是“提出問題、分析問題、解決問題”的過程。2.Argument/Idea→Evidence→Conclusion/Restatingtheidea這就是“由論點(diǎn)到論據(jù)到結(jié)論或者強(qiáng)調(diào)論點(diǎn)”的過程。第三，體會文章語言特點(diǎn)，把握作者寫作看法，精確進(jìn)行推理推斷。 能否正確把握作者的觀點(diǎn)和看法是體現(xiàn)閱讀實(shí)力的重要方面。一般來說，對作者的總的看法和傾向，必需在通讀全文，駕馭了論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)后，方能做出推斷。在推斷作者觀點(diǎn)看法時(shí)，我們應(yīng)留意，有時(shí)候作者的觀點(diǎn)和看法并不是明確地表達(dá)出來的，須要我們仔細(xì)體察。做推理推斷時(shí)，肯定要遵循邏輯規(guī)律，以事實(shí)為依據(jù)進(jìn)行合理的推理。 下面我們結(jié)合2008年高考試題看一下爭論文閱讀理解的方法。1.2008重慶E篇Almosteverydaywecomeacrosssituationsinwhichwehavetomakedecisionsonewayoranother.Choice,wearegiventobelieve,isaright.Butforagoodmanypeopleintheworld，inrichandpoorcountries,choiceisaluxury,somethingwonderfulbuthardtoget,notaright.Andforthosewhothinktheyareexercisingtheirrighttomakechoices,thewholesystemismerelyanillusion,afalseideacreatedbycompaniesandadvertiser,hopingtoselltheirproducts.Theendlesschoicegivesbirthtoanxietyinpeople’slives.Buyingsomethingasbasicasacoffeepotisnotexactlysimple.Easyaccesstoawiderangeofeverydaygoodsleadstoasenseofpowerlessnessinmanypeople,endingintheshoppergivingupandwalkingaway,orjustbuyinganunsuitableitem(商品)thatisnotreallywanted.RecentstudiesinEnglandhaveshownthatmanyelectricalgoodsboughtinalmosteveryfamilyarenotreallyneeded.Moredifficultdecision-makingistheneitheravoidedortrustedintothehandsoftheprofessionals,lifestyleinstructors,oradvisors.Itisnotjusttheavailabilityofthegoodsthatistheproblem,butthespeedwithwhichnewtypesofproductscomeonthemarket.AdvancesindesignandproductionhelpquickentheprocessProductsalsoneedtohaveashortlifespansothatthepubliccanbepersuadedtoreplacethemwithinashorttime.Thetypicalexampleiscomputers,whicharealmostout-of-dateoncetheyarebought.Thisindeedmakesselectionaproblem.Gonearethedayswhenonecouldjustwalkwithcaseintoashopandbuyonething;nochoice,noanxiety.72.WhatdoestheauthortrytoargueinParagraph1?Theexerciseofrightsisaluxury.Thepracticeofchoiceisdifficult.Therightofchoiceisgivenbutataprice.Choiceandrightexistatthesametime.73.Whydomorechoicesofgoodsgiverisetoanxiety?Professionalsfindithardtodecideonasuitableproduct.Peoplearelikelytofindthemselvesovercomebybusinesspersuasion.Shoppersmayfindthemselveslostinthebroadrangeofitems.Companiesandadvertisersareoftenmisleadingabouttherageofchoice.74.Byusingcomputersasanexample,theauthorwantstoprovethat.advancedproductsmeettheneedsofpeopleproductsofthelatestdesignfoldthemarketcompetitionsarefierceinhigh-techindustryeverydaygoodsneedtobereplacedoften75.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?Thevarietyofchoicesinmodernsociety.Theopinionsonpeople’srightindifferentcountriesTheProblemsabouttheavailabilityofeverydaygoods.Thehelplessnessinpurchasingdecisions簡析：(Keys:BCBD)本文共三段，文章結(jié)構(gòu)清楚，邏輯嚴(yán)密。作者在第一段提出論點(diǎn)：Butforagoodmanypeopleintheworld，inrichandpoorcountries,choiceisaluxury,somethingwonderfulbuthardtoget,notaright.接著其次段、第三段分析問題所在，是典型的爭論文Putforwardaquestion→Analyzethequestion結(jié)構(gòu)。作者在分析問題時(shí)指出了兩點(diǎn)：其次段Theendlesschoicegivesbirthtoanxietyinpeople’slives和第三段Itisnotjusttheavailabilityofthegoodsthatistheproblem,butthespeedwithwhichnewtypesofproductscomeonthemarket. 最終一句話，是作者通過分析得出的結(jié)論，與文章第一段的觀點(diǎn)相一樣。 了解了文章的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)有助于做相關(guān)的試題。72題考查的是作者的論點(diǎn)，答案為B。74題作者在第三段引入了電腦的例子旨在說明科學(xué)技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展使電腦頻繁更新?lián)Q代，這使人們選擇起來困難。因此本題選B。75題通過對全文的理解和文章最終一句話可知。2.2008福建B篇Foryearswehavebeentoldthatencouragingachild’sself-respectinimportanttohisorhersuccessinlife.Butchildexpertsarenowlearningthattoomuchpraisecanleadtotheoppositeeffect,Praise-aholickidswhoexpectitateveryturnmaybecometeenswhoseekthesamekindofapprovalformtheirfriendswhenaskediftheywanttogointhebackseatofthecar.Theimplication（含義）ofsaying“Youaretheprettiestgirlinclass,”ortalkingaboutthegoalsshescoredbutnotheroveralleffort,isthatyouloveheronlywhenshelooksthebest,scoresthehighest,achievesthemost.Andthiscarriesovertotheclassroom.SocialpsychologistCarolDeck,PhD,testedtheeffectsofoverpraiseon400fifthgraderswhileshewasatColumbiaUniversity.Shefoundthatkidspraisedfor“tryingbard”didbetterontestsandweremorelikelytotakeondifficultassigPraisingattributes(品質(zhì))orabilitiesmakesafalsepromisethatsuccesswillcometoyoubecauseyouhavethatquality,anditdevalueseffort,sochildrenareafraidtotakeonchallenges,”saysDeck,nowatStanfordUniversity.“Theyfigurethey’dbetterquitwhilethey’reahead.”61.Theunderlinedwords“Praise–aholickids”refertokidswhoare.A.tiredofbeingpraisedB.worthyofbeingpraisedC.veryproudofbeingpraisedD.extremelyfondofbeingpraised62.Theauthorquoted(引用)Dr.Deck’swordsinthelastparagraphinordertomakethearticle.A.better-knownB.better-organizedC.morepersuasiveD.moreinteresting63.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.praiseforeffortsshouldbemoreencouragedpraiseforresultsworksbetterthanpraiseforeffortsC.praisingachild’sachievementsbenefitshisorhersuccessinlifeD.praisingachild’sabilitieshimorhertotakeonchallenges簡析：（Keys:DCA）本文結(jié)構(gòu)清楚，邏輯嚴(yán)密。作者在第一段提出論點(diǎn)：Butchildexpertsarenowlearningthattoomuchpraisecanleadtotheoppositeeffect,Praise-aholickidswhoexpectitateveryturnmaybecometeenswhoseekthesamekindofapprovalformtheirfriendswhenaskediftheywanttogointhebackseatofthecar.接下來其次段分析問題所在：Theimplication(含義)ofsaying;第三段和第四段作者分別以DrDeck’stest和DrDeck’swords為論據(jù)來強(qiáng)調(diào)自己的論點(diǎn)。了解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)后做閱讀試題就會簡單得多。62題既是對文章結(jié)構(gòu)的考查又是對作者寫作意圖的考查：引用重要人物的話既是作者的論據(jù)也是作者為了增加文章的勸服力，因此選C。63題是推理推斷題，作者在第一段就提出觀點(diǎn)：toomuchpraisecanleadtotheoppositeeffect,并在后面的文章中不斷強(qiáng)化這一論點(diǎn)，同時(shí)漸漸與effortsencouragement相比較，本題得出結(jié)論A.praiseforeffortsshouldbemoreencouraged是不難的。3.全國卷IIC篇Doyouknowofanyonewhousesthetruthtodeceive(欺瞞)?Whensomeonetellsyousomethingthatistrue,butleavesoutimportantinformationthatshouldbeincluded,hecangiveyouafalsepicture.Forexample,somemightsay,“Ijustwonahundreddollarsonthelottery(彩票).Itwasgreat.Itookthatdollarticketbacktothestoreandturneditinforonehundreddollars!”Thisguy’sawinner,right?Maybe,maybenot.Wethendiscoverthathebought$200worthoftickets,andonlyonewasawinner.He’sreallyabigloser!Hedidn’tsayanythingthatwasfalse,butheleftoutimportantinformationonpurpose.That’scalledahalf-truth.Half-truthsarenottechnicallylies,buttheyarejustasdishonest.Somepoliticiansoftenusethistrick.Let’ssaythatduringGovernorSmith’slastterm,herstatelostonemillionjobsandgainedthreemillionjobs.Thensheseeksanotherterm.Oneofheropponents(對手)says,“DuringGovernorSmith’sterm,thestatelostonemillionjobs!”that’strue.However,andhoneststatementwouldhavebeen,“DuringGovernorSmith’sterm,thestatehadanetgainoftwomillionjobs.”Advertisers(廣告商)willsometimesusehalf-truths.It’sagainstthelawtomakefalsestatementssotheytrytomisleadyouwiththetruth.Anadvertisementmightsay,“NineoutoftendoctorsadvisedtheirpatientstotakeYuckyPillstocuretoothache.”ItfailstomentionthattheyonlyaskedtendoctorsandnineofthemworkfortheYuckyCompany.Thiskindofdeceptionhappenstooofoften.It’sasadfactoflife:Liesarelies,andsometimesthetruthcanlieaswell.49.Howmuchdidthelotterywinnerlose?A.Onehundreddollars.B.Twohundreddollars.C.Three