柴油發(fā)電機(jī)柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速控制系統(tǒng)原理和維修

Dieselenginedieselgeneratorspeedcontroller柴油機(jī)的調(diào)速Dieselenginespeed一、柴油機(jī)調(diào)速One,thedieselenginespeedcontrol柴油機(jī)的不同轉(zhuǎn)速是通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)變循環(huán)供油量來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。Dieselenginespeedbychangingdifferentfuelcycletoachieve.轉(zhuǎn)變柴油機(jī)的油量調(diào)整機(jī)構(gòu)，使其轉(zhuǎn)速調(diào)整到規(guī)定的轉(zhuǎn)速范圍內(nèi)就稱(chēng)柴油機(jī)調(diào)速。Changeengineoilamountregulatingmechanism,thespeedregulationtothespecifiedspeedrangeiscalledthegovernorfordieselengine.其規(guī)定的轉(zhuǎn)速范圍。這種裝置稱(chēng)調(diào)速器。Inordertorealizedieselenginespeed,wemustsetupaspecialspeedregulatingdevice,accordingtothedieselengineloadchangesautomaticallyregulatestheoilsupplyquantity,maintainitsspecifiedspeedrange.Suchadevicecalledthegovernor.二、調(diào)速器的類(lèi)型Intwo,governortypen按調(diào)速范圍分類(lèi)AccordingtotheclassificationofNspeedrangen按執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)分類(lèi)Nactuatoraccordingtoclassification1、按調(diào)速范圍分類(lèi)In1,accordingtothespeedrangeclassification①極限調(diào)速器〔限速器〕——只用于限制柴油機(jī)的最高轉(zhuǎn)速不超過(guò)某規(guī)定值，在轉(zhuǎn)速低于此規(guī)定值時(shí)不起調(diào)整作用。此種調(diào)速器僅用于船舶主機(jī)，目前已很少單獨(dú)使用。①limitgovernor(governor)--onlytolimitthemaximumspeedofdieselenginedoesnotexceedaspecifiedvalue,therotationalspeedislowerthantheprescribedvaluedoesnotplayaregulatingrole.Thegovernorisusedonlyformarineengine,nowrarelyusedalone.②單制式調(diào)速器〔定速調(diào)速器〕——在負(fù)荷變化時(shí)，能使柴油機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速保持在規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)。此種調(diào)速器應(yīng)用于發(fā)電柴油機(jī)。Thesinglesystemgovernor(constantspeedgovernor)--changesintheload,canmakethedieselenginespeedismaintainedwithinapredeterminedrange.Thegovernorusedindieselengine.③雙制式調(diào)速器——能維持柴油機(jī)的最低運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速，并可限制其最高轉(zhuǎn)速。中間轉(zhuǎn)速由人工手動(dòng)調(diào)整。此種調(diào)速器用于對(duì)低速性能要求較高或帶有離合器的中小型船用主機(jī)。Thedualsystemofdieselenginegovernor--canmaintainaminimumspeed,andcanlimitthemaximumspeed.Intermediatespeedbymanualadjustment.Thegovernorisusedforlowspeedhighperformancerequirementsorwithaclutchofsmalldieselengine.④全制式調(diào)速器——在從最低穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)速到最高轉(zhuǎn)速的全部運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)范圍內(nèi)，均能自動(dòng)調(diào)整噴油量以保持任一設(shè)定轉(zhuǎn)速。此調(diào)速器廣泛應(yīng)用于船舶主機(jī)和柴油發(fā)電機(jī)組。Thestandardall-speedgovernor--fromtheminimumstablespeedtoamaximumspeedoftheentireoperatingrange,canautomaticallyregulatetheamountoffuelinjectiontomaintaineitheraspeedsetting.Thegovernoriswidelyusedinshipengineanddieselgeneratingset.2、按執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)分類(lèi)In2,accordingtotheexecutionmechanismclassification①機(jī)械式調(diào)速器——直接利用飛重產(chǎn)生的離心力去移動(dòng)油量調(diào)整機(jī)構(gòu)，以調(diào)整柴油機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速。Mechanicalgovernor--directlyusingtheflyweightsgeneratedbycentrifugalforcetomovetheoilamountregulatingmechanism,toregulatethespeedofdieselengine.②液壓調(diào)速器——通過(guò)液壓伺服器將飛重產(chǎn)生的離心力加以放大，使用放大后的動(dòng)力去移動(dòng)油量調(diào)整機(jī)構(gòu)。Thehydraulicgovernorhydraulicserverwillflyweight--bythecentrifugalforcegeneratedbytheamplified,usingtheamplifiedpowertomovetheoilamountregulatingmechanism.③電子調(diào)速器——轉(zhuǎn)速信號(hào)監(jiān)測(cè)或執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)承受電氣方式的調(diào)速器。Theelectronicgovernor--speedsignalmonitoringorimplementingagenciesfortheuseofelectricalgovernor.三、調(diào)速器的性能指標(biāo)Inthree,governorperformanceindex驗(yàn)，以分析調(diào)速器的工作性能。Governorperformancedirectlyinfluencesthestabilityandreliabilityoftheoperationofdieselengines.Thegovernorismountedmachine,dealwiththedieselenginethemutationloadtest,inordertoanalyzethegovernorworkingperformance.評(píng)定調(diào)速器性能有兩種工作指標(biāo)Evaluationofspeedgovernorperformancehastwoworkindex動(dòng)態(tài)指標(biāo)Thedynamicindex靜態(tài)指標(biāo)Thestaticindex1、動(dòng)態(tài)指標(biāo)1,thedynamicindex用來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)調(diào)速系統(tǒng)過(guò)渡過(guò)程的性能指標(biāo)。Usedtoevaluatethespeedsystemtransitionprocessperformanceindex.δ1①theinstantaneoustimingrateδ1突加全負(fù)荷瞬時(shí)調(diào)速率Suddenloadtransientspeedregulation突減全負(fù)荷瞬時(shí)調(diào)速率Anticlimaxfullloadtransientspeedregulation我國(guó)有關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求發(fā)電柴油機(jī)的突加全負(fù)荷調(diào)速率和突減全負(fù)荷調(diào)速率不得大于10%。Ourcountryrelatedstandarddieselengineinfullloadspeedrateandanticlimaxfullloadspeedratioshallnotbegreaterthan10%.②穩(wěn)定時(shí)間ts——指從突加〔或突減〕全負(fù)荷后，轉(zhuǎn)速剛偏離最高空轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速〔或全負(fù)荷穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)速〕的波動(dòng)范圍到轉(zhuǎn)速恢復(fù)到全負(fù)荷穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)速〔或最高空載轉(zhuǎn)速〕的波動(dòng)范圍為止所需時(shí)間。ThestabilizationtimeofTS--fromasudden(orsudden)fullload,speedjustdeviatesfromthemaximumspeed(orfullloadstablespeedrangespeed)toreturntofullloadspeedstability(ormaximumno-loadspeed)rangeuntilthetimerequired.5s。China”srelevantregulations,ACgeneratorstabilitytimeshallbenotmorethan5S.2、靜態(tài)指標(biāo)In2,thestaticindexδ2——n0maxnb之差同標(biāo)定nb比值的百分?jǐn)?shù)。①stablespeedrateδ2--whenthehandleinthecalibrationofthefeedposition,thehighestspeedofn0maxandNbdifferencewithratedspeedratedspeedratioofNbpercentage.穩(wěn)定調(diào)速率用來(lái)衡量調(diào)速器的準(zhǔn)確性，其值愈小，表示調(diào)速器的準(zhǔn)確性愈好。Steadyspeedregulationusedtomeasuretheaccuracyofthegovernor,thesmallerthevalueofthegovernor,saidtheaccuracyisbetter.回轉(zhuǎn)力矩不均勻而引起的。但兩者的定義不同：ThespeedfluctuationrateΦorrateofchangeofφ--usedtocharacterizetheperformanceofdieselenginespeed,theextentofthechanges,mainlybythedieselenginerotarytorquenonuniformitycausedby.Butthetwodifferentdefinitions:轉(zhuǎn)速波動(dòng)率Φ=SpeedfluctuationrateΦ=轉(zhuǎn)速變化率φ=Rateofchangeofφ=一般，在標(biāo)定工況時(shí)，Φ≤(0.25~0.5)%φ≤(0.5~1)%。Ingeneral,thecalibrationcondition,φ≤(0.25~0.5)%;φ≤(0.5~1).εThesensitivityisnot調(diào)速器的不靈敏性。Whenthedieselengineisunderacertainloadunderstableoperation,becausetheregulatingmechanismofgap,frictionandresistance,ifthespeedischangedslightly,thegovernordoesnotimmediatelychangethefuelsupplyquantity.Untilthespeedvariationislargeenough,thegovernorcanbegintoadjustsupplyfunction.Thisphenomenonisknownasthegovernor”sinsensitivity.ε表示不靈敏區(qū)域的大小。Ourcountrydoesnotusesensitivityεsaidinsensitiveareasize.ε≤(1.5~2)%；而在最低穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)速時(shí)，ε≤(10~13)%Nosensitivityistoolarge,willcausetheenginespeedisnotstable,willleadtoseriouslossofeffectofspeedgovernor.Thegeneralprovisionsintheratedspeed,ε=(1.5~2)%;andattheminimumstablespeed,ε=(10~13).9-2機(jī)械式調(diào)速器mechanicalgovernor一、機(jī)械式調(diào)速器的組成One,mechanicalgovernor.二、調(diào)速原理Two,controlprinciple機(jī)械式調(diào)速器的飛重和調(diào)速?gòu)椈山M成轉(zhuǎn)速感應(yīng)元件，按力平衡系統(tǒng)工作。Mechanicalgovernorflyingweightandspeedregulatingspringspeedsensingelement,accordingtotheforcebalancesystem.n當(dāng)柴油機(jī)發(fā)出的功率與外界的負(fù)荷剛好平衡時(shí)Nwhenthedieselengineisapowerandexternalloadisbalancedn假設(shè)外界負(fù)荷突然減小，柴油機(jī)發(fā)出的功率大于外界負(fù)荷時(shí)Niftheexternalloadsuddenlydecreases,dieselgeneratedpowerisgreaterthantheoutsideloadn假設(shè)外界負(fù)荷突然增大，柴油機(jī)發(fā)出的功率小于外界負(fù)荷時(shí)Niftheoutsideloadsuddenlyincreases,dieselpowergeneratedissmallerthantheoutsideload調(diào)速器的動(dòng)作與外界負(fù)荷削減時(shí)相反，飛重離心力和彈簧的作用力在彼此都減小的狀況下到達(dá)平衡狀態(tài)Governor”sactionandtheexternalloadisreducedwhenaflyweightcontrast,centrifugalforceandspringforceinbothlowertheequilibriumstate三、機(jī)械式調(diào)速器的特點(diǎn)和適用范圍Three,mechanicalgovernorcharacteristicsandscopeofapplicationn機(jī)械式調(diào)速器不能保持柴油機(jī)調(diào)速前后的轉(zhuǎn)速不變，即外負(fù)荷轉(zhuǎn)變后，不能使柴油機(jī)恢復(fù)到原來(lái)的轉(zhuǎn)速。Nmechanicalgovernorcannotkeepthedieselenginespeedregulationandconstantenginespeedandloadchange,namely,cannotmakethedieselenginetorestoretheoriginalspeed.外負(fù)荷削減時(shí)，調(diào)速后的轉(zhuǎn)速比原來(lái)的轉(zhuǎn)速稍高；Externalloadisreducedwhen,afterthespeedspeedspeedslightlyhigherthantheoriginal;外負(fù)荷增加時(shí)，調(diào)速后的轉(zhuǎn)速比原來(lái)的轉(zhuǎn)速稍低。Externalloadincreased,afterthespeedspeedspeedslightlylowerthantheoriginal.產(chǎn)生這種轉(zhuǎn)速差的根本緣由是轉(zhuǎn)速感應(yīng)元件與油量調(diào)整機(jī)構(gòu)之間是剛性連接。Therotationalspeeddifferenceisthefundamentalreasonforspeedsensingelementandanoilquantityregulatingmechanismisconnectedbetweentherigid.n機(jī)械式調(diào)速器只能用于中小功率的柴油機(jī)。其靈敏度和精度都比較差。Nmechanicalgovernorcanonlybeusedformediumandsmallpowerdieselengine.Itssensitivityandprecisionarequitepoor.n構(gòu)造簡(jiǎn)潔Nsimplestructuren修理便利Nrepairconvenience9-3液壓調(diào)速器hydraulicgovernor式調(diào)速器。Hydraulicgovernorflyweightcentrifugalforcegenerateddoesnotdirectlytomobiledieseloilamountregulatingmechanism.Therefore,thegovernorcalledtheindirectactinggovernor.定性，改善其動(dòng)態(tài)特性，還具有反響機(jī)構(gòu)，起補(bǔ)償作用。Hydraulicspeedgovernorhasacontrolslidevalveandpistoncomprisinghydraulicamplificationmechanism,inaddition,inordertoincreasethehydraulicgovernorstabilityoftheprocess,improvethedynamiccharacteristics,butalsohasafeedbackmechanism,compensationaction.但其構(gòu)造簡(jiǎn)單，對(duì)治理要求高。Hydraulicspeedgovernorhaswidespeedregulationrange,precisionandhighsensitivity,goodstability,widelyusedinshipislargeandmedium-sizeddieselengine.Butitscomplexstructure,highrequirementsonmanagement.一、液壓調(diào)速器的工作原理One,theworkingprincipleofhydraulicspeedgovernor1、無(wú)反響液壓調(diào)速器1,nofeedbackhydraulicgovernorn工作原理Theworkingprincipleofnn無(wú)反響液壓調(diào)速器存在問(wèn)題Nwithoutfeedbackhydraulicproblems過(guò)程不穩(wěn)定，無(wú)法滿(mǎn)足使用要求。所以，這種無(wú)反響裝置的液壓調(diào)速器在實(shí)際中無(wú)法使用。Thespeedcontrolsystemofinertia,thespoolvalveandpistonmovementalwayslagsbehindtheenginespeedchanges.Whenreducedfuelsupply,canaccordingtotheloadreductionleveladjustmoderately,andmaketheoiltoreducetheamountofovershoot,dieselspeeddownexcessive;similarly,whentheengineloadincreases,supplyquantityincreasestooexcessiveacceleration,dieselengine.Soconstantlyrepeateddescendingvelocity,accelerationoftheprocessofdieselenginespeedregulation,largefluctuations,adjustingprocessisnotstable,cannotmeettheuserequirements.So,thiskindoffeedbackdeviceforhydraulicspeedgovernorinpracticecannotbeused.2、剛性反響液壓調(diào)速器2,rigidfeedbackhydraulicgovernorn工作原理Theworkingprincipleofnn剛性反響液壓調(diào)速器存在問(wèn)題Nrigidfeedbackhydraulicproblems調(diào)整過(guò)程終了時(shí)，滑閥回到了原來(lái)位置，把掌握油孔關(guān)閉，切斷通往伺服油缸的油路。這時(shí)動(dòng)力活塞停頓運(yùn)動(dòng)，噴油泵調(diào)整桿隨之移動(dòng)到一個(gè)的平衡位置，柴油機(jī)在相應(yīng)的負(fù)荷下工作。既A點(diǎn)位置隨負(fù)荷而變，與滑閥相連接的B點(diǎn)在任何穩(wěn)定工況下均應(yīng)處于原來(lái)位置，與負(fù)荷無(wú)關(guān)。由于反響是通過(guò)剛性CA0。Attheendofregulationprocess,slidevalvereturnedtoitsoriginalposition,thecontrolofoilholeclosed,cuttingofftheservocylinderoil.Whenthepowerpistonstopmotion,fuelinjectionpumpadjustingrodtomovetoanewpositionofequilibrium,dieselengineinthecorrespondingnewworkingunderload.Both