違反合作原則的20個samples

違反合作原則產(chǎn)生的特殊會話含義的具體事例合作原則共包含四大準則，其下又分為若干小則，格萊斯曾指出，反語（irony）、隱喻（metaphor）、夸張（hyperbole）和緩敘（meiosis）都會最終導致合作原則的違反現(xiàn)象，現(xiàn)根據(jù)四大準則進行舉例分析。合作原則CooperativePrinciple（一）量的準則MaximofQuantity所說之話應包含交談目的所需要的信息。Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired(forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange；(2)所說之話不應包含超出需要的信息。Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Forexample,1.Earl:Ijustwanttolookniceformysonwhenhecomesin.Max:What?Iamgoingtomeetyourkid?Earl:Well,oneofthem.Max:“Oneofthem?”Howmanydoyouhave?Earl:Sofar?Max:Oh,Earl,Iloveyou.Earl:Thisismyson,Darius.HeistheNo.1ChryslersalesmaninallofDetroit.AndheismyveryfavoriteifheistheoneI’mthinkingof.(FromBankruptcySisters)Analyze:ThisisasceneofBankruptcySisters,Earlonlytoldhedressedsodecentlytomeethisson,butdidn’tsayclearlyifMaxwouldmeethissontogether,that`swhyMaxfeltpuzzledandaskedhimhowmanyofhissons;thenEarlanswered“Sofar?”,untilthelastsentencehedidtellthepurposeformeetinghissonandaddanotherunnecessarymessage“ifheistheoneI’mthinkingof.”Becauseofthehiatusortheredundancyoftheirconversation,makestheaudiencesfallintoareverieandsetsahumorouscomedyatmosphere.2.Caroline:OhmyGod!Isheyourfather?Max:Yes,heismyfather.Andmymotherisapieceofchalk.(FromBankruptcySisters)Analyze:ThisisaconversationbetweenCarolineandMax.CarolineaskedifthemancameintothecafewasMax’sfather,Maxanswer“Yes”butaddonemoresentence“Andmymotherispieceofchalk.”whichindicatedthemanwasnotMax‘sfatheratall.Obviously,thoughthissituationistypicalmessageredundancy,ithelpsthelistenerstounderstandthespeaker’srealmeaningandhumor.3.柳小姐之夫：老婆，請問一下你會不會打我？柳小姐：我干嘛要打你?。磕阌譀]做錯事。如果我要真的打你的話，一定就是你做錯事了。從現(xiàn)在開始，你只許疼我一個人，Lizheldadogneededtobeadoptedcameout,Jonrealizedhehadmisunderstood.Apparently,Jondidn’tgetenoughinformationfromLiz,sohemisunderstoodherandviolatedthemaximofquantityaccidentally,whichmakesthistalkdramatically.(二）質(zhì)原則（MaximofQuantity):(1)不要說自知虛假的話。Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse(2)不要說證據(jù)不足的話。Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.Forexamples:ThefollowingisanAD:FeedingYourBodyandStarvingYourHair?AussieHairinsuranceisaleave-in,multi-vitaminandmineralconditioninghairsupplementthatcannourishyourhairfromwithin.......Ifyourhairisdry,frizzyorunmanageable...,maybeit’sjusthungry!Analyze:Theslogan“Starving”oftheADusuallyusedtodescribinghuman`saspirationoffood.However,thisADusedthewordtodescribehairwasobeyedthemaximofquality,givingtheobviousfakeinformationtopeopletoattractthem,bythis,thisviolationbecomesmeaningful.2.ThefollowingisanAD:Sophisticated,Sweet-to-drinkPinkLadyAnalyze:ThisADslogancreatedametaphorbyobeyingthemaximofquality.“PinkLady”isabrandofdeluxewine,theword“Sophisticated”meanssuperior.But“Sophisticated”generallyusestoembellishingapersonbutotherthings,soitbreaksthemaximofqualityindeed.Ontheotherhand,“PinkLady”alsomeansbeautifullady,sothattheusingof“Sophisticated”wasreasonable;andyetthe“Sweet-to-drink”wouldviolatethemaximofquality.Duetothesetwofoldviolations,thisADshowsaverydifferentsense:ifwecomparethewinetobeautifullady,thatwouldbefairyandelegant.TheADmixedthemup,therebyappealingreaderstodreamingaboutthiswinebrand.Thoughitviolatesthemaximofquality,itwinstheattentionofcostumers.3.Thefollowingisasloganinashoesshop:Aroomfor5toesAnalyze:Thesloganisagreatparallelism.Roomsarethespaceforpeopledoingactivities,andshoesarethespacefortoestostay,thatisthesimilarityofthesetwo.Bythissimilarity,readerscaneasilyunderstandthemeaningoftheslogan;moreover,roomsgivepeopletheimpressionaboutcomfortableandsafe,sotheshoesdo.Thus,readersassociatefromtheroomstotheshoes——bothareshelters,thendeepintotheirsimilarity——bothgivingprotection.Withthedesireofbeprotected,peoplewillbewillingtobuytheshoes.Ifchangesthe“room”to“box”or“pot”,readerscanunderstandthemeaningtoo,butitcannotcreateaemotionalassociationtobeasuccessfulmetaphor,whichonlybreakthemaximofqualitybutnottobeagoodAD.4.韋小寶：各位觀眾，謝謝各位湊得這么近、站得這么直聽我說書，真是太給面子啦。今天要說的人物就是天地會的總舵主陳近南，所謂平生不見陳近南，便稱英雄也枉然。他身高八尺，腰圍也是八尺。眾人：哇！那豈不是四方了嗎？韋小寶：四方就四方，一樣米養(yǎng)百樣人，八角形的都有。我告訴你！他武功的名堂呢，稱之為“九天十地菩薩搖頭怕怕霹靂金光雷電掌”！一掌打出，方圓百里之內(nèi)，不論人畜、蝦蟹、跳蚤，全部化成了飛灰啊?。ǔ鲎噪娪啊堵苟τ洝罚〢nalyze:Accordingthemaximofquality,Weishouldanswerthequestionhonestlybasedthetruthbuthisownimagination.Withthishyperboleexpression,Weiattractedpeople’sattentionresourcefully,althoughheviolatedthemaximofquality.5.Duringtheheightofaparticularlysevereair-raidinLondonin1940,thestaffofalargebuildingwastakingshelterinthebasement.Theraidhadbeenonprogressforseveralhoursandbombswerestillfalling.Suddenlyoneofthetypistssaidtoherfriend,“comeon,Gladys,I’mnotstoppinghereanylonger.It’s5o’clock.It`stimetogohome,raidornotraid.”O(jiān)uttheywentbutwithinacoupleofminutestheywerebackagain.“Changeyourmind?”askedoneoftheothertypists.“Yes,”saidthefirstgirl.“We’venoumbrellaandit’spouringwithrainoutside.”Analyze:Thesetwogirlsinthisstorycouldnotstandtheendlessair-raidandstayedatthebasementanylonger,andoneofthemdecidedtogohome,nomattertheair-raidendornot.Maybewewillthinkthatgirlisabraveone,however,shebacked,saidbecauseofshehadnoumbrellaandoutsidewererainpouringthatcouldnotleave.Theendingofthisstoryisreallyironical,thegirlissobravethatcanignorethedeath,butstoppingbytherain;thehugecontrastofthatgirl’simageshasproducedaclownishreaction.Thereasonthestorycanproduceaclownishreactionisitignoringthedangerousconceptionbutemphasizingthenegligiblethings(raining),whichviolatesthemaximofquality.(三）關(guān)系原則（MaximofRelation）：要有關(guān)聯(lián)，要切合題。Berelevant,andconnectingtothetheme.Forexamples:1.Scene:MaxwasservingthecustomerMax:Hi,readytoorder?Customer:Doyouhaveanythingthat’srealspecial?Max:Notaccordingmyhighschoolguidancecounselor.(FromBankruptcySisters)Analyze:Maxisaskingifthecustomerreadytoorderfood,andthecustomerwantstoknowiftherestauranthasanyspecialdish.What’sforfun,Maxmisinterpretsthemeaningpurposelytoviolatethemaximofrelation,andhelpstheaudiencesrealizethefunnypoint.2.Tworatherdeafoldgentlemenweretravelingontheunderground.AsthetraindrewintoWembleyStation,oneofthemshouted,“IsthisWembley?”“No,”shoutedtheother,“it’sThursday!”“Whatdidyousay?”“Thursday————Thursday!”“Yes,soamI,shallwegetoffhereandhaveadrink?”Analyze:Fromtheaboveconversationweknowthatthosetwooldgentlemenarebothdeaf,sotheycannotheareachotherclearly.OneofthemaskediftherewastheWembleyStation,anotherheardasiftodaywasWednesday，becausethepronunciationof“Wembley”arecloseto“Wednesday”.Thentheonewhoanswered“Thursday”hadrepeatedhisansweroverandoveragain,madethefirstoneofthemthoughtthatmanwasthirsty,sohesuggestedtogetofftohaveadrink.Inthisjoke,bothofthemarereplyingirrelevantinformationandviolatingthemaximofrelation,withthisresulttomakereaderslaugh.3.JamalMalik:“Comerunwithme.”Latika:“Run?Where?Lifeofwhat?”(FrommovieSlumdogMillionaire)Analyze:ForJamal’sask,Latikashouldbeonlyanswer“Yes,I’llrunwithyou.”or“No,Iwon’trunwithyou.”Insteadofthesetwoappropriateanswers,Latikarepliedirrelevantlythatviolatingthemaximofrelation.4.Luca:You’reonthewrongsideofthestreet,fatcat.Beatit!Garfield:Andyou,Luca,thewrongsideoftheevolutionarycurve.(frommovieGarfieldⅠ)Analyze:TheconversationbetweenGarfieldanddogLuca,thegreedycat——GarfieldwantedtostealthecakefromLuca’shome.WhenLucawarnedGarfieldshouldn’tcomeacrossthestreet(onthewrongsideofthestreet),andGarfieldrepliedhimthathewasonthewrongsideofevolutionarycurve.GarfielddidnottellthereasonwhyhecametheothersideofthestreetbutsayLucaisthefailureofevolutionarycurve,whichsatirizeLucaisugly.Thejapecomesfromtheviolationofthemaximofrelation.5.Jon:WhatamIgonnadowithyou?Garfield:Loveme.Feedme.Neverleaveme.Jon:Comeon.Let’sgoforaridetosomeplaceyoulove...(frommovieGarfieldⅠ)Analyze:ThistalkhappenedafterGarfieldhadatefourboxesofspaghettiwhichshouldbeJon’s.InordertopunishGarfield,JonaskedhowshouldhetreatGarfieldasthecathadatehisspaghetti;what’sunexpected,Garfielddidn’tsaysorrytoJonbutsomethingirrelevantabouthisgreedyact.AsthereplyofGarfieldviolatesthemaximofrelationhasamusedtheaudiences.（四）方式原則（MaximofManner）：要清楚明白。Theconversationshouldbeclearandreasonable.（1）避免晦澀。Avoidingobscurity.（2）避免歧義。Avoidingambiguity.（3）簡明扼要，井井有條。Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity),andbeorderly.Forexamples:1.Jenny:Areyoustupidorsomething?Forrest:Mammasaysthatstupidisasstupiddoes.(fromForrestGump)Analyze:Accordingthemaximofmanner,,thecontentoftheanswershouldbeclearandprecise,butForrest’sreplyisambiguousandvague,sohebreaksthemaximofmanner.2.Max:What?Noway.Noway.IsthisNarnia?I’mabouttosaysomethingIsworeI’dneversay.“O.M.G.AgainO.M.G.”It’slame,butnothingelsereallynailsit.ThisistheroomthatO.M.G.wasbornfor.Caroline:Max,it’sjustmycloset.(fromBankruptcySisters)Analyze:MaxcomparesCaroline’sclosetasNarnia,toexpresshersurprisethatherneversawsuchluxuryroomandclosetbefore,justlikebeingintheHeaven,andsays“on,mygod”repeatedlyas“O.M.G.”.Thoughitviolatesthemaximofmanner,itdoesmaketheaudiencelaughing.Garfield:ThisisexactlywhatIdeserveanyway.IpromiseifIsurvive,I’llnevercompetewithadogagain.Okay!Yougotme!ButbeforeIsaygoodbye...Oh,isn’titthefinalirony?(frommovieGarfieldⅠ)Analyze:Thisscenehappenedatthedogsexhibition,Garfieldwaschasedbyagroupofdogs.“...IpromiseifIsurvive,I’llnevercompetewithadogagain...”thissentencehasusedequivoquetomakeamis