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考點(diǎn)47閱讀理解議論文
高考頻度:★★★★★
議論文是英語(yǔ)中的重要文體,在每年的高考閱讀理解中占有一定的比例。
議論文就是說(shuō)理性的文章,一般由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證過(guò)程組成。議論文都要提出論題、
觀點(diǎn)、提供充分的證據(jù),使用一定的邏輯方法證明觀點(diǎn)或得出結(jié)論。議論文的寫(xiě)法通常有以
下三種形式:
寫(xiě)法一:正方(甲方),反方(乙方),我認(rèn)為……
寫(xiě)法二:提出問(wèn)題,分析問(wèn)題,解決問(wèn)題。
寫(xiě)法三:論點(diǎn),理由(證據(jù)),重申論點(diǎn)。
議論文的內(nèi)容涵蓋文化、歷史、文學(xué)、科學(xué)和教育等各個(gè)方面。在這類體裁的文章中把
握好論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證很重要。此類體裁的文章中有關(guān)主旨大意和推理判斷的題目會(huì)較多,
這也是得分比較難的題型。在閱讀這類文章的時(shí)候,我們要認(rèn)真把握作者的態(tài)度,領(lǐng)悟弦外
之音,從而更好地依據(jù)文章的事實(shí)做出合理的推斷。
注意事項(xiàng):
1.避免讀得太快,做題靠印象和直覺(jué)。(要求每一道題回到原文去找答案)
2.要先看題目,后讀文章。(與先讀文章,后看題目的比較)
高考材料閱讀方法:先通讀全文,重點(diǎn)讀首段、各段的段首段尾句,然后其他部分可以
略讀,再審題定位,比較選項(xiàng),選出答案。要有把握文章的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)、中心句的能力。
3.閱讀中需要特別注意并做記號(hào)的有:
(1)標(biāo)志類、指示類的信息。
①表示并列關(guān)系:and,also,coupledwith等;
②表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系:but,yet,however,bycontrast等;
③表示因果關(guān)系:therefore,thereby,consequently,asaresult等;
④表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系:inadditionto,even,what*smore,furthermore等;
⑤表示重要性的詞:prime,aboveall,first等。
以上關(guān)鍵詞有助于我們對(duì)文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)的把握。
(2)具有感情色彩、顯示作者態(tài)度的詞:blind盲目的(貶),excessively過(guò)分的(貶),
objective(客觀)等。
4.常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題:
(1)讀不懂怎么?
問(wèn)題本身太空泛,應(yīng)該仔細(xì)分析問(wèn)題到底在哪兒。首先要能意識(shí)到自身問(wèn)題所在。
unconsciousincompetent(無(wú)意識(shí)無(wú)能力)屬于問(wèn)題認(rèn)知的第一階段;
consciousincompetent(有意識(shí)無(wú)能力)屬于問(wèn)題認(rèn)知的第二階段;
consciouscompetent(有意識(shí)有能力)屬于問(wèn)題認(rèn)知的第三階段;
unconsciouscompetent(無(wú)意識(shí)有能力)屬于問(wèn)題認(rèn)知的第四階段。
從認(rèn)知的第三階段達(dá)到第四階段,是一個(gè)反復(fù)熟練的過(guò)程。
(2)讀懂了文章之后還做錯(cuò)題怎么辦?
(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么辦?
(4)做題技巧用不上怎么辦?
能夠不由自主地按照正確的思路解題了,才表明我們正確掌握了這些技巧。
在課堂聽(tīng)明白之后,還需要回去自己思考,針對(duì)自己的實(shí)際進(jìn)行分析,從而對(duì)癥下藥。
【命題分析】
議論說(shuō)理類文章就是議論文,是高考閱讀理解題中一種較難的題目。議論說(shuō)理類文章具
有以下特點(diǎn):
1.題材多樣化、知識(shí)化,它包括社會(huì)科學(xué)的多種領(lǐng)域,以及和自然科學(xué)交叉學(xué)科,體
現(xiàn)以人為本的特點(diǎn)。具體說(shuō)來(lái):
(1)一般按提出問(wèn)題、分析問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題的方法寫(xiě)作。作者一般從日常生活中的熱點(diǎn)
問(wèn)題、社會(huì)上的重大問(wèn)題、與讀者息息相關(guān)的問(wèn)題入手,即提出問(wèn)題。然后,分析利弊,舉
例說(shuō)明,推理判斷,即分析問(wèn)題。最后,闡述觀點(diǎn),提出辦法,即解決問(wèn)題。
(2)以作者的觀點(diǎn)或情感為核心,對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)推理等方面進(jìn)行考查。
(3)文章的主題一般是生活中的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題、重大問(wèn)題或與生活息息相關(guān)的問(wèn)題等。
2.側(cè)重考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章深層意義的理解。通常情況下,深層理解題占多數(shù),這就要求
學(xué)生讀議論文時(shí),不能僅限于對(duì)文章的表層理解,只抓一些事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié),而且要注重對(duì)文章的
意圖、作者的觀點(diǎn)以及內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系的審視。
3.深層理解題的主要表現(xiàn)形式:
(1)主旨性題目:此類題常針對(duì)文章主題、中心思想、標(biāo)題或作者的寫(xiě)作意圖,通常有
以下提問(wèn)方式:
a.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
b.Thetextismainlyabout.
c.Fromthepassageweknowthat.
d.Themainideaoftheparagraphis.
e.Thewriter*spurposeofwritingthistextis.
f.Thepassagecouldbetitled.
g.Thepassagedealswith.
h.What'sthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?
(2)推理判斷題:此題主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系的把握,通常有以下出題方式:
a.回答對(duì)why和how的提問(wèn)。
b.Accordingtothetext,whichofthestatementsistrue/wrong?
c.Fromthetext,wecaninferthat.
d.Wherecanthistextbeselectedfrom?
e.Whatcanyouimaginewillbedealtwith/writteninthefollowingpassage?
f,以短語(yǔ)accordingtothewriterofthetext或inthewriter'sopinion等
引出的其他問(wèn)題。
(3)詞義猜測(cè)題:判斷詞義的詞可能有四種情況,一是詞未學(xué)過(guò),二是詞已學(xué)過(guò),但在
該篇中不是已學(xué)過(guò)的詞義,三是某個(gè)代詞it或them在文中指代什么,四是某句話的意思。
【應(yīng)試策略】
議論文體閱讀理解題的應(yīng)對(duì)策略
解答議論類閱讀理解試題,可以從以下幾個(gè)方面著手考慮:
作者在開(kāi)始敘述一個(gè)現(xiàn)象,然后對(duì)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行解釋。這類文章的主題是文中最重要的解釋
或作者所強(qiáng)調(diào)的解釋,閱讀時(shí)要注意作者給出的原因,所以又被稱為原因一結(jié)果(Cause&
Effect)型。還有一種比較常見(jiàn)的是問(wèn)題一答案型,作者在一開(kāi)始或一段末以問(wèn)句提出一個(gè)
問(wèn)題(相當(dāng)于一個(gè)現(xiàn)象),然后給出該問(wèn)題的答案(相當(dāng)于解釋)。針對(duì)文中問(wèn)題給出的主要答
案就是這種文章的中心。
這里強(qiáng)調(diào)一點(diǎn),答題時(shí)優(yōu)先考慮正面答題(直接從文章內(nèi)容得出答案),然后從中心、態(tài)
度或利用解答特征等其他角度對(duì)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn);如果從文章內(nèi)容中直接無(wú)法解決,則從中心
和態(tài)度方面考慮;次之,從解答特征方面考慮。
考生往往最怕此類體裁。山窮水盡時(shí),記住:首先從整體上把握文章中心和作者所持的
態(tài)度,靠近中心的就是答案。
解題方法:
1.把握文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。此外,還要把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)言。
2.互推法:在議論之后,總會(huì)再列舉一些具體的例子來(lái)支持觀點(diǎn)或在一些例子之后,總要
抒發(fā)一些議論??忌诶斫庾h論時(shí),可以借助文中所給的實(shí)例,從而在形象的例子中推理出
抽象的議論;或從議論中推理理解具體例子的深刻含義,相互推斷。
3.推理法:推理的結(jié)論一定是原文有這層意思,但沒(méi)有明確表達(dá)的。推理要根據(jù)文章的字
面意思,通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇、段落和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系,各個(gè)信息所暗示和隱含的意義,作者的隱
含意等對(duì)文章進(jìn)行推理判斷??忌晌淖值谋韺有畔⑼诰虺鑫恼碌纳顚雍x,要能透過(guò)現(xiàn)
象看本質(zhì)。
二、解題技巧
歷年全國(guó)高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的題型無(wú)非基本都是考查主旨大意、詞義猜測(cè)、推理判斷和
細(xì)節(jié)理解四大題型。其中,命題以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主,推理判斷題為輔,又兼顧詞義猜測(cè)題和
主旨大意題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題主要考查的是對(duì)原文具體細(xì)節(jié)的理解和把控能力,難
度相對(duì)較小,廣大考生除了平時(shí)必要的閱讀量和詞匯量的積累以外,掌握一定的解題技巧對(duì)
解答閱讀理解題來(lái)說(shuō)也是至關(guān)重要的。具體說(shuō)來(lái):
1.主旨大意型
干擾項(xiàng)可能是文中某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)。
干擾項(xiàng)可能是從文中某些(不完全的)事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論。
干擾項(xiàng)可能是非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷。
正確答案根據(jù)文章全面理解而歸納概括出來(lái);不能太籠統(tǒng)、言過(guò)其實(shí)或以偏概全。
主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。根據(jù)多年的備考及高考
實(shí)踐,這類題目考查的范圍是:基本論點(diǎn)、文章標(biāo)題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理
解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法,對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概
括或總結(jié),屬于高層次題。
選擇"主題"旨在考查考生是否掌握了所讀文章的主要內(nèi)容或主旨,通常用詞、短語(yǔ)或
句子來(lái)概括。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式有:
1.Whatisthemain/generalideaofthistext?
2.Whatismainlydiscussedinthispassage?
3.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?
4.Thistextmainlytellsus.
5.Thispassagemainlydealswith.
6.Themainideaofthispassagemaybebestexpressedas.
7.Thetopicofthispassageis.
標(biāo)題選擇題則是讓考生給所讀的文章選擇一個(gè)合適的標(biāo)題。通常標(biāo)題由一個(gè)名詞或名詞
短語(yǔ)充當(dāng),用詞簡(jiǎn)短、精練。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式有:
1.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
2.Whichofthefollowingisthebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistext?
3.Thebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistextwouldbe.
不管是選擇"主題"還是選擇"標(biāo)題”,實(shí)質(zhì)上都是要求考生從整體上理解語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容,
找出貫穿語(yǔ)篇的主線;不管是何種體裁的文章,都是圍繞一個(gè)主題來(lái)展開(kāi)的。在試題設(shè)計(jì)上,
3個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及,但并非主要內(nèi)容,需要注意甄別。
2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型
細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要考查考生對(duì)文章中某些細(xì)節(jié)或重要事實(shí)的理解能力。它一般包括直接理
解題和語(yǔ)意理解題兩種。直接理解題的答案與原文直接掛鉤,從閱讀材料中可以找到。這種
題難度低,只要考生讀懂文章,就能得分,屬于低層次題。
做此類題時(shí)可以使用定位法與跳讀法。定位法即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息直接從原
文中找到相應(yīng)的句子(即定位),然后進(jìn)行比較和分析(尤其要注意一些同義轉(zhuǎn)換),從而選出
正確答案。跳讀法即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息跳讀原文,并找到相關(guān)的句子(有時(shí)可能
是幾個(gè)句子)或段落,然后進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單分析、推理等,從而找出正確答案。
(1)解題原則:忠實(shí)于原文上下文及全篇的邏輯關(guān)系,決不能主觀臆斷。
文章中心是論點(diǎn),事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)是論據(jù)或主要理由;有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題常對(duì)文中某個(gè)詞語(yǔ)、某句
子、某段落等細(xì)節(jié)及事實(shí)進(jìn)行提問(wèn),所提問(wèn)題一般可直接或間接在文章中找到答案。
提問(wèn)的特殊疑問(wèn)詞常有:what,who,which,where,how,why等。
在閱讀理解中,要求查找主要事實(shí)和特定細(xì)節(jié)的問(wèn)題常有以下幾種命題方式:
@Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
②Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthetext?
③Theauthor(orthepassage)statesthat.
?Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,what,which,etc.)
__________?
(2)干擾項(xiàng):范圍過(guò)大、過(guò)?。和祿Q概念;正誤并存,某個(gè)分句是正確的。
閱讀理解中細(xì)節(jié)理解題的干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置有以下幾個(gè)原則:
①包含項(xiàng)原則
在答案選項(xiàng)分析中,假如對(duì)A選項(xiàng)的理解概括了對(duì)其他三項(xiàng)(或其中某一項(xiàng))的理解,那
么我們就說(shuō)選項(xiàng)A與其他三項(xiàng)是包含或概括關(guān)系,包含項(xiàng)A往往就是正確答案。如在“花"
與"玫瑰"兩選項(xiàng)中,正確答案肯定是"花",花包含了玫瑰。
②正反項(xiàng)原則
所謂正反項(xiàng),是指兩選項(xiàng)陳述的命題完全相矛盾。兩個(gè)相互矛盾的陳述不能都是假的,
其中必有一真。所以,假如四選項(xiàng)中A、B互為正反項(xiàng),那我們通常先排除C、D項(xiàng),正確答
案一般在A、B項(xiàng)當(dāng)中。
③委婉項(xiàng)原則
所謂委婉,這里是指說(shuō)話不能說(shuō)死,要留有余地。閱讀理解選項(xiàng)中語(yǔ)氣平和、委婉的往
往是正確答案。這些選項(xiàng)一般含有不十分肯定或試探性語(yǔ)氣的表達(dá),如:probably,
possibly,may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,be1ikelyto,
notnecessary,although,yet,inaddition,tendto等等,而含有絕對(duì)語(yǔ)氣的表達(dá)往
往不是正確答案,如:must,always,never,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,
none,hardly,already等等。
④同形項(xiàng)原則
命題者往往先將正確答案設(shè)置在一個(gè)大命題范圍,然后通過(guò)語(yǔ)言形式的細(xì)微變化來(lái)考查
考生的理解能力與分析能力。同形項(xiàng)原則告訴我們:詞匯與句法結(jié)構(gòu)相似的選項(xiàng)中有正確答
案的存在。
⑤常識(shí)項(xiàng)原則
議論文中,那些符合一般常識(shí)、意義深刻富有哲理、符合一般規(guī)律、屬于普遍現(xiàn)象的往
往是正確答案。
⑥因果項(xiàng)原則
閱讀理解的邏輯推理基本都是通過(guò)因果鏈進(jìn)行的,前因后果,一步步循序漸進(jìn)。然而,
在推理題的選項(xiàng)中,有的選項(xiàng)會(huì)推理不到位(止于前因),或者推理過(guò)頭(止于后果),這就是
所謂的干擾項(xiàng)。因果項(xiàng)原則啟示我們:假如四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)互為同一事物推理過(guò)程中的因
果關(guān)系,那么正確答案就是兩個(gè)因果項(xiàng)中的其中之一。如果因項(xiàng)可產(chǎn)生幾個(gè)結(jié)果,那么答案
就是因;如果果項(xiàng)可以對(duì)應(yīng)幾個(gè)原因,那么答案就是果。
解題方法:原文定位法。
查讀法:(1)帶著問(wèn)題找答案,把注意力集中在與who,what,when,where問(wèn)題有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)
上。
(2)細(xì)心!
3.詞義猜測(cè)型
閱讀理解的測(cè)試中經(jīng)常有猜測(cè)詞、短語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ)、句子意義的題目,近幾年高考閱讀中詞
義猜測(cè)題的考查方法呈多樣化,其中根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境推測(cè)詞義將會(huì)越來(lái)越多。有時(shí)短文中出
現(xiàn)一個(gè)需猜測(cè)其意義的詞或短語(yǔ),后文接著會(huì)出現(xiàn)其定義、解釋或例子,這就是判斷該詞或
短語(yǔ)意義的主要依據(jù)。
除此之外,我們還可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷:根據(jù)上下句的連接詞,如but,
however,otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別,從而依據(jù)某一句的含義來(lái)確定
另一句的含義。另外,分號(hào)(;)也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義。還可以根據(jù)因果關(guān)
系進(jìn)行判斷。俗話說(shuō),"有因必有果,有果必有因"。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果,根據(jù)結(jié)果也
可以找出原因。當(dāng)然了,這些詞、短語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ)要么是生詞,要么是熟詞新義,單靠平時(shí)積累
是不夠的,還要掌握以下做題技巧。
(1)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(轉(zhuǎn)化、合成、派生)進(jìn)行判斷。
(2)根據(jù)文中的定義、事例、解釋猜生詞。用事例或解釋猜生詞;用重復(fù)解釋的信息猜生詞。
(3)根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇。文章中的代詞it,that,he,him或them可以指上文
提到的人或物,其中it和that還可以指一件事。
(4)根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。根據(jù)上下句的連接詞如but,however,otherwise等可
以看到前后句在意義上的差別,從而依據(jù)某一句的含義,來(lái)確定另一句的含義。
(5)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。俗話說(shuō),"有因必有果,有果必有因"。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)
果,根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。
(6)根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。閱讀中有時(shí)出現(xiàn)新詞、難詞,后面跟著一個(gè)同位語(yǔ),對(duì)前面的
詞進(jìn)行解釋。
(7)利用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和提示詞猜測(cè)詞義。分號(hào)還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義;破折號(hào)
表示解釋說(shuō)明。
常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題形式有:
(l)Theword""inLine…means/canbebestreplacedby…
(2)Asusedinthepassage,thephrase"…"suggests…
(3)Fromthepassage,wecaninferthattheword/phrase/thesentence
"…"is/refersto/means
(4)Theword""isclosestinmeaningto…
常用應(yīng)對(duì)方法:
同義法:常在詞或短語(yǔ)之間有并列連詞and或。r,它們連接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的
或遞進(jìn)的,由此可以推測(cè)詞義。
反義法:如hotandcold,giveandreceive等,或前句為肯定,后句為否定??傊?/p>
為反義的詞與詞間都起著互為線索的作用。
釋義法:對(duì)文章中的生詞用定語(yǔ)(從句)、表語(yǔ),甚至用逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)引出并加以
解釋說(shuō)明。
此外,還有情景推斷法、代詞替代法等。
做題要領(lǐng)
(1)從文中找線索或信息詞;
(2)根據(jù)熟悉的詞及詞義判斷新詞的意思;
(3)根據(jù)上下文判斷新詞在特定句中的確切意思。
(4)要特別注意熟詞新意!
4.推理判斷型
做題要領(lǐng):既要求學(xué)生透過(guò)文章表面文字信息推測(cè)文章的隱含意思,又要求學(xué)生對(duì)
作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細(xì)節(jié)的發(fā)展作出正確的推理判斷,力求從作者的角度考慮而不
是固守自己的看法。常見(jiàn)的命題方式有:
(l)Thepassageimplies(暗示)that.
(2)Wecanconclude(得出結(jié)論)fromthepassagethat
(3)Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferred(推論)?
(4)Whatisthetone(語(yǔ)氣)oftheauthor?
(5)Whatisthepurpose(目的)ofthispassage?
(6)Thepassageisintendedto.
(7)Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?
_檢__測(cè)■訓(xùn)練-丁
題組一(2017年高考真題)
Passagel(2017?天津卷,D)
Ireadsomewherethatwespendafullthirdofourliveswaiting.Butwhereare
wedoingallofthiswaiting,andwhatdoesitmeantoanimpatientsocietylike
ours?Tounderstandtheissue,let'stakealookatthreetypesofMwaits*'.
TheverypurestformofwaitingistheWatched-PotWait.Itiswithoutdoubt
themostannoyingofall.Takefillingupthekitchensink(洗碗池)asanexample.
Thereisabsolutelynothingyoucandowhilethisisgoingonbutkeepbotheyes
fixedonthesinkuntilit'sfull.Duringthesewaits,thebrainslipsawayfrom
thebodyandwandersaboutuntilthewaterrunsovertheedgeofthecounterand
ontoyoursocks.Thiskindofwaitmakesthewaiterhelplessandmindless.
AcousintotheWatched-PotWaitistheForcedWait.Thisonerequiresabit
ofdiscipline.ProperlypreparingpackagednoodlesouprequiresaForcedWait.
Directionsareveryspecific."Bringthreecupsofwatertoboil,addmix,simmer
threeminutes,removefromheat,letstandfiveminutes."Ihavemydoubtsthat
anyonehasactuallyfollowedtheproceduresstrictly.Afterall,ForcedWaiting
requirespatience.
PerhapsthemostpowerfultypeofwaitingistheLucky-BreakWait.Thistype
ofwaitisunusualinthatitisforthemostpartvoluntary.UnliketheForcedWait,
whichisalsovoluntary,waitingforyourluckybreakdoesnotnecessarilymeanthat
itwillhappen.
Turningone'slifeintoawaitinggamerequiresfaithandhope,andisstrictly
fortheoptimistsamongus.Onthesurfaceitseemsasridiculousasfollowingthe
directionsonsoupmixes,buttheLucky-BreakWaitwellservesthosewhoarewilling
todoit.Aslongasonedoesn,tcometorelyonit,wishingforafewgoodthings
tohappenneverhurtsanybody.
Wecertainlydospendagooddealofourtimewaiting.Thenexttimeyou're
standingatthesinkwaitingforittofillwhilecookingnoodlesoupthatyou,11
havetoeatuntilalargebagofcashfallsoutofthesky,don,tbedesperate.
You'reprobablyjustasbusyasthenextguy.
51.WhiledoingaWatched-PotWait,wetendto.
A.keepourselvesbusy
B.getabsent-minded
C.growanxious
D.stayfocused
52.WhatisthedifferencebetweentheForcedWaitandtheWatched-PotWait?
A.TheForcedWaitrequiressomeself-control.
B.TheForcedWaitmakespeoplepassive.
C.TheWatched-PotWaitneedsdirections.
D.TheWatched-PotWaitengagesbodyandbrain.
53.WhatcanwelearnabouttheLucky-BreakWait?
A.ItislessvoluntarythantheForcedWait.
B.Itdoesn'talwaysbringthedesiredresult.
C.ItismorefruitfulthantheForcedWait.
D.Itdoesn'tgivepeoplefaithandhope.
54.Whatdoestheauthoradviseustodothenexttimewearewaiting?
A.Takeitseriously.
B.Don'trelyonothers.
C.Dosomethingelse.
D.Don'tloseheart.
55.Theauthorsupportshisviewby.
A.exploringvariouscausesof"waits"
B.describingdetailedprocessesof"waits”
C.analyzingdifferentcategoriesof'*waits”
D.revealingfrustratingconsequencesof"waits'*
Passage2(2017?浙江卷,B)
GettinglesssleephasbecomeabadhabitformostAmericankids.Accordingto
anewsurvey(調(diào)查)bytheNationalSleepFoundation,51%ofkidsaged10to18go
tobedat10pmorlateronschoolnights,eventhoughtheyhavetogetupearly.
LastyeartheFoundationreportedthatnearly60%of7-to12-year-oldssaidthey
felttiredduringtheday,and15%saidtheyhadfallenasleepatschool.
Howmuchsleepyouneeddependsalotonyourage.Babiesneedalotofrest:
mostofthemsleepabout18hoursaday!Adultsneedabouteighthours.Formost
school-agechildren,tenhoursisideal(理想的).ButthenewNationalSleep
Foundationsurveyfoundthat35%of10-to12-year-oldsgetonlysevenoreighthours.
Andguesswhatalmosthalfofthesurveyedkidssaidtheydobeforebedtime?Watch
TV.
“MorechildrenaregoingtobedwithTVson,andtherearemoreopportunities(iH
會(huì))tostayawake,withmorehomework,theInternetandthephone,“saysDr.Mary
Carskadon,asleepresearcheratBrownUniversityMedicalSchool.Shesaysthese
activitiesatbedtimecangetkidsallexcitedandmakeithardforthemtocalm
downandsleep.Otherexpertssaypartoftheproblemischemical.Changinglevels
ofbodychemicalscalledhormonesnotonlymaketeenagers'bodiesdevelopadult
characteristics,butalsomakeithardforteenagerstofal1asleepbefore11pm.
Becausesleepinessissuchaproblemforteenagers,someschooldistrictshave
decidedtostarthighschoolclasseslaterthantheyusedto.Threeyearsago,schools
inEdina,Minnesota,changedthestarttimefrom7:25amto8:30am.Students,parents
andteachersarepleasedwiththeresults.
25.WhatisthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyon?
A.Americankids'sleepinghabits.B.Teenagers,
sleep-relateddiseases.
C.Activitiestopreventsleeplessness.D.Learningproblemsand
lackofsleep.
26.Howmanyhoursofsleepdo11-year-oldsneedeveryday?
A.7hours.B.8hours.
C.10hours.D.18hours.
27.WhydoteenagersgotosleeplateaccordingtoCarskadon?
A.Theyareaffectedbycertainbodychemicals.
B.Theytendtodothingsthatexcitethem.
C.Theyfollowtheirparents'examples.
D.Theydon'tneedtogotoschoolearly.
題組二(2016年高考真題)
Passage1(2016?浙江,A)
DidyouhearwhathappenedtoAdamLastFriday?”LindseywhisperstoTori.
Withhereyesshining,Toribrags,"YoubetIdid,Seantoldmetwodaysago.”
WhoareLindseyandToritalkingabout?Itjusthappenedtobeyourstruly,Adam
Freedman.Icantellyouthatwhattheyaresayingis(a)notniceand(b)noteven
true.Still,LindseyandToriaren,tverydifferentfrommoststudentshereat
LintonHighSchool,includingme.Manyofourconversationsaregossip(閑話).Ihave
noticedthreeeffectsofgossip:itcanhurtpeople,itcangivegossipersastrange
kindofsatisfaction,anditcancausesocialpressuresinagroup.
Animportantnegativeeffectofgossipisthatitcanhurtthepersonbeingtalked
about.Usually,gossipspreadsinformationaboutatopic-breakups,troubleat
home,evendroppingout-thatapersonwouldratherkeepsecret.Themore
embarrassingorshamefulthesecretis,thejuicierthegossipitmakes.Probably
theworsttypeofgossipistheabsolutelie.Peopleoftenthinkofgossipersas
harmless,butcruelliescancausepain.
Ifweknowthatgossipcanbeharmful,thenwhydosomanyofusdoit?Theanswer
liesinanothereffectofgossip:thesatisfactionitgivesus.Sharingthelatest
rumor(傳言)canmakeapersonfeelimportantbecauseheorsheknowssomethingthat
othersdon,t.Similarly,hearingthelatestrumorcanmakeapersonfeellikepart
ofthe"ingroup."Inotherwords,gossipissatisfyingbecauseitgivespeople
asenseofbelongingorevensuperiority(優(yōu)越感).
Gossipalsocanhaveathirdeffect:itstrengthensunwritten,unspokenrules
abouthowpeopleshouldact.ProfessorDavidWilsonexplainsthatgossipisimportant
inpolicingbehaviorsinagroup.Translatedintohighschoolterms,thismeansthat,
ifeverybodyyouhangaroundwithislaughingatwhatJohnworeorwhatJanesaid,
thenyoucanbetthatwearingorsayingsomethingsimilarwillgetyouthesamekind
ofnegativeattention.Thedo'sanddon'tsconveyedthroughgossipwi11nevershow
upinanystudenthandbook.
Theeffectsofgossipvarydependingonthesituation.Thenexttimeyoufeel
theurgetospreadthelatestnews,thingaboutwhyyouwanttogossipandwhateffects
your”juicystory”mighthave.
41.Theauthorusesaconversationatthebeginningofthepassageto.
A.introduceatopic
B.presentanargument
C.describethecharacters
D.clarifyhiswritingpurpose
42.Animportantnegativeeffectofgossipisthatit.
A.breaksuprelationships
B.embarrassesthelistener
C.spreadsinformationaround
D.causesunpleasantexperiences
43.IntheauthorJsopinion,manypeopleliketogossipbecauseit.
A.givesthemafeelingofpleasure
B.helpsthemtomakemorefriends
C.makesthembetterattellingstories
D.enablesthemtomeetimportantpeople
44.ProfessorDavidWilsonthinksthatgossipcan.
A.providestudentswithwrittenrules
B.helppeoplewatchtheirownbehaviors
C.forceschoolstoimprovestudenthandbooks
D.attractthepolice'sattentiontogroupbehaviors
45.Whatadvicedoestheauthorgiveinthepassage?
A.Neverbecomeagossiper.
B.Stayawayfromgossipers.
C.Don'tletgossipturnintolies.
D.Thinktwicebeforeyougossip.
Passage2(2016?新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷HI,D)
Badnewssells.Ifitbleeds,itleads.Nonewsisgoodnews,andgoodnews
isnonews.Thosearetheclassicrulesfortheeveningbroadcastsandthemorning
papers.Butnowthatinformationisbeingspreadandmonitored(監(jiān)控)indifferent
ways,researchersarediscoveringnewrules.Bytrackingpeople'se-mailsand
onlineposts,scientistshavefoundthatgoodnewscanspreadfasterandfarther
thandisastersandsobstories.
“The'ifitbleeds,ruleworksformassmedia,"saysJonahBerger,ascholar
attheUniversityofPennsylvania."Theywantyoureyeballsanddon,tcarehow
you,refeeling.Butwhenyoushareastorywithyourfriends,youcarealotmore
howtheyreact.Youdon'twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner."
Researchersanalyzingword-of-mouthcommunication-e-mails,Webpostsand
reviews,face-to-faceconversations一foundthatittendedtobemorepositivethan
negative(消極的),butthatdidn,tnecessarilymeanpeoplepreferredpositivenews.
Waspositivenewssharedmoreoftensimplybecausepeopleexperiencedmoregood
thingsthanbadthings?Totestforthatpossibility,Dr.Bergerlookedathowpeople
spreadaparticularsetofnewsstories:thousandsofarticlesonTheNewYorkTimes'
website.HeandaPenncolleagueanalyzedthe”moste-mailed"listforsixmonths.
Oneofhisfirstfindingswasthatarticlesinthesciencesectionweremuchmore
likelytomakethelistthannon-sciencearticles.Hefoundthatscienceamazed
Times'readersandmadethemwanttosharethispositivefeelingwithothers.
Readersalsotendedtosharearticlesthatwereexcitingorfunny,orthat
inspirednegativefeelings1ikeangeroranxiety,butnotarticlesthatleftthem
merelysad.Theyneededtobearoused(激發(fā))onewayortheother,andtheypreferred
goodnewstobad.Themorepositiveanarticle,themorelikelyitwastobeshared,
asDr.Bergerexplainsinhisnewbook,Contagious:WhyThingsCatchOn.
32.Whatdotheclassicrulesmentionedinthetextapplyto?
A.Newsreports.B.Researchpapers.
C.Privatee-mails.D.Dailyconversations.
33.WhatcanweinferaboutpeoplelikeDebbieDowner?
A.They'resociallyinactive.
B.They'regoodattellingstories.
C.They'reinconsiderateofothers.
D.Theyyrecarefulwiththeirwords.
34.Whichtendedtobethemoste-mailedaccordingtoDr.BergerJsresearch?
A.Sportsnews.B.Sciencearticles.
C.Personalaccounts.D.Financialreviews.
35.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?
A.SadStoriesTravelFarandWide.
B.OnlineNewsAttractsMorePeople.
C.ReadingHabitsChangewiththeTimes.
D.GoodNewsBeatsBadonSocialNetworks.
Passage3(2016?北京卷)
WhyCollegeIsNotHome
Thecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy(自
主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However,nowtheyarebecomingan
extendedperiodofadolescence,duringwhichmanyoftodayJsstudentsandarenot
shoulderedwithadultresponsibilities.
Forpreviousgenerations,collegewasadecisivebreakfromparentalcontrol;
guidanceandsupportneededtocomefrompeopleofthesameageandfromwithin.
Inthepasttwodecades,however,continuedconnectionwithanddependenceonfamily,
thankstocellphones,emailandsocialmedia,haveincreasedsignificantly.Some
parentsgosofarastohelpwithcoursework.Insteadofpromotingtheideaofcollege
asapassagefromtheshelterofthefamilytoautonomyandadultresponsibility,
universitieshavegivenintotheideathattheyshouldprovidethesameenvironment
asthatofthehome.
Toprepareforincreasedautonomyandresponsibility,collegeneedstobeatime
ofexplorationandexperimentation.Thisprocessinvolves"tryingon"newways
ofthinkingaboutoneselfbotherintellectually(在思維方面)andpersonally.While
weshouldprovideHsafespaces"withincolleges,wemustalsomakeitsafeto
expressopinionsandchallengemajorityviews.Intellectualgrowthandflexibility
arefosteredbystrictdebateandquestioning.
Learningtodealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant.Becauseacollege
community(群體)differsfromthefamily,manystudentswillstruggletofindasense
ofbelonging.Ifstudentsrelyonadministratorstoregulatetheirsocialbehavior
andthinkingpattern,theyarenotfacingthechallengeoffindinganidentitywithin
alargerandcomplexcommunity.
Moreover,thetendencyforuniversitiestomonitorandshapestudentbehavior
runsupagainstanothercharacteristicofyoungadults:theresponsetobeing
controlledbytheirelders.Ifacceptablesocialbehavioristoostrictlydefined(規(guī)
定)andcontrolled,theinsensitiveoraggressivebehaviorthatadministratorsare
seekingtominimizemayactuallybeencouraged.
Itisnotsurprisingthatyoungpeoplearelikelytoburstout,particularly
whentherearereasonstodoso.Ourgenerationoncejoinedhandsandstoodfirm
attimesofnationalemergency.Whatislackingtodayistheconflictbetween
adolescent,sdesireforautonomyandtheirunderstandingofanunsafeworld.
Therefore,thereisthedesirefortheirdormstobereplacementhomesandnotplaces
toexperienceintellectualgrowth.
Everycollegediscussionaboutcommunityvalues,socialclimateandbehaviorshould
includerecognitionofthedevelopmentalimportanceofstudentautonomyand
self-regulation,ofthenecessarytensionbetweensafetyandself-discovery.
67.WhatJstheauthor'sattitudetowardcontinuedparentalguidancetocollege
students?
A.Sympathetic.B.Disapproving.C.Supportive.
D.Neutral.
68.Theunderlinedword"passage"inParagraph2means.
A.changeB.choiceC.textD.
extension
69.Accordingtotheauthor,whatroleshouldcollegeplay?
A.Todevelopasharedidentityamongstudents.
B.Todefineandregulatestudents'socialbehavior.
C.Toprovideasafeworldwithouttensionforstudents.
D.TofosterstudentsJintellectualandpersonaldevelopment.
70.Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthepassage?
CC
A.B.
I
I
PlPl
c.cD.
I:IntroductionP:PointSp:Sub-point(次要點(diǎn))C:
Conclusion
Passage4(2016?四川卷,B)
Ifyoucouldhaveonesuperpower,whatwoulditbe?
Dreamingaboutwhetheryouwouldwanttoreadminds,seethroughwalls,orhave
superhumanstrengthmaysoundsilly,butitactuallygetstotheheartofwhatreally
mattersinyourlife.
Everydayinourwork,weareinspiredbythepeoplewemeetdoingextraordinary
thingstoimpro
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