英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí) 考試中心模擬題之

2005年瘋狂考研英語(yǔ)沖刺考試中心模擬題之(1)摘自考試中心之2005年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)考試參考書（非英語(yǔ)專業(yè)）☆☆☆☆恩波周固主講***********************************************************SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommon,includingtheskygod,thelordofstorms,andthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertility,love,andwar,shewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegods,indicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5,andone'slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngod,whowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.When,after3000B.C.,growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13,theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumeda(n)14positionbetweenthegod,whoseagenthewas,andthepriestlyclass,whomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribes,thesecularattendantsofthetemple,who17everyaspectofthecity'seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficials,societywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchants,artisans,andcraftsmen,freepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves.1.[A]Unless[BIAs[C]Lest[D]Although2.[A]on[B]in[C]with[D]about3.[A]worship[B]reverence[C]admiration[D]gratitude4.[A]vanished[B]recovered[C]declined[D]attained5.[A]unpredictable[B]unforgivable[C]unlimited[D]unlikely6.[A]creatures[BIanimals[C]men[D]mortals7.[A]use[BIturn[C]give[D]back8.[A]inhabit[B]live[C]reside[D]lodge9.[A]Hence[B]Thereafter[C]Somehow[D]Incidentally10.[A]introduction[B]transaction[C]distribution[D]provision11.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]of12.[A]along[B]anyway[C]afterwards[D]alike13.[A]additional[B]vital[C]singular[D]exceptional14.[A]alternative[B]secondary[C]intermediate[D]fundamental15.[A]pacify[B]tempt[C]suppress[D]manipulate16.[A]Beside[B]Beyond[C]Below[D]Before17.[A]supervised[B]held[C]managed[D]preside18.[A]Around[B]Under[C]Above[D]Outside19.[A]leading[B]noble[C]controlling[D]principal20.[A]consist[B]compose[C]compile[D]consumeSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Itwasthebiggestscientificgrudgematchsincethespacerace.TheGenomeWarshadeverything:twogroupswithappealingleadersreadytofightinascientificdeadheat,pushingthelimitsoftechnologyandrhetoricastheybattledtobecomethefirsttoreadeverylastoneofthe3billionDNA"letters"inthehumanbody.Thescientificimportanceoftheworkisunquestionable.ThecompletedDNAsequenceisexpectedtogivescientistsunprecedentedinsightsintotheworkingsofthehumanbody,revolutionizingmedicineandbiology.Buttheraceitself,betweenthegovernment'sHumanGenomeProjectandRockville,Md.,biotechnologycompanyCeleraGenomics,wasatleastpartlysymbolic,thepublic/privateconflictplayedoutinageneticlab.Nowtheraceisover.Afteryearsofpublicattacksandseveralfailedattemptsatreconciliation,thetwosidesaretakingasteptowardaperiodofcalm.HGPheadFrancisCollins(andAriPatrinosoftheDepartmentofEnergy,animportantallyonthegovernmentside)andCraigVenter,thefounderofCelera,agreedtoholdajointpressconferenceinWashingtonthisMondaytodeclarethattheracewasover(sortof),thatbothsideshadwon(kindof)andthatthehostilitieswereresolved(forthetimebeing).Nooneisexactlysurehowthingswillbedifferentnow.Neithersidewillbeturningoffitssequencingmachinesanytimesoon--the"finishlines"eachhascrossedarelargelyarbitrarypoints,"firstdrafts"ratherthanthedefinitiveversion.AndwhilethejointannouncementbringstheformerGenomeWarriorsclosertogetherthanthey'vebeeninyears,insiderssayIthatfutureagreementsaremorelikelytotaketheformofcoordination,ratherthanoutrightcollaboration.TheconflictblewupthisFebruarywhenBritain'sWellcomeTrust,anHGPparticipant,releasedaconfidentiallettertoCeleraoutliningtheHGP'scomplaints.Ventercalledthemove"alowlifethingtodo,"butbyspring,therewerethefirstsignsofathaw."Theattacksandnastinessarebadforscienceandourinvestors,"VentertoldNewsweekinMarch,"andfightingbackisprobablynothelpful."Atacancermeetingearlierthismonth,VenterandCollinspraisedeachother'sapproaches,andexpressedhopethatallofthescientistsinvolvedinsequencingthehumangenomewouldbeabletosharethecredit.Bylatelastweek,thathopewasbecomingarealityasdetailsforMonday'sjointannouncementwerehammeredout.Scientistsinbothcampswelcomedanendtothehostilities."Ifthisendsthehorserace,sciencewins."Withtheirdifferencebehindthem,oratleastsetaside,thescientistsshouldnowbeabletogetdowntotheinterestingstuff,figuringhowtomakeuseofallthatdata.21.TherecentGenomeWarsweresymbolicof[A]theenthusiasminscientificresearch.[B]thesignificanceofthespacerace.[C]thepublicversusprivateconflict.[D]theprospectofthecompletionofDNAsequence.22.ThetoneoftheauthorinreportingthejointpressconferencethisMondayis[A]astonished.[B]enthusiastic.[C]disappointed.[D]objective.23.Itisimpliedinthethirdparagraphthat[Althe"finishlines"doesmeanwhatitreads.[BIthesequencingmachineshavestoppedatthe"finishlines."[C]theformerwarriorsarenowcollaborators.[DJbothsideswillworkonindependently.24.Theword"thaw"(Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans[A]aggravationintension.[B]improvementinrelation.[C]intensificationinattacks.[D]stoppageofcoordination.25.Thecriticalthingfacingthescientistsisto[A]applythenewly-foundknowledgetothebenefitofmankind.[B]endtheirhorseraceforthesuccessofscience.[C]getdowntotheirgenomeresearch.[D]settheirdifferencesaside.Text2Atthestartoftheyear,TheIndependentonSundayarguedthattherewerethreeover-whelmingreasonswhyIraqshouldnotbeinvaded:therewasnoproofthatSaddamposedanimminentthreat;Iraqwouldbeevenmoreunstableasaresultofitsliberation;andaconflictwouldincreasethethreatposedbyterrorists.WhatwedidnotknowwasthatTonyBlairhadreceivedintelligenceandadvicethatraisedtheverysamepoints.Lastweek'sreportfromtheIntelligenceandSecurityCommitteeincludedtherevelationthatsomeoftheintelligencehadwarnedthatawaragainstIraqriskedanincreasedthreatofterrorism.WhydidMr.BlairnotmakethisevidenceavailabletothepublicinthewaythatsomuchofthealarmistintelligenceonSaddam'sweaponswaspublished?Whydidhechoosetoignoretheintelligenceandargueinsteadthatthewarwasnecessary,preciselybecauseofthethreatposedbyinternationalterrorism?TherehavebeentwoparliamentaryinvestigationsintothiswarandtheHuttoninquiryreopenstomorrow.Intheirdifferentwaystheyhavebeenilluminating,butnoneofthemhasaddressedthemainissuesrelatingtothewar.TheForeignAffairsCommitteehadthescopetorangewidely,butchosetobecomeentangledinthedisputebetweentheGovernmentandtheBBC.TheIntelligenceCommitteereachedtheconclusionthattheGovernment'sfileonSaddam'sweaponswasnotmixedup,butfailedtoexplainwhytheintelligencewassohopelesslywrong.TheHuttoninquiryisinvestigatingthedeathofDr.DavidKelly,apersonaltragedyofmarginalrelevancetothewaragainstIraq.TonyBlairhasstilltocomeundercloseexaminationabouthisconductinthebuilding-uptowar.Instead,theDefenceSecretary,GeoffHoon,isbeingfingeredasifheweremaster-mindingthewarbehindeveryone'sbacksfromtheMinistryofDefence.Mr.HoonisnotaministerwhodarestothinkwithoutconsultingDowningStreetfirst.AtalltimeshewouldhavebeendancingtoDowningStreet'stunes,Mr.BlairwouldbewrongtoassumethathecandrawalineunderallofthisbymakingMr.Hoonthefall-guy.ItwasMr.BlairwhodecidedtotakeBritaintowar,andaCabinetoflargelyskepticalministersthatbackedhim.ItwasMr.BlairwhotoldMPsthatunlessSaddamwasremoved,terroristswouldposeagreaterglobalthreateventhoughhehadreceivedintelligencethatsuggestedawarwouldleadtoanincreaseinterrorism.ParliamentshouldbetheforuminwhichthePrimeMinisteriscalledmorefullytoaccount,butlainDuncanSmith'ssupportforthewarhasneuteredanalreadyineptopposition.Intheabsenceofproperparliamentaryscrutiny,itislefttonewspaperslikethisonetokeepaskingthemostimportantquestionsuntilthePrimeMinisteranswersthem.26.Welearnfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthat[A]theevidenceshouldhavebeenmadeavailabletotheParliament.[B]thenecessityofwarhasbeenexaggeratedbytheCommittee.[C]Blairhadpurposelyignoredsomeoftheintelligencehereceived.[D]itwasTheIndependentthatfirstrevealedtheintelligence.27.TheauthorthinksthattheHuttonenquiryis[A]alsobesidethemark.[B]hopelesslywrong.[C]illuminatinginitsway.[D]wideinscope.28.By"chosetobecomeentangled"(Paragraph3),theauthorimpliesthat[A]thedisputebetweentheGovernmentandtheBBCwasunnecessary.[B]theForeignAffairsCommitteehadmixeduptheargument.[C]itwasentirelywrongtocarryoutsuchinvestigations.[D]theIntelligenceCommitteeshouldn'tmixupwiththeaffair.29.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4that[A]mostministersweresuspiciousofHoon'sconduct.[B]HoonwillnotdoanythingwithoutconsultingBlain[C]BlairshouldnotdiverthisresponsibilitytohisCabinet.[D]MPsthinkthatitisBlairwhodragsthecountryintothewar.30.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheParliament?[A]Indignant.[B]Skeptical.[C]Inquisitive.[D]Critical.Text3Scholasticthinkersheldawidevarietyofdoctrinesinbothphilosophyandtheology,thestudyofreligion.WhatgivesunitytothewholeScholasticmovement,theacademicpracticeinEuropefromthe9thtothe17thcenturies,arethecommonaims,attitudes,andmethodsgenerallyacceptedbyallitsmembers.ThechiefconcernoftheScholasticswasnottodiscovernewfactsbuttointegratetheknowledgealreadyacquiredseparatelybyGreekreasoningandChristianrevelation.ThisconcernisoneofthemostcharacteristicdifferencesbetweenScholasticismandmodemthoughtsincetheRenaissance.ThebasicaimoftheScholasticsdeterminedcertaincommonattitudes,themostimportantofwhichwastheirconvictionofthefundamentalharmonybetweenreasonandrevelation.TheScholasticsmaintainedthatbecausethesameGodwasthesourceofbothtypesofknowledgeandtruthwasoneofhischiefattributes,hecouldnotcontradicthimselfinthesetwowaysofspeaking.Anyapparentoppositionbetweenrevelationandreasoncouldbetracedeithertoanincorrectuseofreasonortoaninaccurateinterpretationofthewordsofrevelation.BecausetheScholasticsbelievedthatrevelationwasthedirectteachingofGod,itpossessedforthemahigherdegreeoftruthandcertaintythandidnaturalreason.Inapparentconflictsbetweenreligiousfaithandphilosophicreasoning,faithwasthusalwaysthesupremearbiter;thetheologian'sdecisionoverruledthatofthephilosopher.Aftertheearly13thcentury,Scholasticthoughtemphasizedmoretheindependenceofphilosophywithinitsowndomain.Nonetheless,throughouttheScholasticperiod,philosophywascalledtheservantoftheology,notonlybecausethetruthofphilosophywassubordinatedtothatoftheology,butalsobecausethetheologianusedphilosophytounderstandandexplainrevelation.ThisattitudeofScholasticismstandsinsharpcontrasttotheso-calleddouble-truththeoryoftheSpanish-ArabphilosopherandphysicianAverro?s.HistheoryassumedthattruthwasaccessibletobothphilosophyandIslamictheologybutthatonlyphilosophycouldattainitperfectly.Theso-calledtruthsoftheologyserved,hence,asimperfectimaginativeexpressionsforthecommonpeopleoftheauthentictruthaccessibleonlytophilosophy.Averro?smaintainedthatphilosophictruthcouldevencontradict,atleastverbally,theteachingsofIslamictheology.Asaresultoftheirbeliefintheharmonybetweenfaithandreason,theScholasticsattemptedtodeterminetheprecisescopeandcompetenceofeachofthesefaculties.ManyearlyScholastics,suchastheItalianecclesiasticandphilosopherSt.Anselm,didnotclearlydistinguishthetwoandwereoverconfidentthatreasoncouldprovecertaindoctrinesofrevelation.Later,attheheightofthematureperiodofScholasticism,theItaliantheologianandphilosopherSt.ThomasAquinasworkedoutabalancebetweenreasonandrevelation.31.WiththeScholastics,thesearchfornewknowledge[A]stoppedcompletely.[B]speddown.[C]advancedrapidly.[D]awakedgradually.32.Whichofthefollowingbestillustratetherelationbetweenreasonandrevelation?[A]Theyaresimplyidentical.[B]Revelationguidesreason.[C]Theyareoccasionallycontradictory.[D]Reasonisusedtoperfectrevelation.33.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraphtwoofthetextthat[A]thepositionofphilosophyasahumbleservantwasaccepted.[B]religionhadturnintoahampertothefunctioningofphilosophy.[C]philosophersoftenquotedrevelationtosupportthemselves.[D]philosophersweresometimesreferredtoinreligiouspractice.34.Averro?sheldthat[A]Islamictheologywasoftensubordinatetophilosophy.[B]religioustruthwasnothingbutimaginativefantasy.[C]realtruthwasinaccessibletomanycommonpeople.[D]imperfectexpressionswereresultofflawedreligion.35.Whichofthefollowingismostlikelytobediscussedinthepartsucceedingthistext?[A]RelationsofSt.T.Aquinas'achievementstopreviousefforts.[B]HowSt.T.Aquinasworkedoutthebalanceindiscussion.[C]Otherendeavorsontherelationshipofreasonandrevelation.[D]OutstandingfeaturesofthematureperiodofScholasticism.Text4Despitethegeneralnegativefindings,itisimportanttorememberthatallchildrenwholivethroughadivorcedonotbehaveinthesameway.Thespecificbehaviordependsonthechild'sindividualpersonality,characteristics,ageatthetimeofdivorce,andgender.Intermsofpersonality,whencomparedtothoseratedasrelaxedandeasygoing,childrendescribedastemperamentalandirritablehavemoredifficultycopingwithparentaldivorce,asindeedtheyhavemoredifficultyadaptingtolifechangeingeneral.Stress,suchasthatfoundindisruptedfamilies,seemstoimpairtheabilityoftemperamentalchildrentoadapttotheirsurroundings,thegreatertheamountofstress,thelesswelltheyadapt.Incontrast,amoderateamountofstressmayactuallyhelpaneasygoing,relaxedchildlearntocopewithadversity.Thereissomerelationshipbetweenageandchildren'scharacteristicreactiontodivorce.Asthechildgrowsolder,thegreateristhelikelihoodofafreeexpressionofavarietyofcomplexfeelings,anunderstandingofthosefeelings,andarealizationthatthedecisiontodivorcecannotbeattributedtoanyonesimplecause.Self-blamevirtuallydisappearsaftertheageof6,fearofabandonmentdiminishesaftertheageof8,andtheconfusionandfearoftheyoungchildisreplacedintheolderchildbyshame,anger,andself-reflection.Genderofthechildisalsoafactorthatpredictsthenatureofreactiontodivorce.Theimpactofdivorceisinitiallygreateronboysthanongirls.Theyaremoreaggressive,lesscompliant,havegreaterdifficultiesininterpersonalrelationships,andexhibitproblembehaviorsbothathomeandatschool.Furthermore,theadjustmentproblemsofboysarestillnoticeableeventwoyearsafterthedivorce.Girls'adjustmentproblemsareusuallyinternalizedratherthanactedout,andareoftenresolvedbythesecondyearafterthedivorce.However,newproblemsmaysurfaceforgirlsastheyenteradolescenceandadulthood.Howcantherelativelygreaterimpactofdivorceonboysthanongirlsbeexplained?Thegreatermaleaggressionandnoncompliancemayreflectthefactthatsuchbehaviorsaretoleratedandevenencouragedinmalesinourculturemorethantheyareinfemales.Furthermore,boysmayhaveaparticularneedforastrongmalemodelofself-control,aswellasforastrongdisciplinarianparent.Finally,boysaremorelikelytobeexposedtotheirparents'fightsthangiftsare,-andafterthebreakup,boysarelesslikelythangirlstoreceivesympathyandsupportfrommothers,teachers,orpeers.36.Temperamental,irritablekidshavedifficultyadaptingtoparentaldivorcebecause[A]theycaretoomuchaboutthelifechange.[B]thegreatstressoftheirfamiliesdiminishestheirability.[C]theytendtolosetempereasilyandaresensitivetothelifechange.[D]theyarefacedwithmoreparents'fightsthantherelaxed,easygoingchildren.37.ThefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPT[A]divorceisusuallycausedbymorethanonereason.[B]asix-year-oldboymayfearbeingdesertedbyhisparents.[C]asthekidsgrowolder,theyhaveabetterunderstandingofdivorce.[D]ayounggirlmayfeelmoreshamefulonparentaldivorcethananolderboy.38.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheimpactofdivorce[A]onkidsofdifferentsexeswillprobablychangeastheygrowolder.[B]maycausemostkids'difficultiesincommunicatingwithothers.[C]onanirritablegirlisgreaterthananoncompliantboy.[D]isalwaysgreateronboysthanongirls.39.Accordingtotheauthor,thereasonwhyparentaldivorcehasgreatereffectonboysthanongirlsisthat[A]allculturesencouragemaleaggressionandnoncompliance.[B]boysarealwaysinvolvedintheirparents'fights.[C]malesareusuallyviewedasthemodelsinself-controlandstrongwill.[D]boysarebasicallymoreself-disciplinedthangirls.40.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?[A]Parentaldivorcehasanegativeeffectonchildrenallthroughtheirlife.[B]Theimpactofparentaldivorceonchildrenvariesinpersonality,ageandgender.[C]Boysmaybecomemoreaggressivethangirlsindisruptedfamilies.[D]Kidsofdifferentagesbehavedifferentlyonparentaldivorce.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoicesthatdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)UntilabouttwomillionyearsagoAfrica'svegetationhadalwaysbeencontrolledbytheinteractionsofclimate;geology,soil,andgroundwaterconditions;andtheactivitiesofanimals.Theadditionofhumanstothelattergroup,however,hasincreasinglyrenderedunrealtheconceptofafullydeveloped"natural"vegetation--i.e.,oneapproximatingtheidealofavegetationalclimax.(41).EarlyattemptsatmappingandclassifyingAfrica'svegetationstressedthisrelationship:sometimesthenamesofplantzoneswerederiveddirectlyfromclimates.Inthisdiscussiontheideaofzonesisretainedonlyinabroaddescriptivesense.(42).Inaddition,overtimemorefloralregionsofvaryingshapeandsizehavebeenrecognized.Manyschemeshavearisensuccessively,allofwhichhavehadtotakeviewsontwoimportantaspects:thegeneralscaleoftreatmenttobeadopted,andthedegreetowhichhumanmodificationistobecomprehendedordiscounted.(43)Quitetheoppositeassumptionisnowfrequentlyadvanced.Anintimatecombinationofmanyspecies--incomplexassociationsandrelatedtolocalizedsoils,slopes,anddrainage--hasbeendetailedinmanystudiesoftheAfricantropics.Inafewsquaremilestheremaybeavisiblesuccessionfromswampwithpapyrus,thegrassofwhichtheancientEgyptiansmadepaperandfromwhichtheword"paper"originated,throughswampygrasslandandbroad-leavedwoodlandandgrasstoapatchofforestonricherhillsidesoil,andfinallytojuicyfleshyplantsonanearlynakedrocksummit.(44).Correspondingly,classificationshavedifferedgreatlyintheirprinciplesfornaming,grouping,anddescribingformations:somehavechosentermssuchasforest,woodland,thorn-bush,thicket,andshrubformuchofthesamebroadtractsthatothershavegroupedaswoodedsavanna(treelessgrassyplain)andsteppe(grassyplainwithfewtrees).Thisisbestseeninthenomenclature,namingofplants,adoptedbytwoofthemostcomprehensiveandauthoritativemapsofAfrica'svegetationthathavebeenpublished:R.W.J.Keay'sVegetationMapofAfricaSouthoftheTropicofCanceranditsmorewidelybasedsuccessor,TheVegetationMapofAfrica,compiledbyFrankWhite.IntheKeaymaptheterms"savanna"and"steppe"wereadoptedasprecisedefinitionofformations,basedontheherblayerandthecoverageofwoodyvegetation;theWhitemap,however,discardedthesetwocategoriesasspecificclassifications.Yetanyrapidabsenceofsavannaasinitspopularandmoregeneralsenseisdoubtful.(45).However,some100specifictypesofvegetationidentifiedonthesourcemaphavebeencompressedinto14broaderclassifications.[A]AsmorehasbecomeknownofthemanythousandsofAfricanplantspeciesandtheircomplexecology,naming,classification,andmappinghavealsobecomemoreparticular,stressingwhatwasactuallypresentratherthanpostulatingaboutclimaticpotential.[B]Inregionsofhigherrainfall,suchaseasternAfrica,savannavegetationismaintainedbyperiodicfires.Consumingdrygrassattheendoftherainyseason,thefiresbumbacktheforestvegetation,checktheinvasionoftreesandshrubs,andstimulatenewgrassgrowth.[C]Once,aswiththescientifictreatmentofAfricansoils,amuchgreateruniformitywasattributedtothevegetationthanwouldhavebeengenerallyacceptedinthesameperiodfortreatmentsofthelandsofwesternEuropeortheUnitedStates.[D]ThevegetationalmapofAfricaandgeneralvegetationgroupingsusedherefollowtheWhitemapanditsextensiveannotations.[E]Africanvegetationzonesarecloselylinkedtoclimaticzones,withthesamezonesoccurringbothnorthandsouthoftheequatorinbroadlysimilarpatterns.Aswithclimaticzones,differencesintheamountandseasonaldistributionofprecipitationconstitutethemostimportantinfluenceonthedevelopmentofvegetation.[F]Nevertheless,inbroadterms,climateremainsthedominantcontrolovervegetation.Zonalbeltsofprecipitation,reflectionlatitudeandcontrastingexposuretotheAtlanticandIndianoceansandtheircurrents,givesomerealitytorelatedbeltsofvegetation.[G]ThespanofhumanoccupationinAfricaisbelievedtoexceedthatofanyothercontinent.Alltheresultantactivitieshavetended,onbalance,toreducetreecoverandincreasegrassland;buttherehasbeenconsiderabledisputeamongscholarsconcerningthenaturalversushuman-causeddevelopmentofmostAfricangrasslandsattheregionallevel.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Economics,asweknowit,isthesocialscienceconcernedwiththeproduction,distribution,exchange,andconsumptionofgoodsandservices.Economistsfocusonthewayinwhichindividuals,groups,businessenterprises,andgovernmentsseektoachieveefficientlyanyeconomicobjectivetheyselect.(46)Otherfieldsofstudyalsocontributetothisknowledge:Psychologyandethicstry_toexplainhowobjectivesareformed,historyrecordschangesinhumanobjectives,andsociologyinterpretshumanbehaviorinsocialcontexts.Standardeconomicscanbedividedintotwomajorfields,(47)Thefirst,pricetheoryormicroeconomics,explainshowtheinterplayofsupplyanddemandincompetitivemarketscreatesamultitudeofindividualprices,wagerates,profitmargins,andrentalchanges.Microeconomicsassumesthatpeoplebehaverationally.Consumerstrytospendtheirincomeinwaysthatgivethemasmuchpleasureaspossible.Aseconomistssay,theymaximizeutility.Fortheirpart,entrepreneursseekasmuchprofitastheycanextractfromtheiroperations.Thesecondfield,macroeconomics,dealswithmodemexplanationsofnationalincomeandemployment.Macroeconomicsdatesfromthebook,TheGeneralTheoryofEmployment,Interest,andMoney(1935),bytheBritisheconomistJohnMaynardKeynes.Hisexplanationofprosperityanddepressioncentersonthetotaloraggregatedemandforgoodsandservicesbyconsumers,businessinvestors,andgovernments.(48)Because,accordingtoKeynes,inadequate.totaldemandincreasesunemployment,theindicatedcureiseithermoreinvestmentbybusinessesormorespendingandconsequentlylargerbudgetdeficitsbygovernment.Economicissueshaveoccupiedpeople'smindsthroughouttheages.(49)AristotleandPlatoinancientGreecewroteab