英語修辭手法figuresofspeech課件

Figuresofspeech1編輯課件FigurativeLanguagemetaphorAlliterationpersonificationsimileassonanceonomatopoeia2編輯課件WordsareeitherliteralorfigurativeLiteral

原意Wordsusedintheiroriginalmeaningsareusedliterally.Figurative

比喻義Wordsusedinextendedmeaningsforthepurposeofmakingcomparisonsorcallinguppicturesinthereader’sorlistener’smindareusedfiguratively.3編輯課件colourfulIn“acolourfulgarden”thewordcolourfulisusedinitsliteralsensetodescribethemanydifferentcoloursoftheflowersin“acolourfullife”or“acolourfulcareer”thewordisusedinitsfigurativesensebecauseneitherlifeorcareerhasanycolour.4編輯課件ThemostcommonfiguresofspeechSimile直喻Metaphor

暗喻5編輯課件What’sthedifference?Literal“Heranquicklydownthestreet.”Simile“Heranlikeaharedownthestreet.”Metaphor“Hehared（如野兔般疾走奔跑）downthestreet.”6編輯課件simileSimileisafigureofspeechinwhichtwoquitedifferentthingsarecomparedastheyseemsimilarinaway.Thiskindofcomparisonisnormallyintroducedby“l(fā)ike”or“as”.7編輯課件Simile:awayofdescribingsomethingbycomparingitwithsomethingelseusing"like"or"as"8編輯課件Iamhungryasahorse.

Yourunlikearabbit.

Heissneakyasasnake.Sheishappyasaclam.9編輯課件ExampleofsimileThemysteriousobject...hasafacethat'sasroundasthemoonhashandslikegoldenarrowsisastallasatowerblockhasavoicelikeagong（鑼）andisasfamousasanypopstar.BigBen10編輯課件ExampleofsimileTimeflieslikeanarrowFruitflieslikeabanana（果蠅愛香蕉）11編輯課件metaphorAfigureofspeechwhichconsistsinsubstitutingforthenameofathingthenameofanattribute（

屬性）ofitorofsomethingcloselyrelated.Animpliedcomparisonbetweentwoobjectsthataregenerallydifferentbutsharearecognizablesimilaritywithouttheuseof“l(fā)ike”or“as”.12編輯課件Metaphor:Awayofdescribingsomethingbycomparingittosomethingelse13編輯課件Thegirlwasafishinthewater.Theclownwasafeatherfloatingaway.14編輯課件Plato“…thegreatestthingbyfaristobeamasterofmetaphor.Itistheonethingthatcannotbelearntfromothers,anditisalsoasignofgenius,sinceagoodmetaphorimpliesanintuitiveperception（直覺）

ofthesimilarityindissimilars.”15編輯課件ExampleofmetaphorLifeisayo-yo（喲喲球）.It'saseriesofupsanddowns.16編輯課件MixedmetaphorsOnedangerinusingmetaphorsisthepossibilityofbeginningwithonecomparisonandendingwithanotherThisiscalledamixedmetaphor（混合隱喻；多重隱喻）17編輯課件Exampleofmixedmetaphors“Wemustsolvetherootproblem,orthelinewillbedrawninthesand,andwe’llbebackinthesoupagain.”RootcomparestheproblemtoaplantLinedrawninthesandmeansanuncrossableboundarySoupisafoodandmeansbeinginamess18編輯課件MixedmetaphorsShakespeareHamletproposes“totakearmsagainstaseaoftroubles”（是起而反抗這數(shù)不清的憂傷）TheTallGuy(1989film)“She‘slikeahungryleopard(豹)infullbloom."19編輯課件ExtendedmetaphorJFKennedy“Theenergy,thefaith,thedevotionwhichwebringtothisendeavour（努力，嘗試）willlightourcountryandallwhoserveit,andtheglow（微弱穩(wěn)定的光）fromthatfirecantrulylighttheworld."20編輯課件Personificationtocomparesomethingthatisnothumanasifithadhumancharacteristics21編輯課件

Theflowersdancedinthewind.TheEarthcoughedandchokedinallofthepollution.Thefriendlygateswelcomedus.22編輯課件Personification擬人Thisinvolvesturninganobject–eitherinanimate（無生命的）ornatural–intoahumanoranimalform,withhumanoranimalactionsandfeelings.23編輯課件ExampleofpersonificationMycarwhines（哀鳴；慘叫）inpainasitclimbsupsteep（陡峭的）

hills.Thetablegroaned（呻吟）

undertheweightofthefoodplacedonit.24編輯課件Metonymy借代Thesubstitutionofanounforanothercloselyassociatednoun.Thesubstitutednounderives（獲得）

itsmeaninginthecontextitisusedbytheassociationproducedinthereadersmind.25編輯課件ExampleofmetonymyIncontemporaryEnglishwhenwespeakofastatementfromthe“WhiteHouse”weunderstandthatthisisnotatalkingbuilding,butanofficialcommunicationwiththeauthorityofthePresidentoftheUnitedStateswholivesintheWhiteHouse.Thepenismightier（強(qiáng)而有力的）

thanthesword.26編輯課件Hyperbole夸張Hyperboleisafigureofspeechwhichcontainsadeliberateexaggeration（故意夸大）

–tocoin（創(chuàng)造（新詞語））

aphrase,thisiswhenwriters‘gooverthetop’withtheiruseoflanguage,suggestingthatsomethingisthestrongest,thebest,thegreatest,whichofcoursedistorts（使變形；扭曲；使失真

）thetruth.27編輯課件ExampleofhyperboleI’msohungryIcouldeatahorseI'vetoldyouathousandtimes,stopexaggerating.I’venotseenyouforages.It’srainingdogsandcats.28編輯課件understatement含蓄陳述TheoppositeofhyperboleStatinganideainwordsthatarelessstrongthananticipated（預(yù)期的）.tomakesomethingappearsmallerorlessimportantthanitreallyis.29編輯課件ExampleofunderstatementItdoesseemtoberainingalittle.There’safewcarsouttoday,aren’tthere?30編輯課件euphemism委婉語WordsorphrasesthatsubstituteanagreeableorinoffensivetermforamoredirectonethatmightembarrassorsuggestsomethingunpleasantProfane(非宗教的;世俗的)wordsandexpressionsaregenerallytakenfromthreeareas:religion,toilets,andsex.31編輯課件religionGod–gosh/gollyJesus–jeezDevil–OldNick32編輯課件 Toiletsmen'sroom/women'sroom

thelittleboy'sroom/thelittlegirl'sroom

restroom

BathroomWashmyhandsthehead,(sailor'sterminology術(shù)語)latrine(commonmilitaryterm)33編輯課件sexSleepwithsomeoneShagBonkExchangingbodilyfluidsGettinglaid34編輯課件deathPassedawayPassedonDepartedKickedthebucketBoughtthefarmPushingupdaisiesSleepingwiththefishes(掉水里淹死)35編輯課件ironyStatingonethingwhilemeaningtheexactopposite.orthepersoncouldbetryingtoberude,eventhoughthewordsusedareseeminglypoliteetc.36編輯課件ExampleofironyYourfriendturnsupinripped（撕裂的）

jeans.Withasmirk（傻笑；假笑）,yousay,"Iseeyouhaveputonyourbestclothes!"37編輯課件sarcasmSarcasmisaformofironythatiswidelyusedinEnglishespeciallywhenpeoplearebeinghumorous.Generallythesarcasticspeakerorwritermeanstheexactoppositeofthewordtheyuse,oftenintendingtoberudeortolaughatthepersonthewordsareaddressed（針對）

to.38編輯課件ExampleofsarcasmIlovebeingmarried.It’ssogreattofindthatonespecialpersonyouwanttoannoyfortherestofyourlifeI'dinsultyou,butyou'renotbrightenoughtonotice.Notallmenareannoying.Somearedead.39編輯課件Synecdoche（提喻：是不直接說某一事物的名稱，而是借事物的本身所呈現(xiàn)的各種對應(yīng)的現(xiàn)象來表現(xiàn)該事物的這樣一種修辭手段。提喻又稱舉偶法。）Afigurebywhichamorecomprehensivetermisusedforalesscomprehensiveorviceversa;aswholeforpartorpartforwhole,genus（類，種；屬）forspeciesorspeciesforgenus,etc.40編輯課件ExampleofsynedocheAllhandsweresummonedtothequarter-deck(后甲板),"where"hands"isusedtodescribesailors.

41編輯課件Antithesis（對比）Adirectcontrastinwhichtwosetsoffiguresaresetinoppositiontooneanother.42編輯課件Exampleofantithesis“Andso,myfellowAmericans,asknot,whatyourcountrycandoforyou.Askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.”——JFKennedy'sInauguralAddressWinstonChurchill,inwhichhechallengestheLuftwaffe(theGermanairforce):“Youdoyourworst-andwewilldoourbest.”Toerrishuman,toforgivedivine（神圣的；非凡的）.43編輯課件Parallelism（排比）Parallelismreferstothefigureofspeechthatexpressesrelevantideasinthesameorsimilargrammaticalstructures.Ithelpsmakeasentencebrief,smoothandcoherent(連貫的)andgiveitrhythm,balanceandforce.44編輯課件ExampleofparallelismTohaveandtohold

fromthisdayforward,forbetterforworse,forricherforpoorer,

insicknessandinhealth,toloveandtocherish,

tilldeathusdopart.45編輯課件ExampleofparallelismTheboywassittingunderatree,singingasongandrepairinghisbicycle.Theboywassittingunderatree,singingasongandrepairinghisbicycle.46編輯課件Oxymoron（矛盾修辭法）AncientGreek:Oxus="sharp"Moros="dull""Oxymoron"=asharpdullnessorafoolishwise....aselfcontradictingphrase.47編輯課件oxymoronArhetoricalfigurebywhichcontradictoryorincongruous(不一致的)termsareconjoined(結(jié)合；連結(jié))soastogivepointtothestatementorexpression;anexpression,initssuperficialorliteralmeaningself-contradictoryorabsurd,butinvolvingapoint.(Nowoftenloosely(寬松地)orerroneously(錯(cuò)誤地；)usedasifmerely=acontradictioninterms,anincongruousconjunction.)48編輯課件ExampleofoxymoronPrettyuglyCivilwarMobilehomeDryiceWhitegoldOldnewsOriginalcopyVoicemailHalfnakedFinaldraftAlmostperfectOpensecretWorkingholidayMinorcrisisActnaturallyOnlychoice49編輯課件50編輯課件Pun(雙關(guān)語；俏皮話)Aplayonwords"thehumoroususeofaword,orofwordswhichareformedorsoundedalikebuthavedifferentmeanings,insuchawayastoplayontwoormoreofthepossibleapplications;aplayonwords."51編輯課件ExampleofpunIdoitforthepunofit.Sevendayswithoutwatermakesoneweak.What’swrongwiththisfish?Longtimenosea.Whatdolawyersdowhentheydie?Liestill.Tryoursweetcorn.Youwillsmilefromeartoear(笑得合不攏嘴).52編輯課件ExampleofpunOldphotographersneverdie,theyjusthaveflashbacks.Thatnewmysterynovelhasakillerstarttoit.Iwonderedwhythebaseballwasgettingbigger.Thenithitme.Hewantedtoflyakite,butitwasoverhishead.Thehospitallabisrecruiting.They'relookingfornewblood.53編輯課件Cliché（陳詞濫調(diào)，老生常談）Aclichéisahackneyed（陳腐的；平庸的）phraseorexpression.Thephrasemayoncehavebeenfreshorstriking（顯著突出的）,butithasbecometiredthroughover-use.54編輯課件ExampleofclichéNopain,nogainEverycoinhastwosidesLast,butnotleast,avoidcliché‘sliketheplague（瘟疫）.55編輯課件Paradox（自相矛盾，悖論）Paradoxisafigureofspeechinwhichastatementappearstobeself-contradictory,butcontainssomethingofatruth.Paradoxisusedforemphasisorstylisticeffect.56編輯課件ExampleofparadoxThechildisfathertotheman.Cowards（懦夫）

diemanytimesbeforetheirdeath.57編輯課件Zeno’sparadox(芝諾,希臘哲學(xué)家)TheTortoisechallengedAchillestoarace,claimingthathewouldwinaslongasAchillesgavehimasmallheadstart（先行一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)).Achilleslaughedatthis,forofcoursehewasamightywarriorandswiftoffoot,whereastheTortoisewasheavyandslow.

58編輯課件Zeno’sparadox“Howbigaheadstartdoyouneed?”heaskedtheTortoisewithasmile.“Tenmeters,”thelatterreplied.Achilleslaughedlouderthanever.“Youwillsurelylose,myfriend,inthatcase,”hetoldtheTortoise,“butletusrace,ifyouwishit.”

59編輯課件Zeno’sparadoxOnthecontrary,”saidtheTortoise,“Iwillwin,andIcanproveittoyoubyasimpleargument.”

60編輯課件Zeno’sparadox“Goonthen,”Achillesreplied,withlessconfidencethanhefeltbefore.Heknewhewasthesuperiorathlete,buthealsoknewtheTortoisehadthesharperwits（智慧),andhehadlostmanyabewildering(使人困惑的)argumentwithhimbeforethis.

61編輯課件Zeno’sparadox“Suppose,”begantheTortoise,“thatyougivemea10-meterheadstart.Wouldyousaythatyoucouldcoverthat10metersbetweenusveryquickly?”“Veryquickly,”Achillesaffirmed(斷言；肯定）.“Andinthattime,howfarshouldIhavegone,doyouthink?”

62編輯課件Zeno’sparadox“Perhapsameter–nomore,”saidAchillesafteramoment'sthought.“Verywell,”repliedtheTortoise,“sonowthereisameterbetweenus.Andyouwouldcatchupthatdistanceveryquickly?”“Veryquicklyindeed!”

63編輯課件Zeno’sparadox“Andyet,inthattimeIshallhavegonealittlewayfarther,sothatnowyoumustcatchthatdistanceup,yes?”Ye-es,”saidAchillesslowly.“Andwhileyouaredoingso,Ishallhavegonealittlewayfarther,sothatyoumustthencatchupthenewdistance,”theTortoisecontinuedsmoothly.

64編輯課件Zeno’sparadoxAchillessaidnothing.“Andsoyousee,ineachmomentyoumustbecatchingupthedistancebetweenus,andyetI–atthesametime–willbeaddinganewdistance,howeversmall,foryoutocatchupagain.”“Indeed,itmustbeso,”saidAchilleswearily.

65編輯課件Zeno’sparadox“Andsoyoucannevercatchup,”theTortoiseconcludedsympathetically.“Youareright,asalways,”saidAchillessadly–andconceded（讓步）

therace.

66編輯課件FiguresofspeechtodowithsoundSomefiguresofspeecharechosenbecauseofthesoundtheymake.Somepoetsorprosewritersoftenchooseawordtoechothemeaning67編輯課件Alliteration（押頭韻）Alliterationistherepetitionofconsonantsounds（輔音字母）

68編輯課件ExampleofalliterationAlso,avoidawkwardoraffected（做作，不自然）

alliteration.69編