英國概括文化篇課件

BritishCultureEducationLiteratureScenicsports&historicalsitesⅠBritishEducationElementaryEducationSecondaryEducationHigherEducation1.ElementaryEducationAllchildrenintheU.K.mustreceiveafull-timeeducationfromtheageof5to16.CompulsoryeducationStatePrimarySchoolAninfantsection(5-7);Ajuniorsection(7-11);KindergartenorNurserySchools(3-5);StatePrimarySchoolTheacademicyearbeginsinSeptember,andisdividedintothreeterms,withholidaysatChristmas,Easterandinthesummer.Mostprimaryschoolsarewhollymaintainedbythelocalauthorities.Onethirdbelongstochurches,eitherAnglicanorRomanCatholic.PrepSchoolsThepreparatoryschoolsareindependentschoolsforchildrenfrom7or8upto13.Theprepschoolcurriculumdiffersfrom…Itsmaintargetisthe“commonentrance”examinationattheageof13,foradmissiontoapublicschool.2.SecondaryEducationTwocompleteeducationalsystems:Thestateschools;Theindependentschools;Forallchildreninstateschools,secondaryeducationbeginsattheageof11.Thereareatthistimetwosystemsforsecondaryeducation,theselectiveandthecomprehensive.SchoolsatthisstageGrammarSchool;ComprehensiveSecondarySchool;SecondaryModernSchool;PublicSchool;GrammarSchoolOldestschoolsinU.K.;WilliamShakespeare;3%ofthestateschoolstudents;Theseschoolsarereservedfor…2002年高中入學(xué)率London5８％；MexicoCity62%;LosAngels90%;Shanghai94%;Tokyo97%;GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications國家專業(yè)資格證書這一證書是專為職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)校畢業(yè)的學(xué)生設(shè)置的，共分５個級別，這就便于人們按階梯逐級攀登，根據(jù)自己條件通過實際工作和專業(yè)培訓(xùn)由低級向高級發(fā)展．獲四級國家專業(yè)資格證書相當(dāng)于學(xué)士學(xué)位；獲五級相當(dāng)于研究生水平．90%studentsattendComprehensiveSecondarySchool;5%attendSecondaryModernSchool;PublicSchoolThefourmostfamous:EtonCollege;HarrowSchool;WinchesterCollege;RugbySchool;Theyemphasizetwofactorsineducation.Oneisthestudyofclassicsandscience(needsofthebourgeoisie),theotheristhedevelopmentofcharacter.Thepublicschoolspiritisteamspiritandleadership.3.HigherEducationBritishuniversitiesarepublicbodieswhichreceivefundsfromcentralgovernment.Sofar,theUKhasonlyoneprivatelyfundeduniversity,theUniversityofBuckingham.Oxford&CambridgeNearlyallCabinetMinisterswhowenttouniversity…Oxbridge;46%ofConservativePartyMembersofParliament…?oftheGovernmentexecutives…Mostseniorcivilservantsare…著名的牛津人（知名牛津校友）牛津產(chǎn)生了4位英國國王，46位諾貝爾獎獲得者，25位英國首相，3位圣人，86位大主教以及18位紅衣主教。國王

愛德華七世

愛德華八世

總統(tǒng)和首相

克雷芒·艾德禮安東尼·艾登哈羅德·麥克米蘭哈羅德·威爾遜愛德華·希斯瑪格利特·撒切爾托尼·布萊爾比爾·克林頓TwofeaturesofOxfordandCambridge:Thecollegesystem;Tutorialsystem;ScottishUniversities;TheMiddle-AgedUniversities;Post-WarUniversities;TheOpenUniversity;ⅡBritishLiteratureFictionPoetryDramaFictionFables:whichareaboutanimalsorsupernaturalpersonsorincidentsandwhosepurposeisteachingamoralareprobablytheearliestformofstory-telling.Legendscomelater;Thebest-lovedstoryisaboutRobinHoodwhowasapopularherolivingunderthegreenwoodwithhismen,takingfromtherichandgivingtothepoorandwagingwaragainstbishopsandarchbishops.ThomasMore(1478-1535)InUtopiaMoreexposesthepovertyofthelaboringclassesandthegreedoftherich;hepointsouttheprincipleofUtopia“Fromeveryoneaccordingtohiscapacities,toeveryoneaccordingtohisneeds”whichisthepracticalbasisforacommunistsociety.ThePuritanPeriodJohnBunyan,aprosewriter;JohnMilton,anoutstandingpoet;JohnBunyanThreegreatallegoriesintheworldliterature:Spenser’sFaeryQueen;Dante’sDivinaCommedia;Bunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress;Pilgrim’sProgressItisareligiousallegorywhichdepictsthespiritualpilgrimageofaChristian,whofliesfromtheCityofDestruction,meetswithperilsandtemptationsattheSloughofDespond,VanityFair…andfinallyreachestheDelectableMountains.DanielDefoeModernnovelbegantoappearinthe18thcentury;Defoe:forerunnersoftheEnglishrealistnovel;ThemodernEuropeannovelbeganaftertheRenaissance,withCervantes’sDonQuixote;塞萬提斯《堂吉訶德》，是西班牙作家塞萬提斯于1605年和1615年分兩部分岀版的反騎士小說。故事背景是個早沒有騎士的年代，主角堂吉訶德幻想自己是個騎士，因而作出種種匪夷所思的行徑，最終從夢幻中蘇醒過來。評論家多稱《唐吉訶德》是西方文學(xué)史上的第一部現(xiàn)代小說，也是世界文學(xué)的瑰寶之一。這部書原本是打算對當(dāng)時流行的騎士傳奇小說進(jìn)行反諷。然而吊詭的是，由于后來騎士小說漸漸銷聲匿跡，自文壇消失，于是當(dāng)初塞萬提斯諷刺騎士小說的此一初衷漸漸被后世讀者所淡忘；后來由于美國百老匯歌舞劇《夢幻騎士》的成功改編，原本“唐吉訶德”由嘲諷那些不自量力、脫離現(xiàn)實、自以為是一代大俠的這一類型人物，如今已多被用來指那些勇敢堅持自己的理想，敢于挑戰(zhàn)社會不合理現(xiàn)象、不顧眾人嘲笑仍堅持一己信念之人物。RobinsonCrusoeRobinCrusoetellsoftheonlysurvivorofashipwreckwholivesaloneonadesertedislandformanyyears,solvingtheproblemsoffood,clothingandshelterasbestashecan.CreatingtheimageofEnglishBourgeoisie:FridayCharlesDickensOutstandingrepresentativeofcriticalrealism;Writingabouttheworkingclass;Greatestcreativewriters;Someofhisnovels:OliverTwist;DavidCopperfield;TheOldCuriosityShop;HardTimes;GreatExpectations;ATaleofTwoCities;DombeyandSon;WilliamMakepeaceThackerayWritingaboutmiddle-class;Masterpiece:VanityFair;ThetitlewastakenfromBunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress;Thesubtitleofthenovel:ANovelWithoutaHero;WomenNovelistsJaneAusten,PrideandPrejudice;Narrowrangeofthesociety:Theconstantquestofthemiddle-classmotherforrichhusbandsforherdaughters;TheBronteSistersEmily(1818-1848)WutheringHeights;Charlotte(1816-1855)JaneEyre;Ann(1820-1849);Alliterary,alltalentedandalldyingyoung,isoneofthesaddestpagesinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.TwentiethCenturyNovelistThomasHardy;D.H.Lawrence;JamesJoyce;Poetry

GeoffreyChaucer,thefatherofEnglishpoetry,thefirsttowriteintheLondondialect;TheCanteburyTales;JohnMiltonGreatestrevolutionarypoetofthe17thcentury;ParadiseLost;Pre-RomanticismPoetsRobertBurns;WilliamBlake;WilliamWordsworthwasafamousnature-poetattheturnofthecentury;LyricalBallads;Byron(1788-1824