The-Role-of-the-Interpreter-Play-in-the-Mode-of-Business-Negotiation英語專業(yè)論文

PAGEPAGE24中國某某某某學(xué)校學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)題目：TheRoleoftheInterpreterPlayintheModeofBusinessNegotiation姓名：0000000班級、學(xué)號：0000000000000系(部)：經(jīng)濟管理系專業(yè)：商務(wù)英語指導(dǎo)教師：00000000開題時間：2008-4完成時間：2009-11-122009年11月目錄畢業(yè)設(shè)計任務(wù)書…………………1畢業(yè)設(shè)計成績評定表……………2答辯申請書……………………3-4正文……………5-26答辯委員會表決意見……………27答辯過程記錄表…………………28課題TheRoleofInterpreterPlayintheModeofBusinessNegotiation課題(論文)提綱0引言1在中外經(jīng)濟合作中口譯員的角色1.1口譯員的必要性

1.2在中外商務(wù)往來中口譯員的獨特角色2商務(wù)談判中口譯員的來源及在商務(wù)談判中的角色2.1商務(wù)談判的來源及發(fā)展2.2口譯員在商務(wù)談判中的來源和角色3重新看待口譯員在商務(wù)談判中的角色3.1口譯員在長辯中的角色3.2從分析的角度重新看待口譯員的角色3.3重新看待口譯員在掌控辯論的角色3.4口譯員的進化4結(jié)語二、內(nèi)容摘要本文主要關(guān)注商務(wù)口譯，旨在探討商務(wù)口譯中譯員的角色。隨著經(jīng)濟活動日趨全球化的浪潮推進和世界經(jīng)濟一體化步伐的加快，商務(wù)口譯作為中外商務(wù)談判和合作中不可或缺的要素應(yīng)運而生并不斷向職業(yè)化的方向發(fā)展。商務(wù)口譯人才在今后的生活種越來越重要。同時，商務(wù)口譯也有著自己的特殊個性，而這種特性也必然對譯員需要扮演的角色有影響。這一立足點出發(fā)，本文從,譯員就有著“談判者”的涵義與普通口譯相比較，商務(wù)口譯由于具備反饋這一雙向交際不可或缺的要素而成為真正意義上的交流，是以譯同時，除了“矛盾沖突的解決”和“信息交流的廣泛性”等共通特性外，商務(wù)口譯還具有“高度互動性”、“信息精確性”、“文化變通性”和等獨有特點。在此基礎(chǔ)之上,從語用學(xué)合作原則和交際學(xué)趨同原則的角度說明譯員和各談話者一起共同影響和決定著談話的方向和成果，從而顛覆了傳統(tǒng)口譯理論在商務(wù)口譯中的應(yīng)用。參考文獻[1]Gaiba,F(1998).TheOriginsofSimultaneousInterpretation.TheNurembergTrials,Ottawa:Universityof[2]Heynold,C(1994).InterpretingattheEuropeanCommission.TeachingTranslationandInterpreting,[3]劉宓慶.口筆譯理論研究[M].北京：中國對外翻譯出版公司，2006[4]秦紅,楊秀芬.中國加入世貿(mào)組織后商務(wù)談判面臨的挑戰(zhàn)——中美商務(wù)談判口譯語用失誤分析[J].上海:上?？萍挤g，2003,04[5]尹耀德.口譯現(xiàn)場爭執(zhí)的處理[J].中國科技翻譯.2003(16),2TheRoleoftheInterpreterPlayintheModeofBusinessNegotiation0000000Abstract:Targetingbusinessinterpreting,thispaperisaimedatexploringintotheBusinessInterpreter’srole.Withtheadvancementofchina’sreformandopening-upaswellastheaccelerationofglobaleconomicglobalization,thepresenceofbusinessinterpretinghasbeensharplyexpandedasanindispensableelementinSino-foreignbusinesscooperationalongthelineofprofessionalization.Despitemanyfeaturesincommonwithgeneralinterpreting,businessinterpretingischaracterizedbysomedefiningfeaturesofitsown,whichinevitablyexertimpactovertheroletobeplayedandadoptedbytheBusinessInterpreter.Fromthispointofdeparture,thispapertracesbacktotheoriginationofbusinessinterpreting,illustratingthatitemergedonthehistoricalstagewithwarandbarterbetweenancienttribes,andtheetymologicalroot“interprets”indicatesaconnotationof“negotiator”.Incomparisonwithgeneralinterpreting,businessinterpretingisatwo-waycommunicationinrealsenseattributabletotheparticipationoffeedback,whichisanecessarycomponentofcommunication.KeyWords:two-waycommunication;mediator;flexibleadaptation0IntroductionInterpretation,asasun-risingindustry,accreditsitsinitiationandburgeoningdevelopmenttotheexpandingcross-culturalcommunicationacrosstheglobenowadays,itisgainingpopularityandattentionwiththeever-acceleratingeconomicglobalizationaswellasculturalexchangesanddiversification.Attributabletoitsextensiveinvolvementinsocialactivitiesrangingfrominter-stateaffairstointer-corporateevents,itisalreadynounfamiliarbuzzwordtopeoplefromallwalksoflife.Ontheotherhand,thisisalsoamutuallyinfluentialandenhancingprocess.Interpretersandtranslatorsalsoplayapivotalroleinhelpingbreakdownthecartographicborderlinesandculturalbarriers,thusactingasafacilitatorinshapinga“globalvillage”.Itisnoexaggerationtosaythatinterpretationisindispensableandwidelypresentincommunicativeactivitiesinvariousformsandkaleidoscopicfieldsofstudy,therefore,interpreting,asanumbrellaarticle,isfurtherdividedintoseveralcategoriesaccordingtodifferentcategorizationstandardsasapplied.Forthesakeofclarityandbrevity,itisherebyroughlycategorizedintofoursubclasses,namely,ConferenceInterpreting(SimultaneousInterpretingandConsecutiveInterpreting),CourtInterpreting,In-houseInterpretingandEscortInterpreting(ChaiMingjiong,2004:Preface).Amongthesefoursubclasses,In-houseInterpretingreferstonegotiationinterpretingorBusinessInterpretingundertakenbythein-houseinterpretersinthegivenenterprisesorgovernmentalsectors,anditismainlyconcernedwithbusinessnegotiations,commercialortechnologicalexchanges.Duetothelimitedlengthofthispaper,thesubjectunderdiscussionisconfinedonlytoconsecutiveinterpretationinthemodeofbusinessnegotiation,ortobemoreprecise,inthemodeofSino-Foreigncooperativeproject,eitherSino-ForeignEquityJointVentureorSino-ForeignContractualJointVenture,bothofwhichhavesurvivedandthrivedinChina.1RoleoftheinterpreterinSino-foreigneconomiccooperation1.1Necessityofinterpreters’presencealongsidethebuddingandunfoldingofSino-foreigncooperationPeaceanddevelopmentistheglobaltrendandthemenowadays,anynationcannotseekdevelopmentinisolation.Tokeepupwiththetrendoftimesandavoidproceedingagainstthegrainsofsociety,countriesarestrivingoneafteranothertoexpandtheirglobalpresence;meanwhile,thedevelopingcountries,amongwhichChinahastakenthelead,areembracingtheopportunitiesbroughtaboutandgoingallouttoattractforeigninvestment.TakeChinaforillustration,thankstothereformandopening-up,WTOaccessionaswellasthe2008OlympicGamesand2010WorldExposition,recentyearshavewitnessedmanymultinationalenterprisesfloodingintoChina,settinguprepresentativeofficesorbranches,establishingsolely-fundedcompaniesthroughpurchasingoriginalChineseprivately-ownedcompanies,scoringmergerandacquisitioncasestointegratesmallandmedium-sizedChinesecompaniesintotheirlargercorporationgroup.Ontopofthis,manyotherSino-ForeignEquityorContractualJointVentureshavebeensetup,featuringnotaconglomerationoftheweakerintothestronger,butawillingmarriagebetweentwogiantsinlikeindustry.Itishardlyimaginablethatnumerousforeign-relatedtalksandnegotiationsarebeingcarriedouteverydayinourcountry.Certainly,allofthesenegotiationsentailtheparticipationofinterpreters,ortobemoreprecise,notonlyparticipation,butalsoinvolvement,orrather,facilitation.Asanaturalresult,aboomofBusinessInterpretinghasdawned,handinhandwiththeboomofeconomicintegration.Interpretation,akindoforaltranslation,isfirstandforemostcommunicationinnature.However,technicallyspeaking,thiscommunicativenatureisnotalwayspresentduetotheabsenceoffeedbackinsomeinterpretationmodes,namely,one-waycommunication,because“Feedbackmakescommunicationatwo-wayorinteractiveprocess”,andfeedbackisanindispensablelinkandcomponentofacommunicationprocess.Inthisregard,theinterpretationunderdiscussioniscommunicationinrealsense,sinceitispossessedofallnecessary“ingredientsofcommunication:behaviorsource,encoding,message,channel,responder,decoding,responseandfeedback”.Totakeafurtherstep,itisakindofindirectand“abnormalcommunication”“materializedthroughtheintermediaryroleoftheInterpreter”.Inlightofthiscommunicativeperspective,itfindsitsexpressionintwoprocesses,namely,comprehensionandreformulation.Withoutanydoubt,theformeristhedirectcommunicationbetweentheBehaviorSource(MessageOriginator)andtheInterpreterwhilethelatteristhedirectcommunicationbetweentheInterpreterandtheResponder(MessageReceiver).Therefore,inthistwo-endindirectcommunicationprocessbetweentheMessageOriginatorandtheMessageReceiver,theInterpretermediatesasatransformationstationwhichreceivesthemessageinsourcelanguage,operatesontheinputinmeresecondsanddeliversthesamemessageintargetlanguageinanincrediblytransientperiod,thusachievingmutualunderstandingbetweenbothsides.Thismechanismisbestreflectedinoneclassicremark:“Traduirec,cistcompradorsETfairecompradors(Translationistounderstandandtobeunderstood)”.Asanaturalconclusion,astheonlyonewhoisindirectcontactwithboththeMessage?OriginatorandtheMessageReceiver,theInterpreterisheavilyengagedandplaysarolewhichaffordsnoneglect.1.2UniqueRoleoftheInterpreterinSino-ForeignBusinessCooperativeProject“Fidelity”hasbeencelebratedastheoverarchingprinciplegoverningtranslationandinterpretation.Preconditionedonthisguideline,thereexistsanidealizedmodelininterpretation,thatis,theInterpretershouldbetotallyinvisibleandtransparent,re-displayingtheoriginaltextintargetlanguageinbothmeaningandform,ensuringaperfectoverlappingandidenticalnessbetweentheoriginalandthetranslatedandthuskeepingthecommunicationlinesmoothlygoingon.Apartfromthis,theconventionalstereotypeoftheInterpreterisaconduit,aloudspeakeranda“necessaryevil”enablingmutualunderstandingbymeansofswitchingbetweentwosetsoflinguisticcodes.Shedoesnotenterdiscussiononherownbehalf;shemustkeeptotheoriginalwordsofthespeakeranddeliversexactlythesamemeaningwithoutanyalterationinanotherlanguage;sheshouldnotexpressanypersonalopinionorproposeanyadviceconcerningtopicunderdiscussion;shemustbestrictlyneutralandpassive;onlywhenaninterpreterisinvisibleandtransparenttoadegreethatherexistenceishardlyperceptiblebycommunicatorscanshebedeemedasqualified.Thisindisputabletheoryholdstrueforprofessionalinterpretersinmanyinterpretingmodes,however,notinthisparticularmodeofSino-Foreigncooperativeproject,inwhichtheInterpreter,stoppingbeingmerelyaconduitormessage-transmittingtool,sometimesunwittinglytakesontheotherfunctions.Insteadofbeingpassive,shehasanactiveinvolvementinthecommunication.Thisinvolvementrangesfromsomeminorpointsofinfluencingthecommunicatorswithherchoiceofwords,tosomemajoronesofdecidingonwhotakesthenextturnofspeaking,orbreakingtheiceandlaunchinganewtopicatacertainmoment.Ontopofthis,disputesanddisagreementariseinevitablyinnegotiationduetowidelydifferingnationalcultures,valueconcepts,individualbackgroundsandconflictofinterests.Atthistimewhenthenegotiationcomestoastandstillorisonthevergeofcollapsing,theInterpreter,astheonlyonewhoisindirectdialoguewithbothsidesofcommunicators,shallplaytheroleofmediatorandfacilitatortoanappropriateextentandatanopportunemoment.2TheOriginationofBusinessNegotiationInterpreting2.1OriginationandPopularizationofBusinessInterpreting--CategorizationofInterpretingDiscoursemayvarywitheachspeakerandsubject.Inthiscase,theInterpreterbecomesamoreintegralmemberofthemeetingsincesheisalwaysincloseproximitytothemeetingparticipants.Consecutiveinterpretingiscommonlyusedforformalorinformalmeetings,sightseeingtourguiding,diplomaticoccasion,businessnegotiations,banquetsorreceptions.TherehavebeenheatedargumentsoverthesuperioritybetweenSimultaneousInterpretingandConsecutiveInterpreting,DanielGilehasdevotedapapertoaclosecomparisonbetweenthetwofromacognitiveperspectiveandcounteredtheonce-prevalentconceptthatConsecutiveInterpretingisjustanacceleratedSimultaneousInterpretingbyproposingdifferentiatedEffortModels.Categorizedbycontentanddomain-specificsubject,itcanbedividedintopolitical(diplomatic)interpretation,technicalinterpretationandbusinessinterpretation.Underthesethreebroadheadings,interpretationfurtherbranchesoutintoseveraltypes,suchasconferenceinterpreting,courtinterpreting,escortinterpreting(liaisoninterpretingoron-siteinterpreting)andbusinessnegotiationinterpreting,tomentionjustafew.Conferenceinterpretingmainlyrendersserviceforvariousbilateralandmultilateralconferencesofinternationalnature,confrontedwithallkindsofsubjectsimaginable.Simultaneousandconsecutiveinterpretingmethodsareusuallyemployed.Acourtinterpreterinterpretsinacivilorcriminalcourtproceeding(e.g.arrangementmotion,pretrialconference,preliminaryhearing,deposition,trial)forawitnessoradefendantwhospeaksorunderstandslittleornoEnglish.Courtinterpretersmustaccuratelyinterpretforindividualswithahighlevelofeducationandanexpansivevocabulary,aswellaspersonswithverylimitedlanguageskillswithoutchangingthelanguageregisterofthespeaker.On-siteinterpretingisusuallyusedincivilengineeringprojectorvisittomanufacturingorproductionplant,thusinvolvinghighlytechnicalknowledgeandvocabulary.BusinessNegotiationInterpretingorIn-houseInterpretingmainlyservesthepurposeofbusinesstalk,negotiationaswellascommercialandtechnologicalexchanges,inwhichSightInterpretingandConsecutiveInterpretingareusuallyemployed.Duetothelimitedlengthofthispaperaswellasthetimeconstraint,thesubjectunderdiscussioninthispaperisconfinedonlytoConsecutiveInterpretinginthecontextofbusinessnegotiation.2.2OriginationofBusinessInterpretingandtheInterpreter’sRole“Interpretersreputedlybelongtothesecondoldestprofession.”SaidbyJenniferMackintosh,Interpretationisanage-oldprofessiondatingbackfromtimeimmemorialwhenlanguagecameintobeing.Itboastsamuchlongerhistorythantranslationsincewrittenlanguagelaggedmuchbehindspokenlanguage.However,comparedwithtranslation,theoriginationtimeofinterpretationisfarmoredifficulttobedefined.Thisisbecausewrittenlanguagecanbeintelligiblyrecordedontangiblepapersforresearchandretrievaloffollowinggenerations,whilespokenlanguagecanonlyberecordedbyspecialrecordingdeviceswhichwereinventedageslaterthantheemergenceofinterpretationitself.Therefore,duetothelackofhistoricalliterature,wecanonlycomeupwithanassumptionthatthefirstgroupofinterpretersinthehistoryofhumanityappearedonthestageduringthefirstcontactbetweenandamongdifferentnations,outofeitherwarfareortrade.Asamatteroffact,thehistoryofBusinessInterpretingcanbetracedbacktotheverybeginningoftheoriginationofinterpreting,butittookarathercrudemodeatthattime,renderingservicefor“commoditiestradingandbarter”andmanifestingitselfinakindof“non-professionalandnon-refinedintermediaryoralcommunicationmingledwithamultitudeofbodylanguages,letnospeakofsystematicinterpretationtechniquesor‘skills’”.Assimpleandcrudeasitwasduringitsinitialstage,interpretationservedthesameultimateendasitdoestoday,thatis,tofacilitatecommunicationbetweenpeoplespeakingdifferentnativelanguages.Andonepointaffordsnoneglect:interpretationcameintobeingwithwarfareandcommercialtrade,soitwasconsequentlypositionedinanegotiationenvironmentwithnegotiatorsonbothsidesfightingforinterestsandbenefitsontheirownpartandmakingcompromisesorconcessionsinevitably.Asaresult,wecaneasilyrelatethatinterpreterscouldnotonlyobservetheprincipleoffidelitytotheoriginalspeech,butalsohadtosetgreatstorebynegotiationskills.Therefore,thesharedunderstandingbetweentheInterpreterandthespeakeraswellasthehighlysophisticatedworldlysenseoftheInterpreteralsoaccountedmuch.Thisisbynomeansasubjectiveassumptioncookedoutofnothing;thisconceptisalsoechoedandreinforcedbytheetymologicalrootof“interpretation”.“Interpret”derivesfromLatinword“interpretari”meaning“explain”;andthecorrespondingLatinnoun“interprets”means“anegotiator”.2.3EmergenceandExpandedPresenceofBusinessInterpretingDespitethefactthatInterpretingandInterpreterscameintobeingwithtradeorwarfarenegotiationbetweentribes.BusinessInterpreting,asasubclassundertheumbrellaarticleofInterpreting,didnotenjoywidespreadattentionorexposureuntilrecentyears,whichwitnessesaflourishingtrendofeconomicglobalizationfeaturingafreeflowofcapitalandmanpowerinaglobalcontext.Nowadays,BusinessInterpretingisamostpopularizedinterpretingmode.Unlikepoliticalaffairsinterpretationwhichmayonlytakeplaceinsolemnandcriticaldiplomaticatmosphereorcourtinterpretationwhichisonlyemployedonverylimitedoccasions,businessinterpretationisall-pervasiveandpenetratingintoamultitudeofsocialaspects.3RediscoveringtheInterpreter’sRoleinBusinessNegotiation3.1Long-lastingDebateovertheInterpreter’sRoleNotmerelylimitedtolaypersons,thisconventionalstereotypeofinterpretersisalsosharedbytraditionalinterpretationtheory,namely,interpreterisa“necessaryevil”enablingmutualunderstandingthroughlanguagetransformation.Inthenotionofinterpretationtheory,theInterpreterdoesnotentertheconversationonherownbehalf,justexpressingothers’ideasandactingasaloudspeakerormicrophone;shemustkeeptotheoriginalutteranceofthespeakeranddeliversexactlythesamemessagefreefromembellishmentoralterationinanotherlanguage;sheshouldnotexpressanyopinionorproposeanyadviceconcerningtopicunderdiscussion;shemustbestrictlyneutralandpassive;Onlywhenaninterpreteristotallyinvisibleandtransparenttoadegreethatherexistenceishardlyperceivablebycommunicatorcanshebedeemedasqualified.Thisindisputabletheoryholdstrueforprofessionalinterpretersinmanyinterpretingmodes.Incompliancewiththisnotion,almostalloftheofficialinterpretationadministrativeinstitutionsandinternationalinterpretationorganizationshaveclearlypointedoutintheirCodeofEthicsandCodeofProfessionalStandardthattheInterpretermustnottakepartinanydiscussionorprovideanysuggestionorpersonalopinion,theymustmaintaintheirneutralitycompletelywithoutfail,otherwise,theyarenotprofessionalandnegligentofduty.Granted,thiseffortattemptingtoprofessionalizeinterpretinghaspaidoffinadefinitionsuitabletomostoftheinterpretingmodessuchasConferenceInterpretingandsuitabletomostofthecontextsinanyinterpretingmode.However,inthecontextofbusinessnegotiation,ifthisruleisputintopracticeinahideboundwaywithoutbeingadaptedtotheactualsituation,thislackofflexibilitymightleadtothenegotiationendedupinruin.Asamatteroffact,thistopicoftheInterpreter’srolehasbeensparklingoffheateddiscussionsinrecentyears,whichwillundoubtedlycontinueonanincreasinglyelevatedlevelintheyearstocome.Researchersandpractitionershavedividedopinionsastwoschoolsofthought,withonesideclingingtotheperceptionthattheInterpreterisnothingbutaconduit.“Theinterpreterisexpectedtoconveythecommunicants'messagesaccurately,maintainingthesameregisterthatwasusedinthesourcelanguagewithoutembellishment,explanationoromission.”Moreover,incasetheInterpreterstopsbeingmerelyaconduitormessage-transmittingtoolandsometimesnecessarilyandunwittinglytakesontheotherfunctionsinthisparticularmodeofSino-Foreigncooperativeprojectornegotiation,someresearchersdefine“theotherfunctions”asnothingrelatedtotheroleoftheInterpreterwhileanotherschoolofthoughtregardsitasanintegralpartoftheInterpreter’srole.IrisVarnerLindaBeamerobservedfromaclient’sperspectivethat“theInterpreterfacilitatesmutualcomprehensionandunderstanding.Sheisaconduitanddoesnotenterthediscussiononherownbehalf”,whileRoypositivelypointedouttheactiveroleoftheInterpreter:“TheInterpretercanmanagetheflowoftalkbyadoptingappropriatediscoursestrategiesand,togetherwiththeprimaryinterlocutors,influencesandevendecidesthedirectionandoutcomeoftheinteraction”.Lateron,RanWanandJiangLihuecarriedontheresearchfindingsofRoyandevenwentasfarastoconcludethat“Interpretingisathree-partycommunicationwiththeInterpreterasathird-partyinterlocutor”.Inaddition,ChenMingyaoalsosuggestedthat“incaseofonenegotiatorblurtingoutinsultingremarksonthespurofthemoment,theInterpretershallassumethemediatingresponsibilitybyignoringit,softeningthetoneorsubstitutinglessoffensivewordsinordertoeaseupthestress…theInterpreterisnotonlyaccountableformessagetransmissionbutalsoresponsibleforassistingbothpartiestoreachawin-winoutcome”.YinYaodeproposedthat“theInterpreterisobligatedtoandresponsibleforuntyingtheknotsandcoordinatingthebilateralrelationship”.Againstthisbackdropandduetothetimeconstraint,thispaperwillproceedtoanalyzetheInterpreter’sroleonthebasisofviewingthenecessarymediatinganddefusingfunctionsasanintegralpartoftheInterpreter’sobligation.Thisisparticularlyapplicabletothecaseofin-houseinterpreterwhohasintimatefamiliaritywiththecompanyandnegotiators.Instead26ofbeingpassive;shehasanactiveinvolvementinthecommunication.Thisinvolvementrangesfromsomeminorpointsofinfluencingthecommunicatorswithherchoiceofwords,tosomemajoronesofdecidingonwhotakesthenextturnofspeaking,orbreakingtheiceandlaunchinganewtopicatacertainmoment.Ontopofthis,disputesanddisagreementariseinevitablyinnegotiationduetowidelydifferingnationalcultures,valueconcepts,individualbackgroundsandconflictofinterests.Atthistimewhenthenegotiationcomestoastandstillorisonthevergeofcollapsing,theInterpreter,astheonlyonewhoisindirectdialoguewithbothsidesofcommunicators,shallplaytheroleofmediatorandfacilitatortoanappropriateextentandatanopportunemoment.3.2RediscoveringtheInterpreter’sRolefromaDiscourseAnalyticalPerspectiveBusinessNegotiationiscommunicationinrealsensewiththeSpeakertriggeringofffeedbackfromtheResponder,ortobeputinanotherway,itisagenuine“conversationalinterchange”.“TheInterpreter-mediatedconversationcanbeviewedasadiscourseprocessinwhichtheprimaryinterlocutorscomingfromtwodifferentlanguage/culturalsystemsinteractface-to-facewitheachotherthroughanInterpreter”saidbyRenwenJiangLihua,.Therefore,thisparticularmodeofinterpretingcanbefurtheranalyzedfromadiscourseperspective.3.3RediscoveringtheInterpreter’sRoleinDisputesHandlingCulturaldifferenceisastand-outissuepresentingitselfinbusinessnegotiation.Differentcultureshasfosteredpeoplewithdifferentoutlooks,valuesandworkingstyles.Duetothisseeminglyinsurmountablebarrierstandinginbetween,whichisfurthercomplicatedbythenatureofbusinessnegotiationthatbothsidesarebentongainingprofitandthusnaturallyreluctanttomakeanyleeway,discrepancyandfrictionsinevitablytakeplace.Inthissituation,itistheobligationoftheInterpretertoundotheknotsandcoordinatemutualrelationshipwithoutgoingagainstthetranslationcriterion.3.4EvolutionoftheInterpreter’sRoleTosumuptheaforementionedimpactsoftheInterpreter’sdynamismatwork,itisentirelyappropriateandnecessaryfortheInterpretertobeempoweredtobringordertotheoften-occurringchaoticsituationbymeansofappointingthenextturn-holderandendalapseofembarrassingsilencebymeansofinitiatinganewturn.Besides,theInterpreterisalsoauthorizedandobligatedtomakenecessaryadaptationsonthebasisoftheoriginalmessageforthepurposeofavoidingtheimminentdispute.Inaddition,sheshalldoallinherpowertohandlesomedisputesinacomposedandcool-headedmannerpossiblybymeansofbridgingtheculturalgapsbetweenthenegotiators.Granted,thetaskoftranslatorsandinterpretersistore-displaytheoriginaltextintargetlanguageinbothmeaningandform,thusensuringaperfectoverlappingandidenticalnessbetweentheoriginalandthetranslated.Yetthisisamuchtooidealizedmodelonthebasisofthemuchtoosimplifiedwishfulthinkingthatinterpretationortranslationisonlyanactivityinvolvedwithlinguisticissue.Buttheundeniablefactisthattranslationandinterpretationprocessisfarbeyondthelinguisticlevel;theInterpreterortranslatorisneededtointerveneandactivelyparticipateduetotheexistenceandinterferenceofvarioussocialbackgroundsanddifferentnationalcultures.Infinalanalysis,notmerelybeingamicrophonefromalinguisticpointofview,theInterpreterinthisparticularmodeofbusinessnegotiationisalsoafacilitatorhelpingsteertheconversationtowardamutually-desireddirection,anactiveparticipantandamediatorwhoungrudginglyprovideshergoodofficessoastoclearawaythosedisputesrisingfromculturalmisunderstandings.Asamatteroffact,thisjustreflectsanincreasingtrendinrecentyears,whichhasalsobeenbroughttolightbysomepractitionersandresearchersofinterpretation.ProfessorLiuHypingpointedoutthat“amultitudeofinterpretingpracticeshasshowedthattheInterpreter’sroleinforeignexchangesisbecomingincreasinglymultifarious”,and“theorganizationalandcommunicativecapabilitiesbesideslinguisticcapabilityarealsoindispensabletoacompetentinterpreter”.“Shecanbetheprojectorganizeimplementerandinterpreterallrolledintoone;messenger,liaisonpersonorevennegotiator;oraconsultantmediatingthebilateralrelationshipincaseofculturalconflicts”.Actually,“theprofessionalizationofinterpretinghasbeenaccompaniedbythismultiplicitytendency.”4ConclusionDespiteallfeaturesincommonwithothermodesofinterpreting,BusinessInterpretingispossessedofsomeuniquecharacteristicsofitsown,suchasacontinuumofhigh-degreeinteractionwithbothendsofthecommunicationline,involvementofbothstakeholders’interestsandhandlingofunforeseeableemergenciessuchasconflicts.Seeninthisspecialcontextofbusinessnegotiation,theInterpreterisnomorestereotypedasaloudspeakeroranecessaryevilthatreceivespassivelyandreformulatesmechanically.Insteadofbeinginvisibleandtransparent,shehasanactiveinvolvementinthecommunication.Thisinvolvementrangesfromsomeminorpointsofinfluencingthecommunicatorswithherchoiceofwords,tosomemajoronesofappointingthenextturn-holdersoastobringorderoutofthete