認(rèn)知失調(diào)上傳

認(rèn)知失調(diào)上傳第一頁，共十四頁，編輯于2023年，星期三What’sthecognitivedissonance?Cognitivereferstoanymentalprocesses,suchasthoughts,ideas,unitsofknowledge,attitudes,orbeliefs.Dissonancesimplymeansoutoftune.You’llexperiencecognitivedissonancewhenyouholdtwoormorecognitionsthatarepsychologicallyinconsistent.Whenthisconditionexists,itcreatesdiscomfortandstressthatthenmotivateyoutochangesomethinginordertoreducethem.Sinceyoucan’tchangeyourbehavior(becauseyouhavealreadydoneit),youchangeyourattitudes.第二頁，共十四頁，編輯于2023年，星期三ThetheoryofcognitivedissonanceIt’sproposedbyLeonFestinger(1919-1989)Theinspirationforthistheory:therumorsin1934earthquakeinIndia第三頁，共十四頁，編輯于2023年，星期三TheoreticalpropositionsIfyoubelieveX,butpubliclystatenotX,youwillexperiencethediscomfortofcognitivedissonance.Themoreyouviewyourinconsistentbehaviortobeofyourownchoosing,thegreaterwillbeyourdissonance.Changesinattitudesandopinionswillbegreatestwhendissonanceislarge.Supposethatsomeoneofferyoumoneytostateviewsthataretheoppositeofyourtrueviews:a.moremoneysituation→lessdissonanceb.lessmoneysituation→moredissonance第四頁，共十四頁，編輯于2023年，星期三MethodParticipants:71male,lower-divisionpsychologystudents第五頁，共十四頁，編輯于2023年，星期三MethodThefirststepElicitthenegativefeelingsbyaskingthesubjectstodosomeveryboringthingslikeemptythetray,whichcontiaining12spools,ontothetableandthenrefillit.Andsuchbehaviorwouldlastfor30minuteswithanexperimenterlookingonwithastopwatchandpretendingtotakenotes.第六頁，共十四頁，編輯于2023年，星期三MethodThesecondstepFollowingsuchaboringtask,thesubjectsweregivenaboardwith48squarepegsandwererequiredtoturneachpegaquarterofaturnclockwise,andrepeatthisoverandoverforanother30minutes.第七頁，共十四頁，編輯于2023年，星期三MethodThethirdstepThesubjectsweredividedintothreegroups:Controlgroup:InthisgroupthesubjectsweretakentoanotherroomwheretheywereinterviewedabouttheirreactionstotheexperimenttheyhadjustcompletedExperimentalgroup:Inthisgroup,somesubjectsweregiven$1andtherestweregiven$20andtheywerebothaskedtoexpressthepositivefeelingsabouttheprevioustasktoathirdgroupwhohadnotdonetheexperiment.第八頁，共十四頁，編輯于2023年，星期三MethodThelaststep

Atthefinalstep,afterfinishing“express-the-false-feeling”task,thesubjectswereleadedtoaroom,wherehewasaskedhisopinionsofthetasksexactlyashadbeenaskedofthesubjectsinthecontrolconditon.第九頁，共十四頁，編輯于2023年，星期三Result第十頁，共十四頁，編輯于2023年，星期三Discussion1.Ifapersonisinducedtodoorsaysomethingthatiscontrarytohisprivateopinion,therewillbeatendencyforhimtochangehisopiniontobringitintocorrespondencewithwhathehassaidordone.2.Thelargerthepressureusedtoelicittheovertbehavior,theweakerwillbetheabove-mentionedtendency.第十一頁，共十四頁，編輯于2023年，星期三ThetheoryofcognitivedissonanceAttitude-discrepantbehavior→sufficientjustificationforbehavior→dissonancesmall→attitudechangesmallAttitude-discrepantbehavior→insufficientjustificationforbehavior→dissonancelarge→attitudechangelarge第十二頁，共十四頁，編輯于2023年，星期三QuestionsandcriticismsTherefinementsweresummarizedbyCooperandFazio(1984)1.Theattitude-discrepantbehaviormustproduceunwantednegativeconsequences.2.Personalresponsibilitymustbetakenforthenegativeconsequences.3.Ithasalsobeendemonstratedthatphysiologicalarousalisanecessarycomponentoftheprocess