摩納哥雙語介紹

摩納哥介紹雙語版HistoryTheearlyhistoryofMonacoisprimarilyconcernedwiththeprotectiveandstrategicvalueoftheRockofMonaco,thearea"schiefgeologicallandmark,whichservedfirstasashelterforancientpeoplesandlaterasafortress.Fromthe1200stotheearly1400s,theareawascontestedforprimarilypoliticalreasons;sincethatpoint,exceptingaperiodofFrenchoccupationfrom1789to17May1814,ithasremainedsteadilyunderthecontroloftheHouseofGrimaldi.DesignatedasaprotectorateoftheKingdomofSardiniain1815bytheCongressofViennaafterNapoleon"sdefeat,Monaco"ssovereigntywasconfirmedbytheFranco-MonegasqueTreatyof1861.ThePrinceofMonacowasanabsoluteruleruntilaconstitutionwaspromulgatedin1911.InJuly1918,atreatywassignedprovidingforlimitedFrenchprotectionoverMonaco.Thetreaty,writtenintotheTreatyofVersailles,establishedthatMonegasquepolicywouldbealignedwithFrenchpolitical,military,andeconomicinterests.PrinceRainierIIIaccededtothethronefollowingthedeathofhisgrandfather,PrinceLouisII,in1949.Anewconstitution,proclaimedin1962,abolishedcapitalpunishment,providedforfemalesuffrage,andestablishedaSupremeCourttoguaranteefundamentalliberties.In1993,MonacobecameanofficialmemberoftheUnitedNationswithfullvotingrights.In2002,anewtreatybetweenFranceandMonacoclarifiesthatiftherearenoheirstocarryonthedynasty,thePrincipalitywillremainanindependentnationratherthanreverttotheFrench.Monaco"smilitarydefence,however,isstilltheresponsibilityofFrance.PrinceAlbert,MarquisofBauxtookovertheroyaldutieson31March2005becausehisfatherPrinceRainierIIIwastooilltoexercisehisroyalfunctions.On6April2005PrinceRainierdiedandPrinceAlbertsucceededhimasAlbertIIofMonaco.PrinceAlbertIIofMonacoformallybecametherulerofMonacoon12July2005.GeographyThePrincipalityofMonacoorMonacoislocatedbetweentheMediterraneanSeaandFrancealongtheFrenchRivieraorCoted"Azur(TheBlueCoast).MonacoisontheMediterraneancoast,18kmeastofNiceandneartheItalianborder,andissurroundedonthreesidesbyFrance.Itisthemostdenselypopulatedindependentcountryintheworld.ItisoneoftheEuropeanmicrostates.Itisthesecond-smallestcountryintheworld(aftertheVaticanCity).ItconsistsofanarrowstripalongthecoastatthebottomofthefoothillsoftheAlpsanditshighestpointis"LeRocher"at140m.Monacoisdividedintosevensectionsorquarters(quartiers):Monaco-Ville,thecapital,theoldcityonarockypromontoryextendingintotheMediterranean;LaCondamine,thesectionalongtheport;MonteCarlo,theprincipalresidentialandresortareawiththecasino;Fontvieille,anewlyconstructedareareclaimedfromthesea;Moneghetti,onthewesternborderwithCapd'Ail;Larvotto-Tenaoincludesthebeachareatotheeastoftheprincipality.SaintRomanistheeasternmosttip,borderingtheTenao.歷史摩納哥早期的歷史是與具有守衛(wèi)及戰(zhàn)略意義的摩納哥之石聯(lián)系在一起的，那是該地區(qū)主要的地理標記，起先是作為原始人的躲避之地，后來成為軍事要塞。從13世紀到15世紀早期，該地區(qū)成為各種政治力量爭奪的對象。從那以后，該國一直在格里馬爾迪(Grimaldi)家族的統(tǒng)治下，除了1789年到1814年5月17日間曾被法國占領。拿破侖戰(zhàn)敗后，1815年的維也納會議確立摩納哥為撒丁王國的一個保護國，直到1861年的弗朗哥-摩納哥條約簽訂，摩納哥的主權才被確立。根據(jù)1911年頒布的憲法的規(guī)定，摩納哥的王子具有絕對的統(tǒng)治權。1918年7月，一項條約被簽訂，要求法國給予摩納哥一定保護。該條約被寫進凡爾賽公約，規(guī)定了摩納哥的政策必須與法國的政治、軍事、經(jīng)濟利益一致。1949年，雷尼爾三世親王同意繼承其祖父路易斯二世親王的王位。1962年，新的憲法頒布，其中廢除了死刑，賦予女性選舉權，并確立了最高法院具有保障基本自由的權利。1993年，摩納哥以全票通過成為了聯(lián)合國正式成員。2002年，法國和摩納哥簽訂了新的條約，申明如果該國沒有繼承人繼承王位，那么它還是一個獨立的主權國家，而不歸屬于法國。但是，摩納哥的軍事防御還是由法國負責。2005年3月31日阿爾伯特二世王子(PrinceAlbert,MarquisofBaux)由于他的父親蘭尼埃三世長期臥病在床，所以開始負起監(jiān)國的任務。2005年4月6日蘭尼埃大公身故，阿爾伯特大公即位，成為阿爾伯特二世。阿爾伯特二世親王自2005年7月12日正式成為統(tǒng)治者。地理摩納哥侯國或摩納哥位于地中海和法國之間，沿著法國里維埃拉河Coted”Azur(藍色海岸)。摩納哥在地中海沿岸，尼斯以東18公里，靠近意大利邊界，被法國三面環(huán)繞。它是世界上人口最密集的獨立國家，也是歐洲小國之一。它僅次于梵蒂岡，是世界上面積第二小國。摩納哥由阿爾卑斯山腳下狹長的丘陵狀海岸線組成，其最高點是'LeRocher",海拔140米。摩納哥分為七個部分：首都摩納哥，延伸至地中海海角上的巖石城，沿港口的LaCondamine,主要的居住區(qū)和游覽勝地蒙特卡洛，新開墾的 Fontvieille，西面和Capd'Ail毗鄰的Moneghetti，包括侯國東面海灘地區(qū)的Larvotto-Tenao。圣羅馬是最東面地區(qū)，和Tenao接壤。PoliticalSystemMonacohasbeengovernedasaconstitutionalmonarchysince1911,withthePrinceasheadofstate.TheexecutivebranchconsistsofaMinisterofState(theheadofgovernment),whopresidesoverafour-memberCouncilofGovernment(thecabinet).TheMinisterofStateisaFrenchcitizenappointedbythePrincefromamongcandidatesproposedbytheFrenchGovernment.Underthe1962constitution,thePrinceshareshispowerwiththeunicameralNationalCouncil(parliament).The24membersofthislegislativebodyareelectedfromlistsbyuniversalsuffragefor5-yearterms.Theprincipality"slocalaffairsaredirectedbytheCommunalCouncil,whichconsistsof15electedmembersandispresidedoverbytheMayor.EducationSystemThedurationforcompulsoryeducationisbetweentheagesof6to16.ResidentsinMonaco,representingdifferentnationalities,canenlisttheirchildreninavarietyofschoolswhichareeitherapartoforaffiliatedwiththeMinistryofEducation.TheeducationalprogramanddiplomasobtainedarerecognisedasinFrance.MonacointroducesEnglishinElementaryschool,andsoisthetraditionallanguage"leMonegu"andthehistoryofMonaco.Monegasquestudentshavea90%passingratetheFrenchNationalBaccalaureate.PopulationMonacohasanestimatedpopulationof32,400.Monaco"spopulationisunusualinthatthenativeMonegasquesareaminorityintheirowncountry.ThelargestproportionofresidentsareFrench(47%),whileMonegasqueandItaliannationalsrepresent16%each,andtheremaining21%belongtooneoftheother125nationalitiesthatmakeupMonaco"sinternationalpopulation.Monacohasthedistinctionofbeingthemostdensely-populatedcountryintheworld.CapitalMonacoLanguagesFrenchistheonlyofficiallanguage,butEnglish,Italian,andthelocalMonegasquelanguage(adescendantofGenoese)arealsospoken.政治體系1911年開始摩納哥成為君主立憲國家，親王作為國家元首。行政系統(tǒng)由國務部長（政府首腦）組成，他掌管四個政府議會（內(nèi)閣）。國務部長是由親王從法國政府提名的候選人中委任的法國公民。根據(jù)1962年的憲法，親王可以和國民議會（議會）共同行駛權力。24名具有立法資格的議員是通過五年一次全民選舉產(chǎn)生。地方事務由公共議會處理，它由15名選舉產(chǎn)生的議員組成，由市長領導。教育體系強制性教育從6歲到16歲。摩納哥的居民具有不同的民族特性，他們可以把自己的孩子送去不同的學校，可以是教育部的學校，也可以是附屬于教育部的學校。教育體制和獲得的畢業(yè)證書在法國也被承認。摩納哥的小學教英語、傳統(tǒng)摩納哥語（"leMonegu"）和摩納哥歷史。90%的摩納哥學生獲得法國學士學位。人口摩納哥人口32,400，其組成比較特殊，當?shù)氐哪{哥人在該國占少數(shù)。居民中所占比例最大的是法國人（47%），摩納哥人和意大利人各占16%，剩下的21%是其他125個民族的人，由此組成了摩納哥國際性的人口。摩納哥是世界上人口密度最高的國家。首都摩納哥語言法語是唯一的官方語言，但是也有人說英語、意大利語和摩納哥當?shù)卣Z言Genoese語的延續(xù)）。ReligionsRomanCatholicismistheofficialreligion,withfreedomofotherreligionsguaranteedbytheconstitution.EconomyMonacoisapopularresortattractingtouriststoitscasinoandpleasantclimate.Theprincipalityhassuccessfullysoughttodiversifyintoservicesandsmall,high-value-added,nonpollutingindustries.Thestatehasnoincometaxandlowbusinesstaxesandthrivesasataxhavenbothforindividualswhohaveestablishedresidenceandforforeigncompaniesthathavesetupbusinessesandoffices.Thestateretainsmonopoliesinanumberofsectors,includingtobacco,thetelephonenetwork,andthepostalservice.Livingstandardsarehigh,roughlycomparabletothoseinprosperousFrenchmetropolitanareas.Monacodoesnotpublishnationalincomefigures.CurrencyCeuroMonacouseseuro.Theeuro(€;currencycodeEUR)isthecurrencyoftwelveEuropeanUnionmemberstates:Austria,Belgium,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,theNetherlands,Portugal,andSpain,collectivelyknownastheEurozone.Monaco,SanMarinoandtheVaticanCity,whichformerlyusedtheFrenchfrancortheItalianliraastheircurrencynowusetheeuroastheircurrencyandarelicensedtominttheirowneurocoinsinsmallamountseventhoughtheyarenotEUstates.MainSportingEventsandAchievementinOlympicsSoccer(football)isoneofthepopularsportsinMonaco.TheMonacoSoccerteam(ASMonaco)hasahistoryofsuccessfulactivityeversinceitsfoundationin1924.MonacowastheshockfinalistsintheUEFAChampionsLeaguein2004,impressivelybeatingthelikesofRealMadridandChelseaalongthewaytothefinal.CompetingundertheFrenchfootballleague,MonacohaswontheFrenchleaguetitlesforseventhtimes.TheMonacoGrandPrixstartedin1929,undertheauspiceofthelatePrinceLouisII, isaneventrecognizedinternationally.MonacohasthehonourofhostingsuchaninternationallyrenownedeventdespitebeingthesmallestEuropeanstate.TodaythecircuitoftheMonacoGrandPrixmeasures3,367km.Contestantsarerequiredtocomplete78lapswhichundoubtedlyoneofthetoughestcircuitsintheFormula1racing.TheLouisIIStadium,inauguratedin1985,hostsinternationalfootballgamesandishometotheMonacoFootballTeam.TheStadiumisequippedforawiderangeofsportingdisciplines,includingtabletennis,boxing,squash,martialarts,weight-lifting,basketball,volleyballandswimming,andalsohostsinternationalathleticscompetitions.TheRainierIIINauticalStadiumisarecreationalOlympic-sizedswimmingpoolwithahighdivingboard.TheothersportfacilitywhichiswellrecognizedinternallyisTheMonte-CarloCountryClubhas40tenniscourtsandisthevenueforoneofthemostimportanttournamentsontheprofessionaltenniscircuit.The2004SummerOlympicsinAthensisMonaco'sseventeenthparticipationattheSummerOlympics.MonacohasyettowinanOlympicsmedal.CultureMonacohostedavastnumberofculturaleventseachyearencouragestheappreciationofartisticdisciplines.ReputableestablishmentssuchastheRainierIIIAcademyofMusic,theAcademyofClassicalDanceandthePrincessGraceMunicipalPlasticArtSchoolhaveeducatedinternationalartists.PrinceRainierIIIintroducedthePrinceRainierIIIPrizeforMusicalCompositiontorewardMonegasquemusicians.TheMonteCarloPhilharmonicOrchestrawasfoundedin1863andgainedapermanenthomeatGarnierPalacein1879.TheOrchestraisquiteprominentintheclassicalworld,andhasbeenconductedbyIgorMarkevitch,LovrovonMatacic,PaulParay,LawrenceFoster,GianluigiGelmettiandLouisFremaux.TheLittleSingersofMonacoareachildren"schoirfoundedin1973,whenthePalatineChapel"sChapelMaster,PhilippeDebat,wasorderedbythegovernmenttosendachoirofonlychildrenaroundtheworld.ThispracticecarriesonatraditionfromthereignofPrinceAntoineI,duringwhoseruleachoirofchildrensangtheliturgiesinthePalatineChapel.宗教信仰羅馬天主教是官方宗教，有信仰其他宗教的自由。經(jīng)濟摩納哥是著名旅游勝地，娛樂場所和宜人的氣候都吸引大批旅游者前去。該國成功地探索了一條多樣化的工業(yè)之路：服務性的、投資小的、高附加值的、無污染的工業(yè)。這個國家不征收所得稅，營業(yè)稅也很