2013年6月英語(yǔ)四級(jí)真題試卷第二套

PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandSchoolRyanmovedsilentlythroughthelunchline.Thecookputacheeseburger(奶酪漢堡)andanapplesaucecuponhistray.Hegrabbedabottleofmilkfromthecoolerattheendofthelineandfoundaseatinthecafeteria().RyansawthathisfriendTylerhadbroughtlunchfromhome."Whatdidyoubringtoday,Tyler?"heasked.Tylerpulledhismealoutofitsbrownpapersack."I'vegotahamsandwich,chips,twocupcakes,andacanofsoda."Ryan'smouthstartedtowater."Uh,Tyler,"hesaid."Ifyoudon'twantoneofthosecupcakes,I'lltakeit.Theysurelookgood."TylerhandedRyanhiscupcake."Sure,"hesaid."Iwon'teatallLunchIsRyaneatingahealthymealifheeatstheschoollunch?Schoollunchsupporterssay"Yes."Recentstudiesshowthataernment-approvedschoollunchhasmorevarietyandismorenutritious(有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的)thanmostlunchesbroughtfromhome.It'salsolowerinfat.TheNationalSchoolLunchActrequiresthatschoollunchesgoalongwiththeDietaryGuidelinesforAmericansdevelopedbytheernment.Mealsmustcontainavarietyoffoodswithplentygrainsandatleastonefruitorvegetableeachday.Foodsmustnotcontaintoomuchsugarorsalt.Ahotlunchcancontainupto30%fat,butnotmorethan10%ofitscalories(卡路里)shouldcomefromsaturated(飽和的)fat.Inanaverageweek,youshouldgetone-thirdofthemendedDietaryAllowancesforprotein,iron,calcium(鈣),andvitaminsAandCfromyourschoollunch.DaretoLet'scompareRyan'sandTyler'smealstosecwhichishealthier.Ryan'shotlunch(withoutthecupcakefromhisfriend)has577calories,25gramsoftotalfat.and12gramsofsaturatedfat.Hehadoneservingoffruit,26gramsofprotein,and483milligramsofcalcium.Ryanatemoretotalfat(39%)andsaturatedfat(19%)thanthedietaryguidelines mend.However,schoolscanstillmeettheguidelinesbyhavingthenumbersaverageoutoveraweekoflunches.Tyler'slunchfromhome(thisincludesbothcupcakes)had1014calories.45grams(40%)oftotalfat,and10grams(9%)ofsaturatedfat.Heate21gramsofproteinand155milligramsofcalcium,butnofruitsorvegetables.Tyler'smealmetthesaturatedfatguidelines,buthadtoomuchtotalTyleratemorecaloriesandtotalfatthanRyandid.Ryanatemoreprotein,calcium,andfruitthanTylerdid.Whichmealwouldyousayisthehealthierchoice??laCarteFederalstandardsandmostschooldistrictsforbidsellingfoodinthecafeteriathatcompeteswiththeschoollunch.Manyprogramsdo,however,offeràlacartechoicesforstudentswhodon'twantthehotmeal.Foodssoldàlacarteseparatefromthemainmealandarepricedindividually.Thesefoodsdonothavetomeetthesamenutritionalstandardsasthefoodsonthehotlunch.Neitherdothefoodssoldatasnack-barorthosefoodsavailableelsewhereintheschool.AstudyinoneTexasschooldistrictcomparedthelunchesofgraderswhodidnothavefoodchoiceswiththoseoffifthgraderswhocouldchooseeitherastandardlunchorselectfromasnack-bar.Thegradersate25%morefruitsandvegetablesthanthefifthgraders.Foodsoldasfund-raiserscanalsohaveanimpactonschoollunch.Themoneyraisedisimportanttoprovideneededfundsformanyafter-classactivities.Butthemeal'soverallnutritionalqualityusuallygoesdown.Manyofthesefoodsarehighinfat,sugar,orboth,andoftencomeinextralargeportions.Fundraisersrarelysellfruitsandvegetables.ChoosingSchoolfood-serviceprogramsaretryingtopleasestudents,andstillofferquality,nutritiousmealsatlowcost.Thattaskisn'teasy.OneschooldistrictinNewYorkdecidedtodosomethingaboutit.Astudentadvisoryboardkeptthefood-servicedirectorup-to-dateonwhatthekidswanted.Theyalsoworkedwithschoolsnack-barstosellsmallerservingsof.Youcanmakehealthymealchoicesatschoolevenwhennot-so-healthychoicesareavailable.YoucanbesuretogetanutritiousmealwhenyoupickfoodsfromtheFoodGuidePyramid.Forexample,alwaysdrinkmilkoracalcium-richjuiceforlunch.Evenchocolatemilkismorenutritiousthansodaorasportsdrink.Stayawayfromsnackfoodsofferedàlacarte.Theymayfillyouupnow,buttheonesthatcontainalotoffatandsugarwillslowyoudownlater.Alwayseatthefruitsandvegetablesofferedatthemeal.TheyhelpgiveyoutheenergyandvitaminsyouneedtogetyouthroughtherestofyourschoolSomepeopleliketomakefunofschoollunches,butgoodnutritionisnolaughingmatter.Yourschool'shotlunchisbasedontheFoodGuidePyramid,soit'sfullofnutrition.Giveitatry.Youmightbepleasantlysurprised.WhatdidRyandowhenhesawHecomparedhislunchwithHeofferedtosharelunchwithHeshowedoffhishealthyHeaskedTylerforaWhatdorecentstudiesshowabouternment-approvedschoolItcomparesfavorablywithhome-madeItisunpopularamongItissupportedbymostItcontainsfewercaloriesandislessAccordingtotheNationalSchoolLunchAct,schoollunchesmust offervariousfruitsandvegetablesforstudentstocomplywithernment-developeddietaryprovidelow-fat,low-salt,nutritiousfoodsatlowcontainprotein,iron,calcium,andavarietyofTyler'shome-preparedmealmeetstheDietaryGuidelinesforAmericansintermsof vitaminsB)mineralsC)totalfatD)saturatedWhatdowelearnaboutfoodsprovidedalacarteinTheyarepurchasedseparaTheyarepreparedontheTheymeetthesamenutritionalTheysatisfytheneedsofchoosyWhatdoestheauthorthinkoffoodsoldasfund-ItisreasonablyItislackinginnutritionalItcompeteswithschoolItappealstostudentWhatisthefunctionofthestudentadvisoryItprovidessupervisiononthequalityofschoolItadvisesstudentsonhowtomakewisechoicesofItkeepsthefood-servicedirectorup-to-dateaboutstudents'Itmonitorsschoolsnack-barsthatselllargeservingsofStudentsareadvisedtostayawayfromsnackfoodsofferedalacartebecausetheirextrafatandsugarwillmakethem TheJordanCommunitySchoolstudentseatpizzaswithvegetables intheirpizzaTeamNutritionisaprogramthattriesto inmakingschoollunchhealthyandPartⅢListeningComprehensionChildrenshouldbetaughttobemoreChildrenshouldn’tdrinksomuchorangeThereisnoneedforthemantomakesuchaTimmyshouldlearntodothingsintherightFitnessThenewjobComputerDirectorshipoftheHeneedstobuyanewHehasgottosaveonfuelThefuelpricehasskyTheheatingsystemdoesn’tPosingfortheSheistakingsomeShehasnotseenadoctorShedoesnottrusttheman’sShehasalmostrecoveredfromthePamela’sreportisnotfinishedasPamelahasahabitofngthingsinaPamelaisnotgoodatwritingresearchPamela’smistakescouldhavebeenIntheleft-luggageAtthehoInahoAtanA)ShewasanexcellentstudentatSheworksintheentertainmentSheisfondoflingstoriesinherSheisgoodatconveyingherQuestions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.Arrangingthewoman’sappointmentwithMr.Fixingthetimeforthedesigner’slatestfashionTalkingaboutanimportantgatheringonPreparingforthefilmingonMondayHertraveltoTheTheproperhairstyleforhernewWhentostartthemakeupHeisMr.Romero’sHeisanentertainmentHeisthewoman’sHeisafamousmovieQuestions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.MakeanappointementforanSendinanapplicationFillinanapplicationMakeabriefself-introductionontheSomeonehavingacollegedegreeinSomeoneexperiencedinbusinessSomeonereadytotakeonmoreSomeonewillingtoworkbeyondregularTravelHandsomeProspectsforFlexibleworkingItdependsontheworkingItisabout500poundsaItwillbesetbytheHumanItistobeSectionPassageQuestions26to29arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustTogivecustomersawiderrangeofTomakeshoppersseeasmanyitemsasTosupplyasmanyvarietiesofgoodsasitTosavespaceformoreprofitable27.A)OnthetopOnthebottomOneasilyaccessibleOnclearlymarkedManyofthembuythingsonAfewofthemarefatherswithAmajorityofthemareyoungOver60%ofthemmakeshopSalesassistantspromotinghighmarginSalesassistantsfollowingcustomersCustomerscompetingforgoodCustomerslosingallsenseofPassageQuestions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustTeachingmathematicsataB)ngresearchinanStudyingforacollegeWorkinginahi-techHestudiedthedesignsofvariousHedidexperimentsondifferentHeboughtanalarmclockwithapigHeaskeddifferentpeoplefortheirItsautomaticItsmanufacturingItswayofwakingpeopleItsfunny-lookingpigPassageQuestions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustItisoftencausedbyachangeofItactuallydoesn’trequireanyspecialItusuallyappearsallofaItgenerallylastsforseveralTheycannotmixwellwithTheyirrationallyannoytheirTheydependheavilyonfamilyTheyblameothersforignoringtheirTheylackconsistentsupportfromTheydoubttheirownTheywerebornpsychologicallyTheyfocustoomuchonSectionTherewasatimewhenanyalinformationthatwasgatheredaboutuswastypedonapieceofpaperand(36) awayinafilecabinet.Itcouldremainthereforyearsand,often(37) ,neverreachtheoutsideThingshavedoneacompleteabout-facesincethen.(38) forthechangehasbeentheastonishingly(39) developmentinrecentyearsofthecomputer.Today,anydatathatis(40) aboutusinoneceoranother-andforonereasonoranother–canbestoredinacomputerbank.Itcanthenbeeasilypassedtoothercomputerbanks.Theyareownedby andbyprivatebusinessesandcorporations,lending(42) ,directmailingandemarketingfirms,creditbureaus,creditcardcompanies,andernment(43) atthelocal,state,andfederalAgrowingnumberofAmericansareseeingtheaccumulationanddistributionofcomputerizeddataasafrighteninginvasionoftheirprivacy.(44) asthecomputeresincreasinglyefficient,easiertooperate,andlesscostlytopurchaseandmaintain.In1970,anationalsurveyshowedthat(45) .Sevenyearslater,47percentexpressedthesameworry.(46) PartⅣReadingComprehension(ReadinginQuestions47to56arebasedonthefollowingIt'sthefirstquestionparentsaskwhentheirchildisdiagnosedwithautism自閉癥).Willhisfuturebrothersorsistershaveahigherriskof47it,too?Accordingtothelargeststudyofsiblings(兄弟姐妹)infamilieswithautism,theanswerisyes.Among664childrenwhohadatleastoneoldersiblingwiththedevelopmentaldisorder,the48riskofautismwasnearly19%,49higherthanprevioussibling-recurrenceestimatesthatwereanywherefrom3%to10%.Kidswithmorethanoneolderautisticsiblinghadanevenhigherriskofthedisorder:32%.The50suggestthatgenesyakeyroleinautismrisk.Buttheyalsohintthatotherenvironmentalfactors51bysiblings,likeinfluencesinthewomb(),maybeimportantaswell.On

ofthefindings,theresearchers mendthatdoctors

youngersiblingsofautisticchildrentopickupanyearlysignsofthedisorder, anunusuallylargeheadordelayedlanguagedevelopmentandcommunicationskills.Evidencesuggeststhatearly55anddiagnosisofautismcanhelpchildrentakeadvantageoftherapiesthatcantreatsomeofits56.SectionBPassageOneQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingLibrariesaremyworld.I'vebeenapatron(老主顧)allmylife,andforthepastnineyearsI'veworkedatmultiplelibrariesandarchivesinandaroundDetroit.Thelibraryasaninstitutionhasmanyroles,butasourcountrystrugglesthroughaneconomiccrisis,IhavewatchedthelibrarywhereIworkevolveintoacareerandbusinesscenter,acommunitygatheringceandabastion(堡壘)ofhope.Inthespringof20071gotalibraryinternship(實(shí)習(xí)生的位置)attheSouthfieldLibrary(SPL),justnorthofDetroit.SummersatSPLwereusuallyslow,butthatyear,weexperiencedalibrarythatwasasbusyasscience-fairprojectweek,midtermsortaxseason.Yetpatronsweren'tlookingforMosby'sNursingDrugReferenceortaxreturnforms.Theywerecomingforinformationongrowingtheirsmallbusiness.Iinterpretedpeople'sinterestinourbusinesscollectionasthefirststeptopursuingtheirdreams,butthesepatronswerenotmotivatedbydreams.Theywererespondingtoreality,andtheywerelookingfornThingsworsenedin2008,andin2009theeconomiccrisiscontinuestoMichigan.Lastyear,weputupadisywithavarietyofjobresourcesthatwerestockedeveryhour.Eachnightthelibraryclosed,thedisywasbare.Whilewenormallykeepdisysupforaweek,wekeptthejobresourcesdisyupformonths.Thenthere'sthetighteningcreditmarket.Peopleseethewritingonthewallandtheywanttogeteducated.Theycan'taffordafinancialadviser,butcheckingbooksoutis.SomeofthemostpopulartitlesnowareRichDad,PoorDad.ThinkandGrowRich,andSuzeOrman's2009Actionn.Theeconomicdownturnaffectsusall.Ihavehadtoworklonghoursanddon'tgettoseemuchofmyboyfriendorexperienceanykindofsociallifelay,butIamthankfultobeinapositionwhereIcanhelppeople ethisstruggle.InMichigan,wehaven'tlosthope.Aslongastherearelibrarieshere,therewillalwaysbehope.2WhatchangeshasthecurrenteconomiccrisisbroughttotheIthasopeneditsage-oldarchivestothegeneralIt eajobandbusinessinformationIthasevolvedintoaceforbusinessIthashadtocutitsbudgettogetthroughtheWhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheSouthfieldPublicLibraryinthesummerofItwasoverflowingwithItlaunchedascienceprojectItaddedmanybooksonbusinesstoitsItwasfullofpeopleseekinginformationonWhatcanbeinferredfrompeople'sstronginterestinthelibrary'sbusinessTheythinkitisnowtimetorealizetheirTheyfindeconomicshelpfulintidingovertheTheyconsideritatrendtostarttheirownTheyareconcernedabouttheworseningWhyweretherenomorejobresourcesondisybytheendoftheThelibrarystaffcouldnotdotherestockingquicklyPeoplecompetedwitheachotherforthejobslistedinthePeopleweremuchinterestedinthejobresourcesondisAllthematerialsondisywereofchargetotheHowdidtheauthorfeelaboutworkingintheShefeltcontentedtobeinapositiontorenderShefeltpleasedtobeabletogivehopetotheShefeltrewardedtohavegainedalotofShefeltsorrytomissthesociallifePassageQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingMorethanthreedozenbillionaires,includingwell-knownphilanthropist(慈善家)DavidRockefeller,havepromisedatleasthalfoftheirfortunestocharity,joiningaprogrammethatBillandMelindaGatesandWarrenBuffettstartedinJunetoencourageotherwealthypeopletogive.Thepledgeiscurrentlyworthabout$150billion,buttheprogrammepredictsitwilleventuallybeworth$600billion."DuringeventheDepression'sworstyears,myparentsgavemoney-about8%oftheir eof$2200,"saidLorryLokey,oneofthedonors,onthewebsiteoftheprogramme,theGivingPledge,"Iremembersayingtomymotherthatwecan'taffordthat.Butshesaidwehavetosharewithothers."Thepledgehasbeenamatterofsomedebateinphilanthropicandnon-profitcircles,withsomeexpertsdismissingitasmerepublicityandotherspredictingthatitwouldproduceafloodofnewmoneytosupportnon-profitgroups.Buffettsaidtherealvalueofthepledgewasfoundintheexampleitsetandinthesentiments(情感)expressedintheletterspostedonthewebsite.BuffettandGateswillholdseveraldinnerslaterthisyeartorecruitmorebillionaires,andmembersoftheGivingPledgewillmeetannuallytodiscusstheirphilanthropy.ThepairareduetomeetsomewealthiestpeopleinnextmonthandinMarch."Wehopethiscatchesfireinsomeothercountries,"Buffettsaid,"Iftheywanttotakewhatwethinkisagoodideaandrunwithit,wewillbeBuffettsaidthenumberofpeoplewhohadagreedtosignonwasatthehighendofhisexpectations.Hesaidsomepeoplewhodeclinedtosignthepledgewerenningtogiveawaymostoftheirwealthbutdidnotwanttodrawattentiontothosens.Energytycoon大亨Pickens,whoisworthabout$1billion,saidinhisGivingPledge"I'velongstatedthatIenjoymakingmoney,andIenjoygivingitaway.I'mnotabigfanofinheritedwealth.Itgenerallydoesmoreharmthangood."What'sthepurposeoftheprogrammestartedbyBillandMelindaGatesandWarrenTospreadtheideaofcharityaroundtheTopublicisethepainsandgainsofcharityToinvolvemorewealthypeopleinTonarrowthegapbetweentherichandtheWhatmessagedoesLorryLokeyintendtoconveythroughhiswebsiteHis eisfarfromThespiritofgivingrunsinhisHisfamilysufferedduringtheGreatThewealthofhisfamilyhascomethehardWhyareBuffettandGatesgoingtomeetsomewealthiestpeopleinandTosharetheirexperiencewiththenewlyrichTopublicisetheirgenerosityinheltheTopersuadethewealthypeopletheretojointheirTohelpthebillionairesthereseethetruevalueofWhatreasondosomepeoplegivefordecliningtosigntheTheyareunsureiftheycanmeetthepublic'sTheyhavemadensfordisposingoftheirTheyarestillundecidedwhethertogiveorTheyarereluctanttobethefocusofWhatdoesenergytycoonPickenstrytosayinhisGivingPledgeBlessedarethosewhoinheritlargeThemoreyougive,thehappieryouwillLeavingafortunetoone'schildrenisPhilanthropycanhelpPartVCloze(15Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD)ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.TheworkforwhichThomasMalthusisstillmostwidelyknownishisEssayonthePrincipleofPopulation,whichfirstappearedin1798.ThisbookintroducedMalthus's67thatpopulationinescapablyoutgrowssubsistence(生活資料andthatthisdifference68populationsizeandtheabilitytoadequaymeetthe69subsistenceneedsofallthemembersofthatpopulation"naturally"producesafundamentalstrugglefor70inwhichsomeflourishatthe71ofCharlesDarwin'smostimportantcontribution72thefieldofbiology,describedinhiswork.OntheOriginofSpecies,wasto73Malthus'sobservationthatntsandanimalsmultiplyfasterthannaturecanprovideforthemtohisown74oftheprocessof"evolution"-thenotionthatdifferentformsoflifedevelop75fromacommonancestry(祖先).Combiningtheseelements,Darwin76thatthefactorsof"thestruggleforexistence"and"thesurvivalofthefittest"arethecentralmechanisms77whichevolutionisbased.Inthissense,then.Darwinintroducedthepossibility are centraltohumansocial

andstrugglearebiologicalphenomena,Anumberofmorecontemporarysocialthinkerswere80 byDarwinandthis