2023年考研考博-考博英語-重慶大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考點(diǎn)真題薈萃帶答案

長風(fēng)破浪會有時，直掛云帆濟(jì)滄海。住在富人區(qū)的她2023年考研考博-考博英語-重慶大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考點(diǎn)真題薈萃帶答案第1卷一.綜合題(共10題)1.單選題SectionATheroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdifficultbutinescapable.Sometimes,thestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitowns,anddoessobadly.Often,however,governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationandconsumptionofnaturalresources.Awholerangeofpolicies,fromfarmpricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-mining,doenvironmentaldamageand(often)makenoeconomicsense.Scrappingthemoffersatwo-foldbonus:acleanerenvironmentandamoreefficienteconomy.Growthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhand,ifpoliticianshavethecouragetocontrolthevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate.SectionBNoactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarming.Itshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandarea,notcountingAntarctica,andtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesinyieldsfromlandalreadyincultivation,butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigation,bettercropbreeding,andadoublingintheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s.SectionCAlltheseactivitiesmayhavedamagingenvironmentimpacts.Forexample,landclearingforagricultureisthelargestsinglecauseofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmaycontaminatewatersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiodstendtoexacerbatesoilerosion;andthespreadofmonocultureanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcropshavebeenaccompaniedbythedisappearanceofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsomeinsuranceagainstpestsofdiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedState,wherethemostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendone,discoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilataratelikelytodiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequentlyembarkeduponaprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinaisvanishingmuchfasterthanAmerica.SectionDGovernmentpolicieshavefrequentlycompoundedtheenvironmentaldamagethatfarmingcancause.Intherichcountries,subsidiesforgrowingcropsandpricesupportsforfarmoutputdriveupthepriceofland.Theannualvalueofthesesubsidiesisimmense;about$250billion,ormorethanallWorldBanklendinginthe1980s.Toincreasetheoutputofcropsperacre,afarmer’seasiestoptionistousemoreofthemostreadilyavailableinputs:fertilizersandpesticides.FertilizerusedoubledinDenmarkintheperiod1960-1985andincreasedinTheNetherlandsby150percent.Thequantityofpesticidesappliedhasrisentoo:by69percentin1975-1984inDenmark,forexample,withariseof115percentinthefrequencyofapplicationinthethreeyearsfrom1981.Inthelate1980sandearly1990ssomeeffortsweremadetoreducefarmsubsidies.ThemostdramaticexamplewasthatofNewZealand,whichscrappedmostfarmsupportin1984.Astudyoftheenvironmentaleffects,conductedin1993,foundthattheendoffertilizersubsidieshadbeenfollowedbyafallinfertilizeruse(afallcompoundedbythedeclineinworldcommodityprices,whichcutfarmincomes).Theremovalofsubsidiesalsostoppedland-cleaningandover-stocking,whichinthepasthadbeentheprincipalcausesoferosion.Farmsbegantodiversify.Theonekindofsubsidywhoseremovalappearedtohavebeenbadfortheenvironmentwassubsidytomanagesoilerosion.Inlessenlightenedcountries,andintheEuropeanUnion,thetrendhasbeentoreduceratherthaneliminatesubsidies,andtointroducenewpaymentstoencouragefarmerstotreattheirlandinenvironmentallyfriendlierways,ortoleaveitfallow.Itmaysoundstrangebutsuchpaymentsneedtobehigherthantheexistingincentivesforfarmerstogrowfoodcrops.Farmers,however,dislikebeingpaidtodonothing.Inseveralcountries,theyhavebecomeinterestedinthepossibilityofusingfuelproducedfromcropresidueseitherasareplacementforpetrol(asethanol)orasfuelforpowerstations(asbiomass).Suchfuelsproducefarlesscarbondioxidethancoaloroil,andabsorbcarbondioxideastheygrow.Theyarethereforelesslikelytocontributetothegreenhouseeffect.Buttheyarerarelycompetitivewithfossilfuelsunlesssubsidizedandgrowingthemdoesnolessenvironmentalharmthanothercrops.SectionEInpoorcountries,governmentsaggravateothersortsofdamage.Subsidiesforpesticidesandartificialfertilizersencouragefarmerstousegreaterquantitiesthanareneededtogetthehighesteconomiccropyield.AstudybytheinternationalRiceResearchinstituteofpesticideusebyfarmersinSouthEastAsiafoundthat,withpest-resistantvarietiesofrice,evenmoderateapplicationsofpesticidefrequentlycostfarmersmorethantheysaved.Suchwasteputsfarmersonachemicaltreadmill:bugsandweedsbecomeresistanttopoisons,sonextyear’spoisonsmustbemorelethal.Onecostistohumanhealth.Everyyearsome10,000peoplediefrompesticidepoisoning,almostalloftheminthedevelopingcountries,andanother400,000becomeseriouslyill.Asforartificialfertilizers,theiruseworld-wideincreasedby40percentperunitoffarmedlandbetweenthemid1970sandlate1980s,mostlyinthedevelopingcountries.Overuseoffertilizersmaycausefarmerstostoprotatingcropsorleavingtheirlandfallow.That,inturn,maymakesoilerosionworse.SectionFAresultoftheUruguayRoundofworldtradenegotiationsislikelytobeareductionof36percentintheaveragelevelsoffarmsubsidiespaidbytherichcountriesin1986-1990.Someoftheworld’sfoodproductionwillmovefromWesternEuropetoregionswheresubsidiesarelowerofnon-existent,suchastheformercommunistcountriesandpartsofthedevelopingworld.Someenvironmentalistsworryaboutthisoutcome.Itwillundoubtedlymeanmorepressuretoconvertnaturalhabitatintofarmland.Butitwillalsohavemanydesirableenvironmenteffects.Theintensityoffarmingintherichworldshoulddecline,andtheuseofchemicalinputswilldiminish.Cropsaremorelikelytobegrownintheenvironmentstowhichtheyarenaturallysuited.Andmoreframersinpoorcountrieswillhavethemoneyandincentivetomanagetheirlandinwaysthataresustainableinthelongrun.Thatisimportant.Tofeedanincreasinglyhungryworld,farmersneedeveryincentivetousetheirsoilandwatereffectivelyandefficiently.Fromthelistbelowchoosethemostsuitabletitleforthereadingpassageabove.WritetheappropriateletterA-Einbox28ontheAnswerSheet.（

）問題1選項(xiàng)A.EnvironmentalmanagementB.Increasingtheworld’sfoodsupplyC.SoilerosionD.Fertilizersandpesticides—thewayforwardE.Farmsubsidies2.翻譯題Itisimpossibletooveremphasizetheimportanceofcommercialactivitytoacountryanditspeople.Inalmostalldevelopingcountries,economicdevelopmentdependsupongrowthinexporttrade,whichinturncreatesjobsandraiseslivingstandards.Theincreasingimportrequirementswhichflowfromeconomicdevelopmentmustsomehowbefinanced,fromforeignexchangereceipts,derivedfromexportearningsandcapitalinvestment.Withoutdynamicexpansioninexportsthegrowthofyourcountry’seconomywillalmostcertainlyslacken.Yourobjectiveasacommercialrepresentativeisobviouslytodothebestpossiblejobimprovingyourcountry’sexportearningsinthebroadestmeaningoftheterm.Thetimehaslongsincearrivedtorecognizecommercialrepresentationasaprofessionperse,thesuccessfulexerciseorwhichispositivelycorrelatedwithcarefulinitialselectionofcommercialrepresentatives,thelevelandcontentoftheirformaleducationandspecializedtraining,thelengthandvarietyoftheirpertinentexperience,andthequalityofsupporttheyreceivefromthetradepromotionorganization(TPO)orministryathome.3.填空題Thosethatexperienceafailedmarriagefeellikefailuresontheirown.Theyfeelthattheyshouldhavebeenabletodosomethingdifferenttomakethemarriage（1）.Theymayhavebeenbetrayedbyanaffair,（2）stillfeelasifitistheirfault.Therapycanhelpsomeonework（3）feelingslikethatiftheypersist.Manyseeafailedmarriageasapersonalfailure,andthatcanbehardtoget（4）,evenasafewyearshavegonebyandtheyhavemovedontoanewrelationship.Thisis（5）thatneverreallygoesaway—butthatdoesnotmeanyoucannotlearnhowtodealwithitina（6）manner.Thosethatdidnotseethedivorcecomingaregoingtobehardesthitby（7）ishappening.Whiletheotherspousewaspullingaway,theymaynothavehadany（8）thattheirpartnerwashurtingorwishingtobeoutofthemarriage.Forthem,dealingwiththefailedmarriageisgoingtobeveryhard,andtheyaregoingtotryeverythingto（9）it.Attimes,thiscanbedone,butnot（10）.Prepareforthisifyouaretheonethatwantedthe（11）.Understandwheretheyarecomingfromandyoucanavoidalotof（12）andhardfeelingsinthefuture.Thatisveryimportantifyouhavechildrentogether.Goingthroughafailedmarriageisnevereasyonanyone,evenifitappearstoyouthatyourspouseis（13）ormovingonmuchsoonerthanyoueverthoughttheycould.Gethelpdealingwithyourfeelingsifyoufindthatyou（14）cannotfindareasonforwhathappenedandyoucannotmoveon（15）sometypeofclosureorclarityaboutyourfailedmarriage.Remember,notallmarriagesaregoingtolastnomatterwhathappens,butthatdoesnotmeanyoucannotfindanotherpartnerandtakeyourlessonfromyourfirstmarriagewithyoutoensurethisdoesnothappentoyouagain.4.翻譯題Whenyou’refedupwithself-obsessedtwenty-somethings,trytorememberthatthey’llbe33oneday.Forthat’stheagewhentheylosethe“allaboutme”attitude,researchsuggests.Bythen,youthfulselfishnesssubsidesandpeoplebegintoconsiderothers’feelingsmoreoften,researcherssay.Whenwereach33,wearealsomorelikelytomakeaneffortwithparentsandgrandparentsandtakeapositiveattitudetowardsendingfeudswithfamilyorfriends.Theolderweget,themoreselflessweareinalmostallareasoflife—withtheexceptionofvolunteeringinthecommunity,thereportsuggests.Mostpeopleagreethathavingchildrenistheturningpointinchangingourattitudestowardsotherpeople.Thisiswhenweapparentlyfindourselvesworryingmoreaboutothersanddoingthingsforthem,suchascheckinghowtheyaregettinghome,offeringtohelpwithchildcareanddoingairportruns.Andwearemorelikelytokeepaneyeoutforneighbors,aswellasgiveupseatstoelderlypeopleonpublictransport.Wewillprobablyalsobemoreinvolvedinthecommunityandwillingtodonatemoneytogoodcauses.Thoseunder33aremostlikelytoadmittobeingveryselfish—with40percentsayingthattheyputthemselvesfirstinallcircumstances.However,40percentofthisagegroupregularlyvolunteerforcharityortheircommunity—higherthananyotheragegroup.Theageatwhichwearemostselfishisourteenageyears,researchersfound—withpeoplesayingthatjustgrowingupmadethemmorelikelytoconsiderothers.Otherscitemeetingtheirpartnerorbuyingahouseasthepointatwhichtheystartedbeingmorecompassionateandputtingothersfirst.ResearchersatMake-A-WishFoundationUKcametotheirconclusionafterstudyingtheattitudesof2,000adultsagedfrom20to60.5.單選題Today,mostcountriesintheworldhavecanals.Somecanals,suchastheSuezorthePanama,（1）shipsweeksontimebymakingtheirvoyageathousandmilesshorter.Othercanalspermitboatstoreachcitiesthatarenotlocatedonthecoast（2）othercanalsdrainlandswherethereistoomuchwater,helpor（3）fieldswherethereisnotenoughwater.The（4）ofacanaldependsonthekindofboatsgoingthroughit.Thecanalmustbewideenoughtopermittwoofthe（5）boatsusingitto（6）eachothereasily.Itmustbedeepenoughtoleaveabouttwofeetofwater（7）thekeelofthelargestboatusingthecanal.Somecanalshaveslopingsides,whileothershavesidesthatarenearly（8）canalsthatarecutthroughrockcanhavenearlyverticalsides.（9）canalswithearthbanksmay（10）iftheangleoftheirsidesistoosteep.Somecanalsarelinedwithbrick,stone,orconcretetokeepthewater（11）soakingintothemud.Thisalsopermitsshipstogoat（12）speeds,sincetheycannotmakethebanksfallinby（13）upthewater.Insmallcanalswithmudbanks,shipsandbarges(大平底船)must（14）theirspeed.Whenthecanalgoes（15）differentlevelsofwater,theshipsmustbe（16）orloweredfromoneleveltotheother.Thisisgenerallydoneby（17）oflocks.Ifashipwantstogouptohigherwater,thelowerendofthelockopenstolettheboatin.Thenthisgatecloses,andthewaterisletintothelockchamberfromtheupperlevel.Thisraisedthelevelofthewaterinthelock.（18）itisthesameastheupperlevelofwater.Nowtheuppergatescanbeopenedto（19）theshipintothehigherwater.Sometimesacanalcontainsaseriesoflockswhenthe（20）inlevelsisverygreat.問題1選項(xiàng)A.takeB.saveC.costD.waste問題2選項(xiàng)A.SomeB.ManyC.EvenD.Still問題3選項(xiàng)A.disperseB.drainC.irrigateD.flood問題4選項(xiàng)A.widthB.depthC.lengthD.size問題5選項(xiàng)A.largestB.longestC.heaviestD.tallest問題6選項(xiàng)A.passB.encounterC.overtakeD.confront問題7選項(xiàng)A.downB.beneathC.aboveD.below問題8選項(xiàng)A.flatB.straightC.verticalD.horizontal問題9選項(xiàng)A.MeanwhileB.HenceC.ThereforeD.However問題10選項(xiàng)A.collideB.corruptC.crumbleD.deteriorate問題11選項(xiàng)A.awayB.fromC.downD.off問題12選項(xiàng)A.slowerB.fasterC.lowerD.greater問題13選項(xiàng)A.revolvingB.stirringC.mixingD.rotating問題14選項(xiàng)A.limitB.confineC.decreaseD.increase問題15選項(xiàng)A.acrossB.alongC.downD.through問題16選項(xiàng)A.raisedB.promotedC.hoistedD.alleviated問題17選項(xiàng)A.waysB.methodsC.meansD.approaches問題18選項(xiàng)A.afterB.untilC.byD.during問題19選項(xiàng)A.freeB.retrieveC.releaseD.expose問題20選項(xiàng)A.distanceB.varianceC.contrastD.difference6.寫作題Directions:ForthispartyouareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthefollowingtopicOnPayingbackstudentLoans.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese.1.現(xiàn)今，在高校通過助學(xué)貸款完成學(xué)業(yè)的學(xué)生越來越多。2.但是有些學(xué)生畢業(yè)后沒有能力或拒絕按時還貸。3.你認(rèn)為貸款的學(xué)生應(yīng)如何對待還貸問題。7.案例題Home-TheNewWorkplaceOneofthesourcesofthemodernworldisthelengthoftimewetakecommuningtoandfromwork.Inlargecitiesthiscanmeanlosingthreeormorehourseverydayjusttravelingfromhometoworkandbackagain.Surelythereisanalternative!Well,accordingtoasurveyconditionedintheUS,22%ofpeoplewouldmuchpreferworkingfromhome,shouldcircumstancesallow.LizSewellspoketoseveralpeoplewhohavealreadymadethechangetothismodern-dayworkplacetotryandfindoutmore.ScottMillerisa40year-olddraughtsmanwhohasbeenworkinghomeforthepasttwoyears.Headmitsthatitwasn’tsomethingthathecravedfor;ratherithappenedwhenhiswife,Jules,auniversitylecturer,wasofferedafull-timeposition.“Shedidn’tthinkthatshecouldtakethejob.Iknewthatshereallywantedit,butshedidn’twanttoputoursonintofull-timecars.Ihadbeenworkingforthesamefirmforsevenyearsanddecidedtoapproachmybosses.Mytrackrecordprobablyhelpedbecausetheyacceptedtheproposition.Aslongasmyproductivitywasmaintained,theydidn’tmindwhereIworked.Alsomywifeishappy,andhercareerisblossoming.”“NowIgointotheofficeeveryMondayafternoonforameetingandpickupmyweek’swork.Interestingly,IfeelthatIworkevenbetterfromhome,somuchsothateventhoughoursonnowatschool,Istillworkthere.”However,isworkingfromhomeassimpleasitsounds?TransferringworktoadifferentworkplaceisonlypartoftheequationforJoanneMcCarthy,whountilthreemonthsagowasaHumanResourcesManagerforalargepubliccorporation.Shehasnowbecomeafull-timetraderonthestockmarket.Shesaysshelovesthefreedomthatworkingfromhomegivesher,butshereallymissedthesocialinteraction.“Asmyjobjustinvolvesworkingformyself,bymyself,IfindthatIhavebecomemuchmoreintrovertedbecauseIdon’thavethatface-to-face,professionalinvolvementwithpeopleanymore.Ispendalldayonthecomputercheckingthepricesofmystocks.Byevening,Iamdesperatetotalktomyhusband—evenifitisonlyaboutwhatliehasbeendoingallclay.”Shehasrealizedthatthiscouldjeopardizeherattemptstoworkfromhome.LouiseTateisanaccountantandusedtocommuteanhoureachwaytoherofficebeforedecidingtherehadtobeabetterway.Forher,thebiggestproblemwithworkingfromhomewasdistractions.“Itwassoeasytogetdistractedbytheotherthingsyouhavetodoathome,likewastingandcleaning,”shetoldus.“Ihadtoforcemyselftoviewmystudyasanoffice,notpartofthehouse.SoIcameupwithanovelidea—myhusbandthoughtIwasmade,butIhadaseparateentrancebuilttotheoffice.Atthebeginningofmyworkday,Igooutofthefrontdoorofourhouse,lockit,andthenwalkaroundtotheoffice.NowIfeelthatIamreallyatwork,andmyproductivityhasincreasedasaresult.Iknowitsoundsstrange,butitworksforme.”TwelvemonthsdownthetrackandLouiseneverwantstofacethemorningtrafficagain.Peoplechoosetoworkfromhomeforamultitudeofreasons.TaketheexampleofGeorgeMercer,whoownssevencafeswithina7-mileradiusofdowntownMiami.HehasbasedhisofficeinhisFortLauderdalebeachfronthome,andkeepsincontactwithhisvariousmanagersbyphone,faxande-mail,“WhenIstartedthebusinessfouryearsago,Icouldn’tdecidewhichcafetohaveasmymainbase,soIdecidedtosetupmyofficeathome.Withmoderntelecommunicationsnowadays,Iamalwaysabletocontactmypremisesandorderprovisionsfrommysuppliers.”“IfIgetfedupwithworkingfromhomeorifthereareproblemsthathavetobedealtwithinperson.Ijustjumpinthecaranddrivetothecafes.Fromtimetotime,wehavemeetingsatmyplace,whichgivethemanagersabreakfromtheirown‘office’.Theygetachangeofscenery.Istillhavecontrolbuttheyhavealargeamountofindependenceintheday-to-dayrunningofthecafes.Ilovemyjobandit’sobviousthatmymanagersrespondwelltothearrangement.Life’sgreatatthemomentwouldn’tchangeathing!”O(jiān)bviously,noteveryoneisabletohavethetypeofworkthatcanbedonefromhome,butthereareplentyofpeoplejustlikeme—judgingbyinternetsitesthemoretraditionalemploymentvacancyads—whowouldjumpatthechance.UsinginformationfromReadingPassage2,matchthepeoplelistedA-Fintheboxbelowwiththeirdescriptions.NOTE:Therearemoredescriptionsthanpeople.Youmayuseanyofthechoicesmorethanonce.ListofPeopleAScottMillerBJoanneMcCarthyCLouiseTateDGeorgeMercerENoneoftheaboveFAlloftheaboveDescriptions（）needstobegoodatmath.（）isnotself-employed.（）hasbeenworkingfromhomeforthelongestperiod.（）doesn’tneedtointeractwithclientstocarryouttheirbusiness.

試題缺失（）thinksthattheyarelesssuccessfulworkingfromhome.（）helpedsomeoneelsetoretainhis/hercareer.（）livesonthecoast.8.翻譯題HonestyandReputationAJapaneseproverbofferswisdomforthosewhowouldconsidercheatinganother:thereputationofathousandyearsisdeterminedbytheconductofonehour.Inbusiness,thetreatmentweextendtoothers,whethercustomers,suppliers,orshareholders,comesbacktohelpusortohauntus.Nestle,aninternationalfoodproductionfirm,madethedecisionin1970tomarketinfantformulainThird-Worldnations.Nestlewasthefirstandonlyinfantformulamanufacturertoenterthesemarkets.WhiletherewasnothingillegalaboutmarketinginfantformulainAfricannations,therewasanissueofhonesty.Inthesecountries,eveninsituationswheremothersaremalnourished,mother’smilkremainspediatricians’preferredmethodofnutritionforseveralreasons:(1)thelackofrefrigerationforunused,cannedformula;(2)thelackofpurewaterformixingpoweredinfantformula;(3)thelackofknowledgeabouttherisksofdilutingthericher-lookingformulatotheconsistencyofmother’smilk;and(4)thelackoffundsforthepurchaseofformulaoncethefreesamplesrunoutandthemother’smilkisnolongerflowing.Nonetheless,Nestle,withoutthedisclosureofthesedrawbacks,enteredThird-Worldnationsandenjoyedgreatsuccessinmarketingformula.However,thepresenceofthefourfactorscausedinfantmortalityratestoskyrocketinthosecountrieswheretheformulawasmarketed.9.單選題Ihavesaidthatallbranchesofknowledgeareconnectedtogether,becausethesubject-matterofknowledgeisintimatelyunitedinitself[...].HenceitisthattheSciences,intowhichourknowledgemaybesaidtobecast,havemultiplebearingsononeanother,andaninternalsympathy,andadmit,orratherdemand,comparisonandadjustment.Theycomplete,correct,andbalanceeachother.Thisconsideration,ifwell-founded,mustbetakenintoaccount,notonlyasregardstheattainmentoftruth,whichistheircommonend,butasregardstheinfluencewhichtheyexerciseuponthosewhoseeducationconsistsinthestudyofthem.Ihavealreadysaidthattogiveundueprominencetooneistobeunjusttoanother;toneglectorsupersedetheseistodivertthosefromtheirproperobjects.Itistounsettletheboundarylinesbetweenscienceandscience,todisturbtheiraction,todestroytheharmonywhichbindsthemtogether.Suchaproceedingwillhavecorrespondingeffectwhenintroducedintoaplaceofeducation.Thereisnosciencebuttellsadifferenttale,whenviewedasaportionofawhole,fromwhatitislikelytosuggestwhentakenbyitself,withoutthesafeguard,asImaycallit,ofothers.Letmemakeuseofanillustration.Inthecombinationofcolors,verydifferenteffectareproducedbyadifferenceintheirselectionandjuxtaposition;red,green,andwhitechangetheirshades,accordingtothecontrasttowhichtheyaresubmitted.And,inlikemanner,thedriftandmeaningofabranchofknowledgevarieswiththecompanyinwhichitisintroducedtothestudent.Ifhisreadingisconfinedsimplytoonesubject,howeversuchdivisionoflabormayfavortheadvancementofaparticularpursuit,apointintowhichIdonothereenter,certainlyithasatendencytocontracthismind.Ifitisincorporatedwithothers,itdependsonthoseothersastothekindofinfluencethatitexertsuponhim.ThustheClassics,whichinEnglisharethemeansofrefiningthetaste,haveinFrancesub-servedthespreadofrevolutionaryanddeisticaldoctrines.[...]Inalikemanner,Isuppose,ArcesilaswouldnothavehandledlogicasAristotle,norAristotlehavecriticizedpoetsasPlato;yetreasoningandpoetryaresubjecttoscientificroles.ItisagreatpointthentoenlargetherangeofstudieswhichaUniversityprofesses,evenforthesakeofthestudents;and,thoughtheycannotpursueeverysubjectwhichisopentothem,theywillbethegainersbylivingamongthoseandunderthosewhorepresentthewholecircle.ThisIconceivetobetheadvantageofaseatofuniversallearning,consideredasaplaceofeducation.Anassemblageoflearnedmen,zealousfortheirownsciences,andrivalsofeachother,arebrought,byfamiliarintercourseandforthesakeofintellectualpeace,toadjusttogethertheclaimsandrelationsoftheirrespectivesubjectsofinvestigation.Theylearntorespect,toconsultandtoaideachother.Thusiscreatedapureandclearatmosphereofthought,whichthestudentalsobreathes,thoughinhisowncaseheonlypursuesafewsciencesoutofthemultitude.Heprofitsbyanintellectualtradition,whichisindependentofparticularteachers,whichguideshiminhischoiceofsubjects,anddulyinterpretsforhimthosewhichhechooses.Heapprehendsthegreatoutlinesofknowledge,theprinciplesonwhichitrests,thescaleofitsparts,itslightsanditsshades,itsgreatpointsanditslittle,asheotherwisecannotapprehendthem.Henceitisthathiseducationiscalled“Liberal”.Ahabitofmindisformedwhichlaststhroughlife,ofwhichtheattributesare,freedom,equitableness,calmness,moderation,andwisdom;orwhatinaformerdiscourseIhaveventuredtocallaphilosophicalhabit.ThisthenIwouldassignasthespecialfruitoftheeducationfurnishedataUniversity,ascontrastedwithotherplacesofteachingormodesofteaching.ThisisthemainpurposeofaUniversityinitstreatmentofitsstudents.1.Themainideaofthefirstparagraphisthat（）.2.BytheSciences(line2),theauthormeans（）.3.Theword“exercise”inline7mostnearlymeans（）.4.Byusingthewordsafeguardinline13,theauthorsuggeststhat（）.5.Thepurposeofthesecondparagraphisto（）.6.Thewordapprehendsasusedinlines39means（）.7.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor’sideaofaliberaleducation?8.Theauthorbelievesthatauniversityshould（）.Ⅰ.havefacultyrepresentingawiderangeofsubjectsandphilosophiesⅡ.teachstudentshowtoseetherelationshipsamongideasⅢ.teachstudentstounderstandandrespectotherpointsofviewⅣ.teachstudentsliberalratherthanconservativeideals問題1選項(xiàng)A.eachscienceshouldbestudiedindependentlyB.thesciencesareinterrelatedC.theboundarylinesbetweeneachofthesciencesshouldbeclearerD.itisdifficulttoattainaproperbalanceamongthesciences問題2選項(xiàng)A.thephysicalsciencesonlyB.educationalmethodologiesC.thephysicalandsocialsciencesD.allbranchesofknowledge,includingthephysicalandsocialsciencesandthehumanities問題3選項(xiàng)A.removeB.competeC.imposeD.arrange問題4選項(xiàng)A.eachsciencehasitsownspecificsafetyguidelinesB.itisnotsafetostudythesciencesC.themoreoneknows,thesaferonewillfeelD.oneshouldchooseasecondareaofspecializationasabackupincasethefirstdoesnotworkout問題5選項(xiàng)A.compareandcontrastdifferentbranchesofknowledgeB.developtheideapresentedinthepreviousparagraphC.statethemainideaofthepassageD.presentanalternativepointofview問題6選項(xiàng)A.understandsB.capturesC.fearsD.believes問題7選項(xiàng)A.In-depthspecializationinonearea.B.Anemphasison