美國(guó)文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)資料

PAGEPAGE4美國(guó)文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)（colonialism)第一部分

殖民主義時(shí)期的文學(xué)一、時(shí)期綜述1、清教徒采用的文學(xué)體裁：a、narratives日記b、journals游記2、清教徒在美國(guó)的寫作內(nèi)容：1）theirvoyagetothenewland2)Adaptingthemselvestounfamiliarclimatesandcrops3)AboutdealingwithIndians4)Guidetothenewland,endlessbounty,invitationtoboldspirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritanwanttomakeuppuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices凈化信仰和行為方式2)Wish

torestoresimplicitytochurchandtheauthorityoftheBibletothetheology.重建教堂，提供簡(jiǎn)單服務(wù)，建立神圣地位3）lookuponthemselvesaschosenpeople,anditfollowlogicallythatanyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifeisopposingGod'swillandisnottobeaccepted.認(rèn)為自己是上帝選民，對(duì)他們的生活有異議就是反對(duì)上帝4）puritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated.反對(duì)對(duì)快樂(lè)和藝術(shù)的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGod.強(qiáng)調(diào)上帝嚴(yán)厲的一面，忽視上帝仁慈的一面。4、典型的清教徒：JohnCotton&RogerWilliam他們的不同：JohnCottonwasmuchmoreconcernedwithauthoritythanwithdemocracy;WilliambeginsthehistoryofreligioustolerationinAmerica.5、William的宗教觀點(diǎn)：Tolerationdidnotstemfromalackofreligiousconvictions.Instead,itsprangfromtheideathatsimplytobevirtuousinconductanddevoutinbeliefdidnotgiveanyonetherighttoforcebeliefonothers.HealsofeltthatnopoliticalorderorchurchsystemcouldidentifyitselfdirectlywithGod.行為上的德，信仰上的誠(chéng)，并沒(méi)有給任何人強(qiáng)迫別人該如何行事的權(quán)利。沒(méi)有任何政治秩序和教會(huì)體制能夠直接體現(xiàn)神本身的意旨。6、英國(guó)最早移民到美國(guó)的詩(shī)人：AnneBradstreet7、在殖民時(shí)期最好的清教徒詩(shī)人：thebestofPuritanpoetsisEdwardTayor.學(xué)習(xí)指南：1、CouldyougiveadescriptionofAmericanPuritans?關(guān)于美國(guó)清教徒的描繪

LiketheirbrothersbackinEngland,wereidealists,believingthatthechurchshouldberestoredtothe"purity"ofthefirst-centurychurchasestablishedbyJesusChristhimself.Tothemreligionwasamatterofprimaryimportance.TheymadeittheirchiefbusinesstoseethatmanlivedandthoughtandactedinawaywhichtendedtothegloryofGod.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod,allthatJohnCalvin,thegreatFrenchtheologianwholivedinGeneva2、Hardwork,thrift,pietyandsobrietywerethePuritanvaluesthatdominatedmuchoftheearliestAmericanwriting.3、Theworkoftwowriters,AnneBradstreet&EdwardTaylor,rosetothelevelofrealpoetry.4、TheearliestsettlersincludedDutch,Swedes,Germans,

French,SpaniardsItalian,andPortuguese.

美國(guó)文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)2（reasoning

and

revolution)(2009-01-1715:54:25)一、美國(guó)的性質(zhì)：ThewarforIndependenceendedintheformationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublic-theUnitedStatesofAmerica.聯(lián)邦的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主共和國(guó)--美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)。二、代表作家：1、BenjaminFranklin本杰明·富蘭克林

1706-17901）"PoorRichard'sAlmanac"窮人理查德的年鑒annualcollectionofproverbs流行諺語(yǔ)集Itsoonbecamethemostpopularbookofitskind,largelybecauseofFranklin'sshrewdhumor,andfirstspreadhisreputation2)FoundedtheJunto,aclubforinformaldiscussionofscientific,economicandpoliticalideas.建立了一個(gè)秘密俱樂(lè)部，討論的主題是政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和科學(xué)等時(shí)事方面的問(wèn)題3）establishedAmerica'sfirstcirculatinglibrary,foundedthecollege--UniversityofPennsylvania.建立了美國(guó)第一個(gè)可租借的圖書館，還創(chuàng)辦了一所大學(xué)—就是現(xiàn)在的賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)。4）firstappliedtheterms"positive"and"negative"toelectricalcharges.5)AsarepresentativeoftheColonies,hetriedinvaintocounseltheBritishtowardpoliciesthatwouldletAmericagrowandflourishinassociationwithEngland.HeconductedthedifficultynegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewar.作為殖民地的代表，他不斷建議英國(guó)改變政策，使美國(guó)可以和英國(guó)一起發(fā)展、繁榮。他說(shuō)服法國(guó)支持美國(guó)的獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。6）Asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor,sarcastic.作為作家具有非凡的才能，表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)潔明了，幽默，諷刺天才、7）TheWaytoWealth致富之道

TheAutobiography自傳18世紀(jì)美國(guó)唯一流傳至今的自傳

2、ThomasPaine托馬斯·佩因

1737-1809

"GreatCommonofMankind"最平凡的人1）famouspamphlet"CommonSense"

著名的政治小冊(cè)子《常識(shí)》itboldlyadvocateda"DeclarationforIndependence",andbroughttheseparatistagitationtoacrisis.擁護(hù)獨(dú)立宣言，使分裂活動(dòng)發(fā)展成最后危機(jī)。2）"AmericanCrisis"《美國(guó)危機(jī)》，signed"CommonSense"(p31,第一段）TheCaseoftheOfficersofExcise稅務(wù)員問(wèn)題；CommonSense常識(shí)；AmericanCrisis美國(guó)危機(jī)；RightsofMan人的權(quán)利：DownfallofDespotism專制體制的崩潰；TheAgeofReason理性時(shí)代

3、ThomasJefferson托馬斯·杰弗遜1）draftedtheDeclarationofIndependence.起草了獨(dú)立宣言2）與清教徒不同，主張追求幸福。AllMenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthePursuitofhappiness.人人生而平等，他們都從“造物主”那邊被賦予了某些不可轉(zhuǎn)讓的權(quán)利，其中包括生命權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。4、PhilipFreneau菲利普·費(fèi)瑞諾

poetandpoliticaljournalist詩(shī)人和政治方面的新聞?dòng)浾?）perhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthepost-revolutionaryperiod.2)hasbeencalledthe"FatherofAmericanPoetry"美國(guó)詩(shī)歌之父③“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”《鄂謝府崩潰記》、“TheRaven”《烏鴉》thetitlepoemofacollection,“TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque”《述異集》firstcollectionofshortstories.第一部短篇小說(shuō)集。④oftenusegrotesqueorfantasticevents.擅長(zhǎng)描寫哥特式和幻想類的小說(shuō)。5、RalphWaldoEmersion拉爾夫.沃爾多.愛(ài)默生①beresponsibleforbringingTranscendentalismtoNewEngland,是把超驗(yàn)主義引入新英格蘭的先驅(qū)。②Emersonbelievedaboveallinindividualism個(gè)人主義,independenceofmind思想獨(dú)立,andself-reliance自強(qiáng).③作品：“Nature”《論自然》、“Essays”《隨筆錄》、“TheAmericanScholar”《美國(guó)學(xué)者》,ourintellectualDeclarationofIndependence.我們知識(shí)分子的獨(dú)立宣言。④hismostimportantworksare“RepresentativeMen”《代表》and“EnglishTraits”《英國(guó)人》、“Poems”《詩(shī)集》⑤摘自《論自然》：Standingonthebareground,-myheadbathedbytheblitheair,andupliftedintoinfinitespace,-allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteye-ball.人形的約束沒(méi)有了。

6、HenryDavidThoreau亨利.戴維.梭羅①Emerson’struestdisciple.PutintopracticemanyofEmerson’stheories愛(ài)默生最忠實(shí)的信徒，把愛(ài)默生的許多理論付諸于實(shí)踐。②“InWalden”《沃爾登》成名作?！癈ivilDisobedience”《平民反抗》essay隨筆。非暴力不合作③教義：Iwouldnothaveanyoneadoptmymodeofliving,eachshouldfindouthisownway,nothisneighbor’sorhisparents.我不希望人們接受我的生活模式，每一個(gè)都應(yīng)該發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的生活方式，不是鄰居的，也不是他父母的?！?、NathanielHawthorne納薩尼爾.霍桑①background:oneofhisancestorswasJudgeHawthorne,whoharmaperson.曾經(jīng)有個(gè)做法官的祖輩害人。②“TheHouseoftheSevenGables”七尖角閣房，是霍桑著名神秘小說(shuō)中的一個(gè)房屋名稱。③herevealsthedepthofhisconcernwiththedarksideofPuritanism,theharshnessandthepersecutions.對(duì)清教徒陰暗面的深切關(guān)注，認(rèn)為清教徒的戒行過(guò)于森嚴(yán)，對(duì)不同信仰人的迫害過(guò)于殘酷。④“MossesfromanOldManse”《古廈青苔》、“TheMarbleFaun”《玉石神像》⑤特點(diǎn)⑴uniquegiftwasforthecreationofstronglysymbolicstorieswhichtouchthedeepestrootsofman’smoralnature.獨(dú)特才能主要表現(xiàn)在他能夠通過(guò)一些極具象征意義的故事來(lái)觸摸人類靈魂深處的道德品質(zhì)。⑵hisabilitytocreatevividandsymbolicimagesthatembodygreatmoralquestionsappearsstronglyinhisshortstories.短篇小說(shuō)里，通過(guò)活生生、極具有象征意義的想象來(lái)體現(xiàn)人類社會(huì)的一些重大道德問(wèn)題。⑶tomakeastoryexistinitsownrightbutatthesametimeappearasamoralsymbol.杰出之處在于他能把一個(gè)故事安放在自己設(shè)置的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之中來(lái)講述，他書中的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成為當(dāng)時(shí)人們的道德參考。⑥（課堂筆記提及的）“TheScarletLetter”《紅字》⑴女主角honest,calmlyfacefault誠(chéng)實(shí)，坦然的面對(duì)罪過(guò)。⑵弗洛伊德人格理論：Id本我→欲望，只要快樂(lè)→Roger女主角的丈夫Ego自我→分辨對(duì)錯(cuò)，受約束，符合現(xiàn)實(shí)→Hester女主角Superego超我→→Dim女主角的情人，牧師⑶女主角的自我成長(zhǎng)和自我救贖的過(guò)程。Egogrowthandredeembyherownofprocess⑦“TheScarletLetter”analysis分析：itnotapraiseofaHestersinning,butahymnonthemoralgrowthofthewomanwhensinnedagainst.YoungHesterbordersonbeinglicentious.Herdriveissexual.Shedoesherbesttokeepherholdonthemagicchainhumanity.HerlifeeventuallyacquiresarealsignificancewhenshereestablishesameaningfulrelationshipwithherfellowmenSymbolicofhermoraldevelopmentisthegradualimperceptiblechangewiththescarletletterundergoesinmeaning.Atfirstitisatokenofshame,“Adultery”butthenthegenuinesympathyandhelpHesterofferedtoherfellowvillagers’changesitto“Able”.Laterinthestory,theletterAappearsinthesky,signifying“Angel”.ThereisreasontoagreewiththecriticalobservationthatAmayrepresentAdamic,orprehistoric,anarchetypalvicesuggestiveof“originalsin,”Dimmesdale,ontheotherhand,banisheshimselfformsociety.Deeplypreoccupiedwithhimself,helivesastrangeramonghisadmirers.Theresultisthat,whereasHesterisabletoreconstructherlifeandwinamoralvictory,Dimmesdaleundergoesthetragicexperienceofphysicalandspiritualdisintegration.BetweenhimandHestertheypointtoamoralasHawthornemayintendthemtodo,thatthebestpolicyformanistobetrue,honest,andeverreadytoshowone’sworsttotheoutsideworld.

★8、HermanMelville赫爾曼.麥爾維爾①“MobyDick”《白鯨》，atremendouschronicleofwhalingvoyageinpursuitofaseeminglysupernaturalwhitewhale.主要講述了一個(gè)為追捕一只想象中的神秘白鯨的漫長(zhǎng)海上故事。②Thebookissteepedinsymbolism.本書達(dá)到了象征主義手法的創(chuàng)作高峰。③主人公：Ishmael，取自圣經(jīng)。④在書中說(shuō)：towriteamightybookyoumusthaveamightytheme.寫一部宏大的著作，必須有一個(gè)宏大的主題。⑤故事人物：CaptainAhab.船長(zhǎng)阿哈比；Queequeg，捕鯨人奎因奎格，wasafriendlyperson；⑥therebelliousstruggleofCaptainAhabagainsttheoverwhelming,mysteriousvastnessoftheuniverseanditsawesome,sometimesmercilessforces.Thefittingsymbolforhisthemewasthe“glidinggreatdemonoftheseasoflife.”阿哈比艦長(zhǎng)和各種危險(xiǎn)之間的激烈斗爭(zhēng)，他同那些強(qiáng)大的、神秘的自然展開(kāi)斗爭(zhēng)，他們令人毛骨悚然，有時(shí)還冷酷無(wú)情。他把那只大白鯨貼切的比喻為“生命海洋中滑行的惡魔”。⑦“MobyDick”：oneofthemajorthemesinMelvilleisalienation,whichhesensedexistinginthelifeofhistimeondifferentlevels,betweenmanandman,manandsociety,andmanandnature.CaptainAhabseemstobethebestillustrationofitall.Thevoyageitselfisametaphorfor“searchanddiscovery,thesearchfortheultimatetruthofexperience.”HehadAhabtopmostinhismind.InasenseAhabembodiesalloftheevilheonceconsignedtoMobyDick.9、HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利.沃茲沃思.朗費(fèi)羅poet詩(shī)人①itwouldbehard,also,tooverestimatetheimportanceofhisanthology“ThePoetsandPoetryofEurope”.Hisownpoetrybecameameansofteachingreadersofhisdaysomethingofthepossiblerangeofpoeticsubjectmatterandtechniques,ancient,medieval,andmodern.《歐洲詩(shī)人及詩(shī)》不能把這部作品估計(jì)過(guò)高。他自己的詩(shī)歌成為了他教學(xué)的材料，在書中他講述了詩(shī)的主題和一些寫作技巧。從古代的，中世紀(jì)的一直到現(xiàn)代的詩(shī)歌，他都一一作了闡述。②殊榮：hebecametheonlyAmericantobehonoredwithabustinthePoet’scornerofWestminsterAbbey.朗費(fèi)羅被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的詩(shī)人之角，他也是美國(guó)惟一獲此殊榮的詩(shī)人。③Thegentleness,sweetness,andpurityforhispoetrywaspopularduringhislifetime.他的詩(shī)歌因高雅宜人、純正有韻味而大受歡迎。④hewasconsistentlyhigh-mindedbutconventional,anduntouchedbythereligiousandsocialstrugglesthatdisturbedhiscontemporaries.他接受正統(tǒng)的思想，但并不保守。他的思想沒(méi)有受到當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)、宗教和各種政治斗爭(zhēng)的影響。⑤特點(diǎn)：exercisedagreatinfluenceinbringingEuropeanculturetotheU.S.,andlikewisedidmuchtopopularizeAmericanfolkthemesabroadwherehisworkwasimmenselypopularandwidelytranslated.在引進(jìn)歐洲文化上起巨大推動(dòng)作用，也把美國(guó)民間文化傳播到國(guó)外，他的作品還被翻譯成多種文字，在海外受到高度評(píng)美國(guó)文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)4（Realism）(2009-01-1719:44:25)一、Background1）Mechanization機(jī)器化2）Urbanization城市化3）Industrialization工業(yè)化4）Federalgovernment(race種族平等進(jìn)入憲法）標(biāo)志著馬克·吐溫的《鍍金時(shí)代》開(kāi)始5）Railwaysystem工業(yè)化的一大標(biāo)志，電力和石油的應(yīng)用二、文化特征：1）女性發(fā)揮作用明顯，女性的作者和讀者明顯增多2）開(kāi)始關(guān)注Midclass3）現(xiàn)實(shí)主義（realism）-->NewYorkreplacedBostonasthenation'sliterarycenter.紐約成為新的文化中心。一、時(shí)期綜述：1、鍍金時(shí)代：TheGildedAge,anageofexcessandextremes,ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyanddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope.無(wú)節(jié)制、走極端，倒退和進(jìn)步、貧困和富有并存，既令人沮喪又讓人有希望的時(shí)代。2、AlthoughAmericanscontinuedtoreadtheworksofIrving,Cooper,Hawthorne,andPoe,thegreatageofAmericanromanticismhadended.Bythe1870stheNewEnglandRenaissancehadwaned.新英格蘭的文藝復(fù)興已開(kāi)始接近尾聲。3、現(xiàn)實(shí)主義和自然主義作家的人物刻畫方法：19世紀(jì)末,theliterarynaturalistswhofollowedthem,rejectedtheportrayalofidealizedcharactersandevents.Instead,theysoughttodescribethewiderangeofAmericanexperienceandtopresentthesubtletiesofhumanpersonality,toportraycharacterswhowerelesssimplyallgoodorallbed.反對(duì)在作品中描繪理想化了的人物和事件，關(guān)注人性中的微妙之處。

4、Realism：（現(xiàn)實(shí)主義）appearedintheUnitedStatesintheliteratureoflocalcolor,anamalgamofromanticplotsandrealisticdescriptionsofthingswasimmediatelyobservable.thedialects,customs,sights.現(xiàn)實(shí)主義有濃厚的美國(guó)本土特色，是浪漫主義故事情節(jié)和現(xiàn)實(shí)主義描寫相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物：美國(guó)風(fēng)味的方言、風(fēng)俗、各種觀點(diǎn)

5、Naturalism：自然主義anewandharsherrealism,新型的更為冷峻的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義，產(chǎn)生悲觀的流派，產(chǎn)生于theendofthecentury十九世紀(jì)末，因?yàn)镻erceptionofsociety’sdisorders對(duì)社會(huì)無(wú)序的感知。Presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.設(shè)法盡力客觀真實(shí)地展現(xiàn)出受環(huán)境與出身局限的下層人民和各種經(jīng)濟(jì)階層人物的真正生活。Thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thattheirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandtheenvironment,thereligious“truths”wereillusory,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.強(qiáng)調(diào)世界的非道德性，人們沒(méi)有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虛幻的，現(xiàn)實(shí)生活是痛苦的。

Deterministic決定論，宿命的，代表作家：StephenCrane史蒂芬.克萊恩,

FrankNorris弗朗克.諾里斯,

JackLondon

杰克.倫敦,

TheodoreDreiser西奧多.德萊塞.6、Darwinism:達(dá)爾文主義:anevidentinfluenceonnaturalism,stresstheanimalityofman,tosuggestthatbewasdominatedbytheirresistibleforcesofevolution.對(duì)自然主義影響極大，強(qiáng)調(diào)人的動(dòng)物性，意味著人的命運(yùn)受進(jìn)化的不可抗力來(lái)決定的。

7、WilliamDeanHowells

威廉.迪安.豪厄斯，

①Thearbiterof19thcenturyliteraryrealisminAmerica。十九世紀(jì)美國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)泰斗，提拔許多年輕作家

②Hisdefinedrealism:nothingmoreandnothinglessthanthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.

不加一分，不減一分，百分之百描寫現(xiàn)實(shí)。

③中央視角：anobjectivepointofview

二、代表作家：1、WaltWhitman

沃爾特.惠特曼

①★freeverse(自由詩(shī)體)withoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.無(wú)固定節(jié)奏，無(wú)有規(guī)律的韻腳

②“LeavesofGrass”草葉集1870

thefirstgenuineepicpoem.美國(guó)歷史上第一部真正的史詩(shī)

Poem’s特點(diǎn)：mostofthepoemsin“LeavesofGr6ass”areaboutmanandnature.

③關(guān)注點(diǎn)：Inhispoetry,hecombinedtheidealofdemocraticcommonmanandthatoftheruggedindividual

④詩(shī)人職責(zé)：heenvisionedthepoetasahero,asaviorandaprophet,onewholeadsthecommunitybyhis

expressionsofthetruth.表達(dá)真理的前提下，引導(dǎo)社會(huì)發(fā)展。

2、EmilyDickinson

愛(ài)米麗.狄金森

①作品：“IdiedforBeauty”我為美而死（詩(shī)歌）

Beauty/Truth/Goodnessareultimate(終極)thesame

“BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath”我不能等候死神Theme：死亡是實(shí)現(xiàn)永恒Immortality的途徑

②特點(diǎn)：herpoetryinuniqueandunconventionalinitsownway.Herpoemshavenotitles,hencearealwaysquotedbytheirfirstlines.

3、HarrietBeecherStowe哈麗雅特.比徹.斯托

小說(shuō)家onlyonefemaleprosewriter(散文作家)in19thcentury

代表作：“UncleTom’sCabin”湯姆叔叔的小屋

關(guān)注農(nóng)奴制度

Payattentiontoserf'ssystem

4、MarkTwain

馬克.吐溫

①美國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)的代表作“AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn”哈克貝里.費(fèi)恩歷險(xiǎn)記(馬克最有名的作品)

②特點(diǎn)：localcolorist地方特色:auniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism,itreferstotheparticularconcernaboutthelocalcharacterofaregion.

③contribution貢獻(xiàn)：colloquialspeechacceptedasliterarymedium口語(yǔ)化被文學(xué)界接受

④代表作：“TheGildedAge”70-90年代，鍍金時(shí)代，貧富分化，財(cái)富積累。

“TheAdventuresofTomSawyer”用詞簡(jiǎn)單、幽默、使用當(dāng)?shù)卣Z(yǔ)言編寫

“LifeontheMississippi”

5、O.Henry

歐.亨利

shortstory短篇小說(shuō)

①特點(diǎn)：tellaboutthelivesofpoorpeopleinNewYork關(guān)注下層人;usuallyshort簡(jiǎn)單;plotsareexceedinglycleverandinteresting，humorabounds情節(jié)極度聰明有趣并富于幽默;theendisalwayssurprising結(jié)尾意外;containagreatdealofslangandcolloquialexpressions使用大量的俚語(yǔ)和口語(yǔ).

②代表作：“TheFourMillion”《四百萬(wàn)》小說(shuō)集、“TheGiftoftheMagi”《麥琪的禮物》單部小說(shuō)

★6、HenryJames

亨利.詹姆斯

novelist小說(shuō)家；Literaturetheoretician文學(xué)理論家，從小受歐洲教育

①心理現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的開(kāi)創(chuàng)者：thefounderofpsychologicalrealism.Theliterarycareerofhimisgenerallydividedintothreeperiods,inthefirstperiods,Jamestookgreatinterestininternationaltheme;exemplifythematureandformidablestyleofathirdliteraryperiod,whichcriticshavecometopraiseas“TheMajorPhase”.

②特點(diǎn)：(1)deeplyintotheindividualpsychologyofhischaracters,writinginarichandintricatestylethatsupportedhisintensescrutinyofcomplexhumanexperience.深刻探討人物人性心理，用深厚、復(fù)雜的寫作方式對(duì)復(fù)雜的個(gè)人經(jīng)歷進(jìn)行揣摩

(2)1stpersonand3rdpersonnarration，第一和第三人稱的敘述

(3)omniscient全視角是不真實(shí)的;

③家庭背景：father:philosopher哲學(xué)家,富有；brother:psychologist,philosopher心理學(xué)家,哲學(xué)家；

④創(chuàng)作原則：TheartofFiction小說(shuō)的藝術(shù);artvs.life,bringsthemeaningoflife;

⑤貢獻(xiàn)contribution：inhiscriticalcommentaries,hemademajorcontributionstotheartoffictionitself,helpingtotransformthenovelfromitsalliancewithjournalismandromanticstory-tellingintoanartfromofpenetratinganalysisofindividualsconfrontingsociety,chronicles