英語國家文化概況上公開課一等獎市優(yōu)質(zhì)課賽課獲獎?wù)n件

英語國家文化概況（上）Unit3FocusSectionA:BelievesandvaluesSectionB:CharacteristicsSectionC:CelebritiesBeforeReadingDiscussWhatdotheBritishandtheAmericansbelievein?WhatthecharacteristicsoftheBritishpeopleandtheAmericans?DoyouknowsomecelebritiesinUKorUS?BeforeReadingGuessTrytoanswerthequestions.Thenlookfortheanswersinthereading1.WhydotheBritishpeoplebelieveinGod?2.WhatarethevaluesoftheAmericans?3.WhoisGeorgeW.Bush?4.WhataretheBritishCanadianslike？SectionA:BelievesandValues3.1TheUKTextA:BeliefsTextB:Values3.2TheUSTextA:BeliefsTextB:Values3.3Canada,AustraliaandNewZealandTextA:BeliefsTextB:Values3.1TheUKTextA:BeliefsTextB:ValuesTextA:Beliefs

Inthe2023Censusitcountedover170distinctreligions,thereligiousmake-upoftheUKisquitediverse,complex,multiculturalandsurprising.AbouthalfoftheBritishbelieveinGod.TextA:Beliefs1.OrganizedReligioninUK66%ofthepopulationintheUKhavenoconnectiontoanyreligionorchurch.2.ReligionisunimportanttomostBritishpeople.

In2023,17%oftheBritishpublictoldthatreligionwasoneofthemostsignificantthingsintheirlives.Aperson’sownexperience,parents,educationandfriendsareinthefirstplace.TextB:ValuesBritishvaluesareuniquetoBritain,buttheyareasub-set,defineduniquelybytheircapacities,historyandchoices.Christianvalue-system,whichincorporatesHellenism,hascreatedandsustainedthecivilizationoftheFreeWorld.CulturalNotes:values即價(jià)值觀。一種人或組織旳價(jià)值觀是指他或他們所以為主要旳道德原則和信仰。從廣義上來講，價(jià)值觀是指在與自然抗?fàn)幒团m應(yīng)不斷變化旳環(huán)境過程中，某人對整個(gè)世界、社會和別人所持有旳看法和審美觀。TextB:ValuesThisisthecivilizationofmodernity,democracy,capitalismandscience.Itspurposesarerecognizableintermsofcontrastwithitsmodernenemies--fascism,militantIslam,andthehedonismofpost-Christiandecadence.Itsmostbasicelementisfreedom--butfreedomconstruedasthecapacityofindividualmenandwomentomakereasonabledecisionsasautonomousmoralagentsabouttheirownbestinterests.TextB:ValuesWithintheBritishvalue-system,thetwoelementsfocusedonhere—protectionofthefamilyandcommitmenttohardwork—arecrucialfactorsoffreedomitself.IftheBritishpeoplecan’tsuccessfullydefendthefamilyandtheworkagainsttheirenemies,itwillbeimpossibletosustainthefreedom.3.2TheUSTextA:BeliefsTextB:ValuesTextA:BeliefsGodcreatednatureandhumanbeings.Godcreatedalawofrightandwrong.Doingwhatisrightisnecessaryforhappiness.Godgavementhesamebirthrights.Americaisachosencountry.ThesearewhattheAmericansbelievein.Somewouldarguethatthesebeliefshavefadedseriouslyinrecentyears.Nevertheless,comparedwithEuropeans,Americansareobviouslyareligiouspeople.TextA:BeliefsThesetwobeliefs—GodcreatedalawofrightandwrongandDoingwhatisrightisnecessaryforhappiness—aremutualtruths.TextB:ValuesAmericanculturehasbeenenrichedbythevaluesandbeliefsystemsofeverypartoftheworld.Thusitisimpossibletobecomprehensive.Nevertheless,afewvaluesbelowareatthecoreoftheAmericanvaluesystem.TextB:ValuesIndividualFreedomTheonevaluethatnearlyeveryAmericanwouldagreeuponisindividualfreedom.Whetheryoucallitindividualfreedom,individualism,orindependence,itisthecoreofAmericanvalues.ItpervadesineveryaspectofUS.individualfreedom：美國旳自由主義是指起源于英國旳、與美國個(gè)人主義相結(jié)合而形成旳以個(gè)人自由權(quán)利為關(guān)鍵旳一種意識形態(tài)。自由主義是美國政治共識和“美國信條”或美國主義旳關(guān)鍵。TextB:ValuesTheconceptofanindividual’shavingcontroloverhisowndestinyinfluencedthetypeofgovernmentthatwasestablishedhere,andindividualrightsareguaranteedintheUnitedStatesConstitution.TextB:ValuesChoiceinEducationEducationisoftenputasthekeytoopportunity,includingfinancialsecurity.Americanstakeapragmaticapproachtolearning,sowhatonelearnsoutsidetheclassroomthroughinternships,extracurricularactivitiesandsoonisoftenconsideredasimportantaswhatislearnedintheclassroom.Therefore,lifelonglearningisvaluedasresultsinmanyadultandcontinuingeducationprograms.TextB:ValuesPrivacyPrivacyisalsoimportanttoAmericans.Thenotionofindividualprivacymaymakeitdifficulttomakefriends.BecauseAmericansrespectone’sprivacy,theymaysimplysayafriendly“hello”.Ironically,itisusuallytheforeignerwhomustbemoreassuredifafriendshipistodevelop.ExamplesCoreAmericanvaluesarequiteattractive.Letusbrieflyconsiderfourofthem:Firstistheconvictionthatallpersonspossesstranscendenthumandignity,andthatconsequentlyeachpersonmustalwaysbetreatedasanend,neverasameans.

ExamplesSecondistheconvictionthatuniversaltruthsexistandareaccessibletoallpeople.

Thirdisthebeliefthatmostdisagreementsaboutvaluescallforcivility,opennesstootherviews,andreasonableargumentinpursuitoftruthbecausetheindividualandcollectiveaccesstotruthisimperfect.ExamplesAndfourthisfreedomofconscienceandfreedomofreligion—thetwinfreedomsbelievetobethefoundationandpreconditionofallindividualfreedoms.3.3Canada,AustraliaandNewZealandTextA:BeliefsTextB:ValuesTextA:BeliefsTwothirdsofthesurvey’srespondentsidentifiedthemselvesasChristian.WithinChristianity,RomanCatholicismclaimsthelargestnumberofadherents,followedbyvariousdenominationsofProtestantism.OtherrespondentsidentifiedwithJudaism,Islam,BuddhismandHinduism.Religiouslyaffiliatedornot,mostCanadiansdon’tattendregularworshipservices.TextB:ValuesCanadaisadistinctivecountry.Thevaluesandwayoflifeinfluenceeverypersonwhocomestolivethere.Atthesametime,newcomersinfluenceCanadaandthecollectiveidentity.Theymayhavedifferences,buttheysharemanyimportantqualitiesthatstrengthenthesociety.TextB:ValuesOptimismCanadaisadynamicanddemocraticcountry.Canadiansworktoimprovetheirlivesandsociety.Somepeoplefacegreaterhardshipthanothers,butmostCanadianshavefaithandhopeforthefuture.TextB:ValuesEqualopportunityCanadiansbelieveinequality.Eachpersonisequalbeforethelawandistreatedequallybythelaw.Womenandmenhavethesameopportunityforsuccess.Canadiansletpeopleliveastheywish,aslongastheydonotlimithowotherslive.

TextB:ValuesCompromiseandCooperationMostCanadiansunderstandthevalueofcompromise.InacountryaslargeanddiverseasCanada,peoplemustbeabletoignoresmallconflictsinordertolivehappilyandpeacefully.加拿大人具有妥協(xié)和寬容旳精神和老式，人們樂旨在相互尊重和相互妥協(xié)旳基礎(chǔ)上達(dá)成某種協(xié)議。加拿大是在英帝國內(nèi)部，經(jīng)過和平手段，采用協(xié)商、妥協(xié)等方式贏得獨(dú)立，逐漸取得國家主權(quán)旳。TextB:ValuesAcceptance,ToleranceandRespect

MostpeopleinCanadawantfairnessandjusticeforthemselvesandtheirfamilies.Andmostarefairandjusttoothers,nomatterwhotheyareorwheretheycomefrom.CausesAsrecentlyas1996,aremarkable27%ofallCanadianspastagesixty-fivewereforeignborn.Towardtheendofthetwentiethcentury,thelargestnumberofimmigrantscamefromAsiaandLatinAmerica.Thisnewimmigrationpatternsuggeststhatinthefuturetherewillbeevengreaterethnicvariationintheolderpopulationthanthereistoday.Oneresultoftheimmigrationhistoryisthatitcreatesanimportantdifferencebetweenthelanguagesandculturesofmanyseniorsandthoseofthepersonswhoaredeliveringservicestoseniors.Examples“EnglishCanadian”isarathercomplextermbecauseithasmultipledefinitions.TodayithasgenerallyevolvedintoagenericdescriptionofallCanadianslivingoutsideofQuebecwhospeakandworkinEnglish.ThiscreatesasimpleCanadaasacountrycomposedofan“EnglishCanadian”majorityand“FrenchCanadian”minority.ExamplesFormostofCanadianhistoryAnglo-Canadianshaveheldmostpositionsofwealth,power,andinfluenceinthecountry.AfterAnglo-Canadians,thelargestethnicgroupinCanadaconsistsofCanadianswhoareFrenchinorigin.SomeconsiderFrench-Canadianstobeadistinctraceoftheirown.SectionB:Characteristics3.4UK3.5TheUS3.6Canada,AustraliaandNewZealand3.4TheUKTextA:OriginsTextB:TypesTextC:RacesTextD:ResidentsTextA:OriginsThreequartersofEnglishpeoplecantraceanunbrokenlineofgeneticdescentthroughtheirparentalgenesfromsettlersarrivinglongbeforetheintroductionoffarming.

TextB:Types1.AdaptabilityThischaracteristicstemsfromaseeminglycontradictorycombinationoftraditionandmodernity.PeoplewhoworkwithinthesystemaresometimesperceivedasmoretypicallyBritishthanthosewhosubvertit,butthereisalsoastrongschoolofthoughtthatBritainisfundamentallyasubversive,revolutionary,challengingsocietywhichiswhywehavesuchastrongrecordofinventionandcreativity.TextB:Types2.ModestyA

trickycharacteristicsincethemoremodestpeopleare,thelesslikelyitisthatthepublicwillhaveheardofthem.Butpeoplewhoarealittlereserved,whoarenotknowntoboast,whoareperhapsevenunderstated-thesepeoplearemoretypicallyBritishthanthosewhoaremorevocalabouttheirachievements.TextB:Types3.SenseofhumorNotinaslapstickway,butacleversenseofhumorisatypicallyBritishcharacteristic.Peoplewhohaveastrongsenseofhumoroftencombinedwithreserve,appearself-deprecatory.TheyaremoretypicallyBritishthanpeoplewhoarehumorless,orpeoplewhoaretooattention-seeking.

英國式幽默。英式幽默用字比較進(jìn)一步，夾雜著本地文化換句話說，就算是你聽懂他們旳用字，也極難搞懂真正旳意思。

TextB:Types4.StrengthanddeterminationAlmostthebulldogspirit.PeoplewhoareperceivedtohaveachievedthingsdespitetheoddsareregardedasmoretypicallyBritishthanpeoplewhoareperceivedtohavehadaneasiertimeofit.TextC:RacesBritainismulticultural.Britainisaplacethathasgoodracerelationsbetweendifferenttypesofpeoplesuchasthosefromdifferentethnicminorities.ThereisalsowidespreadrespectfordiversityinBritain.TextC:RacesThereisalsoaroughconsensusamongallethnicgroupsontherightsandresponsibilitiesofthosewhomigratetotheUK.MorethantwothirdsoftheUKpopulation,andhalfofethnicminoritypeople,thinkethnicminoritiesneedtodemonstratearealcommitmentbeforetheycanbeconsideredBritish.ThreequartersofbothwhiteandethnicminoritycommunitiesbelieveimmigrantswhodonotspeakEnglishshouldbemadetolearnit.TextD:ResidentsTheBritishNationalityActof1981abolishedthe1948definitionofBritishcitizenshipandreplaceditwiththreecategories:Britishcitizenship,citizenshipofBritishdependentterritories,andBritishoverseascitizenship.Ofthese,onlyBritishcitizenshipprovidestherighttoliveintheUK.Today,Britishcitizenshipcanbeacquiredbybirth,descentornaturalization.3.5TheUSTextA:OriginsTextB:TypesTextC:RacesTextD:ResidentsTextA:OriginsThefirstEuropeansettlersinAmericaencounteredindigenouspeopleswhomColumbuserroneouslycalled“Indians.”TextA:OriginsAddedtothemixofnatives，therewereAfricansbroughtoverbyEuropeansasslavesandindenturedservants.LongbeforetheUnitedStatesbecameanindependentnation,itcontainedfromFloridatoMaineamulti-racialsociety.Curiously,thefirsttenamendmentstotheConstitutionmadenomentionofrace.Nevertheless,itwastheBillofRights,togetherwiththeDeclarationofIndependencethatDr.MartinLutherKingandotherssuccessfullyemployedduringthecivilrightsstrugglesofthe1950sand60s.TextB:TypesFirst,whenAmericanswantsomething,theywilldowhateverittakestogetit.Comingnextistheabilitytosmile.ItisbelievedthattheratethataforeignersmilesatyouisdirectlyproportionatetohowAmericanyouare.TextB:TypesThird,theyhavetheabilitytoadaptmoreeasilyandaren’tpinneddownbyalotofOldWorldtraditions.Moreimportantly,itmakesthemhipandcoolamongnations.Theyarejustlikethecoolseniorinhighschool.Youknow,theonethatgetsthecheerleadersanddrivesasweetcar.Everycountrycanbeincludedinthismetaphor.TextB:TypesFourth,beingyoungbringstremendousoptimism.Americansaredefinitelya“cupishalffull”typeofcountry.Thisisobviousfromthesheernumberofmotivationalquotes,postersandcalendarsinthiscountry.Ifyoueverwanttofindoutwhatdayoftheweekitis,youhavenochoicebuttofeelhopefulandenthusiastic.ThevolumeoftheseproductsalsohighlightsAmerica’smarketingabilities.

TextB:TypesFifth,Americaalsohastheendearingcharacteristicofbeingextremelyconfident.Somealsocallthiscockiness,butthey’rejustbeingmean.Seriouslythough,sometimesitisbettertobecockythanletpeoplewalkalloveryou.America’scockyattitudeandconfidencetoaccomplishwhatitwantsisthereasontheyaresosuccessfulinbusinessandotheraspectsofinternationalrelations.

TextB:TypesLastAmericahashadalonghistoryofstandingupforitselfandtakingonallchallengers.Ifsomeonewantsapiece,they’remorethanhappytooblige.TextC:RacesAmericansareanationofnations,anationofimmigrants,andanationofminorities.TheHispanicorLatinopopulationnowequalstheAfrican-American.TheAsian-Americanpopulationisrapidlyincreasing.Almost30%ofallrecentimmigrantsintheUnitedStatescomefromMexico,andhugenumbershavealsobeenarrivinginthelast5yearsfromCentralAmerica.TextD:ResidentsAmerica’spopulationreflectsremarkableethnicdiversity.Morethan20%ofthepopulationoftwomajorcities,LosAngelesandNewYork,wereborninanothercountry.Insomeothermajorcitiesmorethanoneofeverytenresidentsisforeignborn.Non-whitepeopleoutnumberwhitesinseverallargecities.TextD:ResidentsAmerica’spopulationincludesCatholics,Protestantsofmanydenominations,Jewsofseveralpersuasions,Muslims,Buddhists,animists,andpeoplewhobelieveinnosupremebeingorhigherpower.3.6Canada,AustraliaandNewZealandTextA:OriginsTextB:TypesTextC:RacesTextD:ResidentsTextA:OriginsBeforeColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492,prehistorictribesfromAsiahadcomeacrosstheBeringStrait;andaroundAD1000,theVikings,thefirstEuropeanvisitors,hadtriedtosettleinnorthernNewfoundland.BythetimesubsequentEuropeansarrived,Canada’sIndiantribeshadalreadydevelopedamultitudeoflanguages,customs,religiousbeliefs,tradingpatterns,artsandcrafts,lawsandgovernments.TextA:OriginsAlthoughanumberofEuropeancountrieswereinterestedinestablishingsettlementsintheAmericas,itwasFrenchexplorerJacquesCartierwhomadethefirstclaimontheareaastheFrenchstartedtothriveonthefurtrade,theBritishenteredthescene,foundingtheHudson’sBayCompanyin1670toaddabitoffriendlycompetition.Forawhile,thetwoEuropeanculturescoexistedpeacefully.Then,in1745,BritishtroopscapturedaFrenchfortinNovaScotia—thestruggleforcontrolofthenewlandwason.TextA:OriginsAnotherFrenchexplorer,SamueldeChamplain,foundedQuebecCityintheearly1600s.In1663Canada,nowhometoabout3000Frenchsettlers,becameaprovinceofFrance.BytheendoftheAmericanRevolution(1775-83),amigrationofabout50,000BritishLoyalistsfromtheUSAcreatedamoreevenbalancebetweentheFrenchandBritishpopulations.TextB:TypesTherearelargelythreemainpopulationsinNewZealand,Maori,PacificIslandersandAsians.CulturalNotes：Maori：毛利人是新西蘭第一批居民。在公元14世紀(jì)，毛利人從波利尼西亞來到這里，成為新西蘭最早旳居民。TextB:TypesMaoriAboutoneinsevenNewZealandersidentifythemselvesethnicallyasMaori.TheproportionofthosewhohavesomeMaoribloodisexpectedtoincreasebecauseMaoriwomenarehavingmorebabiesthanEuropeanorAsianwomen.TextB:TypesPacificIslandersIn2023abouthalfthePacificIslandersinNewZealandwereSamoan.ThenextlargestgroupswereCookIslandMāoriandTongan.ManymoreCookIslandMāori,NiueansandTokelauansliveinNewZealandthanontheirhomeislands.CulturalNotes：Samoan：薩摩亞人，屬波利尼西亞人種，皮膚為棕色。TextB:TypesAsiansBetween1991and2023,theproportionofAsiansinNewZealandalmostdoubled.By2023,Asiansmadeup6.6%ofthepopulation.TheChineseformthelargestgroup,followedbyIndians.Withinthesetwocommunitiestherearefamiliesthathavebeeninthecountryforseveralgenerations.TextC:RacesIn1788,theAborigineswereclearlythemajority.Inthelate1990s,theywereaminoritystrugglingtoclaimrightstotheirtraditionallands.Theyalsoseekmoneyforlostlandsandresources.RelationsbetweenAboriginalandnon-AboriginalinhabitantsofAustraliahavenotbeenverygood.Aborigines：澳大利亞土著人，是澳大利亞最早旳居民。他們屬游牧民族，沒有固定旳居住點(diǎn)，分散在整個(gè)澳大利亞。

TextC:RacesAustralianAboriginestraditionallylivedthroughoutAustraliaandontheislandofTasmania.IntheCentralandWesternDesertregionsofAustralia,Aboriginalgroupswerenomadichuntersandgatherers.Inthesouthernpartsoftheislandcontinent,winteriscoldandAboriginalpopulationshadtoshelterthemselvesfromthecoldwindanddrivingrain.TextD:ResidentsAustraliahasahistoryofimmigration.Europeanimmigrationarrivedsuccessively.MostofthenewimmigrantstodayarefromAsia,MiddleEastandSouthAfrica.Suchimmigrantshavetheirowncultureandreligion,formghettosanddonotassimilate.SectionC:Celebrities3.7UK3.8TheUS3.9Canada,AustraliaandNewZealand3.7UKTextA:PoliticalfieldTextB:Economicfield

TextC:Sportsfield

TextD:Culturalfield

TextE:MoviefieldTextF:OtherfieldsTextA:PoliticalfieldMargaretThatcherwasBritain’sfirstfemaleprimeministerandservedthreeconsecutivetermsinoffice.Sheisoneofthedominantpoliticalfiguresof20thcenturyBritain,andThatcherismcontinuestohaveahugeinfluence.ThatcherbecameConservativeMPinnorthLondonin1959,servingasitsMPuntil1992.TextA:PoliticalfieldInthe1979election,theConservativescametopowerandThatcherbecameprimeminister.Anadvocateofprivatizationofstate-ownedindustries,reformofthetradeunions,theloweringoftaxesandreducedsocialexpenditureacrosstheboard,Thatcher’spoliciessucceededinreducinginflationbutunemploymentdramaticallyincreased.TextB:EconomicfieldJohnMaynardKeynesisunquestionablythemajorfigureintwentieth-centuryeconomics.HisreputationdoesnotrestsolelyontheGeneralTheoryofEmployment,InterestandMoney,butalsoonhisotherwritings,mostnotablyATreatiseonProbabilityandATreatiseonMoney.TextC:SportsfieldDavidRobertJosephBeckhamwasborninLondon.Histalentforthegameoffootballwasevidentfromayoungage.HewassignedbyManchesterUnitedtotheiryouthtrainingprogramattheageof14.Hemadehisfirst-teamdebutin1992andby1995hehadestablishedhimselfasoneoftheirbestplayers.TextC:SportsfieldDavidleftManchesterin2023tojoinSpanishteamRealMadridanddespiterumorsofareturntoEngland.David’sinternationalcareerbeganwhenhemadehisdebutforEnglandagainstMoldovaon1September,1996.Hewasappointedcaptainofhiscountryin2023.TextD:CulturalfieldWilliamShakespearewasbornon23April,1564.TheexactdateandtheprecisecauseofShakespeare’sdeathareunknown.TextD:CulturalfieldBetweentheearly1590sandtheseconddecadeoftheseventeenthcentury,Shakespearecomposedthemostextraordinarybodyofworksinthehistoryofworlddrama.Hisworksareoftendividedintoperiods,movingroughlyfromcomediestohistoriestotragediesandthentohisfinalromancescappedbyafarewelltothestageinTheTempest.TextE:MoviefieldAudreyHepburnhadmadeatotalof31highqualitymovies.HereleganceandstylewillalwaysberememberedinfilmhistoryasevidencedbyherbeingnamedtoEmpiremagazine’s“TheTop100MovieStarsofAllTime”.ShediedonJanuary20,1993inSwitzerland,fromcoloncancer.TextF:OtherfieldsTheLadyDianaFrancesSpencerwasthefirstwifeofCharles,PrinceofWales.AfterherdivorcefromthePrinceofWalesin1996DianaceasedtobethePrincessofWalesandalsolosttheresultingRoyalHighnessstyle.TextF:OtherfieldsFromthetimeofherengagementtothePrinceofWalesin1981untilherdeathinacaraccidentin1997,thePrincesswasarguablythemostfamouswomanintheworld,andanimageoffemininebeauty.Duringherlifetime,shewasoftenreferredtoasthemostphotographedpersonintheworld.Toheradmirers,thePrincessofWaleswasarolemodel.3.8TheUSTextA:PoliticalfieldTextB:Economicfield

TextC:Culturalfield

TextD:OtherfieldsTextA:PoliticalfieldGeorgeBush,bornin1946,43rdpresidentoftheUnitedStates(2023-

),tookofficeafteroneoftheclosestandmostdisputedelectionsinUShistoryandlaunchedawaragainstterrorismafteradevastatingterroristatta